Governor of Massachusetts explained

Post:Governor
Body:the
Commonwealth of Massachusetts
Insignia:Seal of the Governor of Massachusetts.svg
Insigniasize:110
Insigniacaption:Seal of the governor
Insigniaalt:Seal of the governor
Flag:Flag of the Governor of Massachusetts.svg
Flagalt:Standard of the governor
Flagcaption:Standard of the governor
Incumbent:Maura Healey
Incumbentsince:January 5, 2023
Department:Government of Massachusetts
Status:Head of state
Head of government
Member Of:Governor's Council
Cabinet
Residence:None official
Seat:State House, Boston, Massachusetts
Nominator:Nominating petition,
Political parties
Appointer:Popular vote
Termlength:Four years, no term limits[1]
Constituting Instrument:Constitution of Massachusetts
Formation:Original post


April 30, 1629
Current form:
October 25, 1780

Deputy:Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts
Salary:$185,000 (2022)[2]
First:John Endecott

The governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the chief executive officer of the government of Massachusetts. The governor is the head of the state cabinet and the commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's military forces.

Massachusetts has a republican system of government that is akin to a presidential system. The governor acts as the head of government while having a distinct role from that of the legislative branch. The governor has far-reaching political obligations, including ceremonial and political duties. The governor also signs bills into law and has veto power. The governor is a member of the Massachusetts Governor's Council, a popularly elected council with eight members who provide advice and consent on certain legal matters and appointments.[3]

Beginning with the Massachusetts Bay Company in 1629, the role of the governor has changed throughout its history in terms of powers and selection. The modern form of the position was created in the 1780 Constitution of Massachusetts, which called for the position of a "supreme executive magistrate".[4]

Governors of Massachusetts are elected every four years during state elections that are held on the first Tuesday of November after November 1. As of November 2022, the most recent Massachusetts gubernatorial election was held in 2022. Following each gubernatorial election, the elected governor is inaugurated on the Thursday after the first Wednesday in January following the election.[5] There are no term limits restricting how long a governor may serve.[6] [7] [8] The longest-serving Massachusetts governor is Michael Dukakis, who served 12 years; Dukakis was in office from 1975 to 1979 and from 1983 to 1991. The current governor is Maura Healey, a Democrat who won the 2022 gubernatorial election.

Qualifications

Any person seeking to become governor of Massachusetts must meet the following requirements:[9]

Election and term

The governor is an elected position. The term of office is four years, with no term limit.

Elections for governor are held on a four-year basis concurrently with elections for the offices of lieutenant governor, attorney general, secretary of the commonwealth, state treasurer, and state auditor.

History

The role of governor has existed in Massachusetts since the Royal Charter of 1628. The original role was one of a president of the board of a joint-stock company, namely the Massachusetts Bay Company. The governor would be elected by freemen, who were shareholders of the company. These shareholders were mostly colonists themselves who fit certain religious requirements. The governor acted in a vice-regal manner, overseeing the governance and functioning of the colony. Originally they were supposed to reside in London, as was the case with other colonial company governors, although this protocol was broken when John Winthrop was appointed governor. The governor served as the executive of the colony, originally elected annually, they were joined by a Council of Assistants. This council was a group of magistrates who performed judicial functions, acted as an upper house of the General Court, and provided advice and consent to the governor. The early governors of Massachusetts Bay were staunchly Puritan colonists who wished to form a state that coincided with religious law.[10]

With the founding of the Dominion of New England by James II of England, the New England colonies were combined with the Province of New York, Province of West Jersey, and the Province of East Jersey. During this period (1686–1689) Massachusetts had no governor of its own. Instead there existed a royally appointed governor who resided in Boston and served at the King's pleasure. Though there existed a council which served as a quasi-legislature, however the logistics of calling the council to meet were so arduous that the Dominion was essentially governed by the Crown through the royal governor. The reason for the creation of such a post was there existed tremendous hostility between the Kingdom of England and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay. In an effort to bring the colonies under tighter control the Crown dismantled the old assembly system and created the Viceroy system based on the Spanish model in New Spain. This model of government was greatly disliked by the colonists all throughout British North America but especially in New England where colonists at one time did have some semblance of democratic and local control. With the Glorious Revolution and the Boston Revolt the Dominion was abolished in 1689.[11]

With the creation of the Massachusetts Charter in 1691, the role of civilian governor was restored in Massachusetts Bay. Now the Province of Massachusetts Bay, the colony then encompassed the territory of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, and areas of what is now the state of Maine. The governor however would not be chosen by the electorate, instead the position would remain a royal appointment. In order to ease tensions with royal authorities and the colonists the General Court was reestablished and given significant powers. This created acrimony between the governors and the assembly of the General Court. The governor could veto any decision made by the assembly and had control over the militia, however the General Court had authority of the treasury and provincial finances. This meant that in the event the governor did not agree with or consent with the rulings and laws of the General Court then the assembly would threaten to withhold any pay for the governor and other Royal Officers.[12]

From 1765 on the unraveling of the Province into a full political crisis only increased the tensions between the governor and the people of Massachusetts Bay. Following the passage of the Stamp Act Governor Thomas Hutchinson had his home broken into and ransacked. The early stages of the American Revolution saw political turmoil in Massachusetts Bay. With the passage of the Intolerable Acts the then Royal Governor Thomas Gage dissolved the General Court and began to govern the province by decree. In 1774 the Massachusetts Provincial Congress was formed as an alternative revolutionary government to the royal government in Boston. With Massachusetts Bay declaring its independence in May 1776 the role of governor was vacant for four years. The executive role during this time was filled by the Governor's Council, the Committee of Safety, and the president of the Congress when in session.

With the adoption of the Constitution of Massachusetts in 1780 the role of an elected civilian governor was restored. John Hancock was elected as the first governor of the independent commonwealth on October 25, 1780.

Constitutional role

Part the Second, Chapter II, Section I, Article I of the Massachusetts Constitution reads,

The governor of Massachusetts is the chief executive of the commonwealth, and is supported by a number of subordinate officers. He, like most other state officers, senators, and representatives, was originally elected annually. In 1918 this was changed to a two-year term, and since 1966 the office of governor has carried a four-year term. The governor of Massachusetts does not receive a mansion or other official residence and resides in their own private residence. However, the governor does receive a housing allowance/stipend for $65,000. The title "His Excellency" is a holdover from the royally appointed governors of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The first governor to use the title was Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont, in 1699; since he was an Earl, it was thought proper to call him "Your Excellency." The title was retained until 1742, when an order from King George II forbade its further use. However, the framers of the state constitution revived it because they found it fitting to dignify the governor with this title.[13]

The governor also serves as commander-in-chief of the commonwealth's armed forces.

Succession

According to the Massachusetts State Constitution:

Whenever the chair of the governor shall be vacant, by reason of his death, or absence from the commonwealth, or otherwise, the lieutenant governor, for the time being, shall, during such vacancy, perform all the duties incumbent upon the governor, and shall have and exercise all the powers and authorities, which by this constitution the governor is vested with, when personally present.[14]
The Constitution does not use the term "acting governor", but the practice in Massachusetts has been that the lieutenant governor retains the position and title as "lieutenant governor" and becomes acting governor, not governor. The lieutenant governor, when acting as governor, is referred to as "the lieutenant-governor, acting governor" in official documents.[15]

Despite this terminology, the Massachusetts courts have found that the full authority of the office of the governor devolves to the lieutenant governor upon vacancy in the office of governor, and that there is no circumstance short of death, resignation, or impeachment that would relieve the acting governor from the full gubernatorial responsibilities.

The first use of the succession provision occurred in 1785, five years after the constitution's adoption, when Governor John Hancock resigned the post, leaving Lieutenant Governor Thomas Cushing as acting governor. Most recently, Jane Swift became acting governor upon the resignation of Paul Cellucci.

When the constitution was first adopted, the Governor's Council was charged with acting as governor in the event that both the governorship and lieutenant governorship were vacant. This occurred in 1799 when Governor Increase Sumner died in office on June 7, 1799, leaving Lieutenant Governor Moses Gill as acting governor. Acting Governor Gill never received a lieutenant and died on May 20, 1800, between that year's election and the inauguration of Governor-elect Caleb Strong. The Governor's Council served as the executive for ten days; the council's chair, Thomas Dawes was at no point named governor or acting governor.

Article LV of the Constitution, enacted in 1918, created a new line of succession:

OfficeCurrent officeholder
Governor of MassachusettsMaura Healey (D)
1Lieutenant GovernorKim Driscoll (D)
2Secretary of the CommonwealthWilliam F. Galvin (D)
3Attorney GeneralAndrea Campbell (D)
4Treasurer and Receiver-GeneralDeb Goldberg (D)
5AuditorDiana DiZoglio (D)

Cabinet

The governor has a 10-person cabinet, each of whom oversees a portion of the government under direct administration (as opposed to independent executive agencies). See Government of Massachusetts for a complete listing.

Traditions

The front doors of the State House are only opened when a governor leaves office, a head of state or the president of the United States comes to visit the State House, or for the return of flags from Massachusetts regiments at the end of wars. The tradition of the ceremonial door originated when departing governor Benjamin Butler kicked open the front door and walked out by himself in 1884.

Incoming governors usually choose at least one past governor's portrait to hang in their office.

Immediately before being sworn into office, the governor-elect receives four symbols from the departing governor: the ceremonial pewter "Key" for the governor's office door, the Butler Bible, the "Gavel", and a two-volume set of the Massachusetts General Statutes with a personal note from the departing governor to their successor added to the back of the text. The governor-elect is then escorted by the sergeant-at-arms to the House Chamber and sworn in by the President of the Senate before a joint session of the House and Senate.[16]

Lone walk

Upon completion of their term, the departing governor takes a "lone walk" down the Grand Staircase, through the House of Flags, into Doric Hall, out the central doors, and down the steps of the Massachusetts State House. The governor then crosses the street into Boston Common, thereby symbolically rejoining the commonwealth as a private citizen. Benjamin Butler started the tradition in 1884.[17] Some walks have been modified with some past governors having their wives, friends, or staff accompany them.[18] A 19-gun salute is offered during the walk, and frequently the steps are lined by the outgoing governor's friends and supporters.

In January 1991, outgoing lieutenant governor Evelyn Murphy, the first woman elected to statewide office in Massachusetts, walked down the stairs before Governor Michael Dukakis. In a break from tradition, the January 2007 inauguration of Governor Deval Patrick took place the day after outgoing governor Mitt Romney took the lone walk down the front steps.[19]

Governor's residence

Despite several proposals for establishing an official residence for the governor of Massachusetts, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts does not have a governor's mansion.

In 1955, Governor Foster Furcolo turned down a proposal to establish the Shirley–Eustis House in Roxbury, built by royal Governor William Shirley, as the official residence.[20]

At one time, Governor John A. Volpe accepted the donation of the Endicott Estate in Dedham from the heirs of Henry Bradford Endicott. He intended to renovate the 19th-century mansion into a splendid governor's residence.[21] After Volpe resigned to become United States Secretary of Transportation in the Nixon administration, the plan was aborted by his successor in consideration of budgetary constraints and because the location was considered too far from the seat of power, the State House in Boston.

Prior to their respective demolitions in 1922 and 1863, the Province House and the Hancock Manor were also proposed as official residences.

Since the governor has no official residence, the expression "corner office", rather than "governor's mansion", is commonly used in the press as a metonym for the office of governor. This refers instead to the governor's office on the third floor of the State House.[22]

List of governors

Since 1780, 65 people have been elected governor, six to non-consecutive terms (John Hancock, Caleb Strong, Marcus Morton, John Davis, John Volpe, and Michael Dukakis), and seven lieutenant governors have acted as governor without subsequently being elected governor. Thomas Talbot served a stint as acting governor, but was elected governor several years later. Prior to 1918 constitutional reforms, both the governor's office and that of lieutenant governor were vacant on one occasion, when the state was governed by the Governor's Council.

Colonial Massachusetts

The colonial history of Massachusetts begins with the founding first of the Plymouth Colony in 1620, and then the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628. The Dominion of New England combined these and other New England colonies into a single unit in 1686, but collapsed in 1689. In 1692 the Province of Massachusetts Bay was established, merging Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, which then included the territory of present-day Maine.

Colonial governors of Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay Colony were elected annually by a limited subset of the male population (known as freemen), while Dominion officials and those of the 1692 province were appointed by the British crown. In 1774 General Thomas Gage became the last royally appointed governor of Massachusetts. He was recalled to England after the Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775, by which time the Massachusetts Provincial Congress exercised de facto control of Massachusetts territory outside British-occupied Boston. Between 1775 and the establishment of the Massachusetts State Constitution in 1780 the state was governed by the provincial congress and an executive council.

Commonwealth of Massachusetts: 1780–present

The constitution of Massachusetts created the offices of governor[23] and lieutenant governor,[24] to be elected annually.[25] Terms were lengthened to two years in 1918, to last until their successor was inaugurated, which would be at least the first Wednesday in the January after their election.[26] This was changed to the Thursday following the first Wednesday in the January after the election in 1950,[27] and terms were lengthened to four years in 1966.[28]

!scope="colgroup" colspan="3"
GovernorTerm in officePartyElectionLt. Governor
1 John Hancock

[29] 		[30]
–
February 18, 1785
None1780 
1781
1782
1783
1784
—data-sort-value="Cushing, Thomas"Thomas Cushing


–
May 27, 1785
NoneActing as governor
2James Bowdoin

[31]
–
June 1, 1787
None1785
1786
3John Hancock


–
October 8, 1793
None1787
1788
1789
1790
1791
1792
1793
4Samuel Adams

[32]
–
June 2, 1797
NoneActing as governor
Democratic-
Republican		1794
1795
1796
5Increase Sumner

[33]
–
June 7, 1799
Federalist1797
1798
1797
—data-sort-value="Gill, Moses"Moses Gill

[34]
–
May 20, 1800
FederalistActing as governor
—data-sort-value="Governor's Council"Governor's Council
chaired by Thomas Dawes

–
May 30, 1800		—Vacant
6Caleb Strong

[35] 		[36]
–
May 29, 1807
Federalist1800
1801
1802
1803
1804
1805
1806
7James Sullivan

[37] 		[38]
–
December 10, 1808
Democratic-
Republican		1807
1808
—data-sort-value="Lincoln, Levi 1"Levi Lincoln Sr.

[39]
–
June 3, 1809
Democratic-
Republican		Acting as governor
8data-sort-value="Gore, Christopher"Christopher Gore

[40] 		[41]
–
June 2, 1810
Federalist1809
9Elbridge Gerry

[42] 		[43]
–
May 30, 1812
Democratic-
Republican		1810
1811
10Caleb Strong

[44]
–
June 1, 1816
Federalist1812
1813
1814
1815
11John Brooks

[45] 		[46]
–
May 30, 1823
Federalist1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
12William Eustis

[47] 		[48]
–
February 6, 1825
Democratic-
Republican		1823
1824
—data-sort-value="Morton, Marcus"Marcus Morton

[49] 		[50]
–
May 27, 1825
Democratic-
Republican		Acting as governor
13Levi Lincoln Jr.

[51] 		[52]
–
January 21, 1834
Democratic-
Republican		1825
1826
1827
1828
National
Republican		1829
1830
Apr. 1831
Nov. 1831
1832
14John Davis

[53] 		[54]
–
March 3, 1835
National
Republican		1833
Whig1834
—data-sort-value="Armstrong, Samuel"Samuel Turell Armstrong

[55] 		[56]
–
January 13, 1836
WhigActing as governor
15Edward Everett

[57] 		[58]
–
January 18, 1840
Whig1835
1836
1837
1838
16data-sort-value="Morton, Marcus"Marcus Morton

[59]
–
January 9, 1841
Democratic1839
17John Davis

[60]
–
January 18, 1843
Whig1840
1841
18data-sort-value="Morton, Marcus"Marcus Morton

[61]
–
January 9, 1844
Democratic1842
19George N. Briggs

[62] 		[63]
–
January 13, 1851
Whig1843
1844
1845
1846
1847
1848
1849
20George S. Boutwell

[64] 		[65]
–
January 14, 1853
Democratic1850
1851
21data-sort-value="Clifford, John"John H. Clifford

[66] 		[67]
–
January 12, 1854
Whig1852
22data-sort-value="Washburn, Emory"Emory Washburn

[68] 		[69]
–
January 9, 1855
Whig1853
23Henry Gardner

[70] 		[71]
–
January 2, 1858
Know Nothing1854
1855
1856
24Nathaniel P. Banks

[72] 		[73]
–
January 2, 1861
Republican1857
1858
1859
25John Albion Andrew

[74] 		[75]
–
January 6, 1866
Republican1860
1861
1862
1863
1864
26Alexander Bullock

[76] 		[77]
–
January 9, 1869
Republican1865
1866
1867
27William Claflin

[78] 		[79]
–
January 5, 1872
Republican1868
1869
1870
28William B. Washburn

[80] 		[81]
–
April 30, 1874
Republican1871
1873
—data-sort-value="Talbot, Thomas"Thomas Talbot

[82] 		[83]
–
January 7, 1875
RepublicanActing as governor
29data-sort-value="Gaston, William"William Gaston

[84] 		[85]
–
January 6, 1876
Democratic1874
30Alexander H. Rice

[86] 		[87]
–
January 2, 1879
Republican1875
1876
1877
31data-sort-value="Talbot, Thomas"Thomas Talbot

[88]
–
January 8, 1880
Republican1878
32John Davis Long

[89] 		[90]
–
January 4, 1883
Republican1879
1880
1881
33data-sort-value="Butler, Benjamin"Benjamin Butler

[91] 		[92]
–
January 3, 1884
Democratic1882
34George D. Robinson

[93] 		[94]
–
January 6, 1887
Republican1883
1884
1885
35Oliver Ames

[95] 		[96]
–
January 2, 1890
Republican1886
1887
1888
36data-sort-value="Brackett, John"John Q. A. Brackett

[97] 		[98]
–
January 8, 1891
Republican1889
37William E. Russell

[99] 		[100]
–
January 4, 1894
Democratic1890
1891
1892
38Frederic T. Greenhalge

[101] 		[102]
–
March 5, 1896
Republican1893
1894
1895
39Roger Wolcott

[103] 		[104]
–
January 4, 1900
RepublicanActing as governor
1896
1897
1898
40Winthrop M. Crane

[105] 		[106]
–
January 8, 1903
Republican1899
1900
1901
41John L. Bates

[107] 		[108]
–
January 5, 1905
Republican1902
1903
42data-sort-value="Douglas, William"William Lewis Douglas

[109] 		[110]
–
January 4, 1906
Democratic1904
43Curtis Guild Jr.

[111] 		[112]
–
January 7, 1909
Republican1905
1906
1907
44Eben Sumner Draper

[113] 		[114]
–
January 5, 1911
Republican1908
1909
45Eugene Foss

[115] 		[116]
–
January 8, 1914
Democratic1910
1911
1912David I. Walsh
46David I. Walsh

[117] 		[118]
–
January 6, 1916
Democratic1913
1914Grafton D. Cushing
47Samuel W. McCall

[119] 		[120]
–
January 2, 1919
Republican1915
1916
1917
48Calvin Coolidge

[121] 		[122]
–
January 6, 1921
Republican1918
1919
49Channing H. Cox

[123] 		[124]
–
January 8, 1925
Republican1920
1922
50Alvan T. Fuller

[125] 		[126]
–
January 3, 1929
Republican1924
1926
51data-sort-value="Allen, Frank"Frank G. Allen

[127] 		[128]
–
January 8, 1931
Republican1928
52Joseph B. Ely

[129] 		[130]
–
January 3, 1935
Democratic1930
1932
53data-sort-value="Curley, James"James Michael Curley

[131] 		[132]
–
January 7, 1937
Democratic1934
54data-sort-value="Hurley, Charles"Charles F. Hurley

[133] 		[134]
–
January 5, 1939
Democratic1936
55Leverett Saltonstall

[135] 		[136]
–
January 4, 1945
Republican1938
1940
1942
56data-sort-value="Tobin, Maurice"Maurice J. Tobin

[137] 		[138]
–
January 2, 1947
Democratic1944
57data-sort-value="Bradford, Robert"Robert F. Bradford

[139] 		[140]
–
January 6, 1949
Republican1946
58Paul A. Dever

[141] 		[142]
–
January 8, 1953
Democratic1948
1950
59Christian Herter

[143] 		[144]
–
January 3, 1957
Republican1952
1954
60Foster Furcolo

[145] 		[146]
–
January 5, 1961
Democratic1956
1958
Vacant
61data-sort-value="Volpe, John"John A. Volpe

[147] 		[148]
–
January 3, 1963
Republican1960
62data-sort-value="Peabody, Endicott"Endicott Peabody

[149] 		[150]
–
January 7, 1965
Democratic1962
63John A. Volpe

[151]
–
January 22, 1969
Republican1964
1966
64Francis Sargent

[152] 		[153]
–
January 2, 1975
RepublicanActing as governor
1970
65data-sort-value="Dukakis, Michael"Michael Dukakis

[154] 		[155]
–
January 4, 1979
Democratic1974
66data-sort-value="King, Edward"Edward J. King
[156]
–
January 6, 1983
Democratic1978
67Michael Dukakis

[157]
–
January 3, 1991
Democratic1982
Vacant
1986
68Bill Weld

[158] 		[159]
–
July 29, 1997
Republican1990
1994
69Paul Cellucci

[160] 		[161]
–
April 10, 2001
RepublicanActing as governor
1998
—data-sort-value="Swift, Jane"Jane Swift

[162] 		[163]
–
January 2, 2003
RepublicanActing as governor
70data-sort-value="Romney, Mitt"Mitt Romney

[164] 		[165]
–
January 4, 2007
Republican2002
71Deval Patrick

[166] 		[167]
–
January 8, 2015
Democratic2006
2010
Vacant
72Charlie Baker

[168] 		[169]
–
January 5, 2023
Republican2014
2018
73data-sort-value="Healey, Maura"Maura Healey

[170] 		[171]
–
Incumbent		Democratic2022

References

Citations

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Which States Have Term Limits On Governor? . December 3, 2020 . Term Limits.com . June 3, 2020 . U.S. Term Limits . "Thirty-six states have some form of term limit on the office of governor. Fourteen states do not. They are: Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Dakota, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Washington, and Wisconsin." . Washington, DC.
  2. Web site: Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries . The Council of State Governments . August 7, 2024.
  3. Morison 1917, p.22-28.
  4. Web site: Massachusetts Constitution .
  5. Web site: William . Galvin . Elected Officials' Effective Dates of Office . 6 November 2022 . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
  6. Web site: 2019-06-08 . A Third Term For Governor Charlie Baker? . 2020-08-03 . News . en.
  7. Web site: 2020-07-04 . What Charlie Baker faces should he seek a third term . 2020-08-03 . Boston Herald . en-US.
  8. Web site: Term Limits on Governor . 2020-08-03 . U.S. Term Limits . June 19, 2018 . en-US.
  9. Web site: March 2017 . How to Run for Office in Massachusetts . December 26, 2022 . Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth.
  10. Adams 1913, p.444-445.
  11. Adams 1913, p.430-445
  12. Morison 1917, p.9-22.
  13. [Louis A. Frothingham|Frothingham, Louis Adams]
  14. https://malegislature.gov/Laws/Constitution#chapterIISectionII Constitution of Massachusetts, Chapter II, Section II, Article III
  15. An example of this is found in Chapter 45 of the Acts of 2001, where a veto by Swift was overridden by the General Court.
  16. http://www.mass.gov/lib/facts/transfer.htm Massachusetts State Library Information, Governor Transfer of Power
  17. Web site: A Tour of the Grounds of the Massachusetts State House . June 8, 2012 . Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
  18. News: Braun . Stephen . December 3, 2011 . Mitt Romney Not Alone in Destroying Records . The Herald News .
  19. News: Weber . David . January 4, 2007 . Romney Takes 'Lone Walk' out of Office . Bangor Daily News . Associated Press .
  20. Web site: Shirley Eustis House . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070928211108/http://www.shirleyeustishouse.org/residents.html . September 28, 2007.
  21. Web site: Commonwealth Magazine, Fall 1999 . April 2024 .
  22. Web site: State House 3rd Floor information, floor plan, and room listing . The 191st General Court of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts . May 16, 2020 . October 27, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121027231410/http://malegislature.gov/VirtualTour/Floor/3 . dead .
  23. MA Const. chp II, § 1, art. I
  24. MA Const. chp II, § 2, art. I
  25. MA Const. chp II, § 1, art. II
  26. MA Const. amendment LXIV
  27. MA Const. amendment LXXX
  28. MA Const. amendment LXXXII
  29. Web site: John Hancock . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  30. Web site: John Hancock . March 7, 2023 . Massachusetts Historical Society.
  31. Web site: Bowdoin, James II . March 7, 2023 . Maine: An Encyclopedia. September 28, 2011 .
  32. Web site: Samuel Adams . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  33. Web site: Increase Sumner . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  34. "To George Washington from Moses Gill, 15 May 1793", Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-12-02-0460. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Presidential Series, vol. 12, 16 January 1793 – 31 May 1793, ed. Christine Sternberg Patrick and John C. Pinheiro. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005, pp. 576–577.] Accessed March 7, 2023
  35. Web site: Caleb Strong . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  36. News: 1800-06-07 . none . The Committee appointed to wait on the Governor elect, reported that he would wait upon the Legislature in the Representative's Chamber, tomorrow at 12 o'clock, to be qualified. . 3 . The Recorder . 2023-03-08.
  37. Web site: James Sullivan . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  38. News: 1807-06-06 . Legislature of Massachusetts . 2 . The Pittsfield Sun . 2023-03-08.
  39. Web site: Levi Lincoln Sr. . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  40. Web site: Christopher Gore . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  41. News: 1809-06-10 . none . ... when His Excellency Christopher Gore, Esq. and His Honor David Cobb, Esq. Governor and Lt. Governor Elect, came in, and took and subscribed the Oaths and declarations made necessary by the Constitution of this Commonwealth to qualify them for exercising the Offices to which they have been elected. . 2 . The Pittsfield Sun . 2023-03-08.
  42. Web site: Elbridge Gerry . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  43. News: 1810-06-12 . Massachusetts Legislature . 2 . The Recorder . 2023-03-08.
  44. News: 1812-06-09 . Massachusetts Legislature . 2 . The Recorder . 2023-03-08.
  45. Web site: John Brooks . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  46. News: 1816-06-11 . Massachusetts Legislature . 2 . The Recorder . 2023-03-08.
  47. Web site: William Eustis . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  48. News: 1823-06-05 . Legislature of Massachusetts . 3 . The Pittsfield Sun . 2023-03-08.
  49. Web site: Marcus Morton . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  50. News: 1825-02-17 . Massachusetts Legislature . en-us . 1 . The Pittsfield Sun . Pittsfield, Massachusetts . 2023-09-27.
  51. Web site: Levi Lincoln Jr. . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  52. News: 1825-06-03 . Massachusetts Legislature . 6 . New England Farmer . 2023-03-08.
  53. Web site: John Davis . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  54. News: 1834-01-22 . Massachusetts Legislature . 2 . Boston Post . 2023-03-08.
  55. Web site: Samuel Turell Armstrong . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  56. News: 1835-03-19 . A Proclamation . 2 . The Pittsfield Sun . Pittsfield, Massachusetts . 2023-09-27.
  57. Web site: Edward Everett . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  58. News: 1836-01-16 . State Legislature . 3 . Fall River Monitor . 2023-03-08.
  59. News: 1840-01-23 . The Ceremony . 2 . The Pittsfield Sun . 2023-03-08.
  60. News: 1841-01-19 . Massachusetts Legislature . 1 . The Recorder . 2023-03-08.
  61. News: 1843-01-24 . Massachusetts Legislature . 2 . The Recorder . 2023-03-08.
  62. Web site: George Nixon Briggs . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  63. News: 1844-01-16 . Our State Legislature . 2 . The Recorder . 2023-03-08.
  64. Web site: George Sewall Boutwell . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  65. News: 1851-01-18 . Mass. Legislature . 3 . New England Farmer . 2023-03-08.
  66. Web site: John Henry Clifford . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  67. News: 1853-01-14 . Massachusetts Legislature . 3 . Boston Evening Transcript . 2023-03-08.
  68. Web site: Emory Washburn . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  69. News: 1854-01-14 . Massachusetts Legislature . 2 . New England Farmer . 2023-03-08.
  70. Web site: Henry Joseph Gardner . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  71. News: 1855-01-09 . Massachusetts Legislature . 2 . Boston Evening Transcript . 2023-03-08.
  72. Web site: Nathaniel Prentice Banks . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  73. News: 1858-01-09 . Massachusetts Legislature . 3 . New England Farmer . 2023-03-08.
  74. Web site: John Albion Andrew . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  75. News: 1861-01-05 . Review of the Week . 2 . New England Farmer . 2023-03-08.
  76. Web site: Alexander Hamilton Bullock . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  77. News: 1866-01-08 . Legislature . 2 . Fall River Daily Evening News . 2023-03-08.
  78. Web site: William Claflin . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  79. News: 1869-01-11 . Massachusetts Legislature . 2 . Fall River Daily Evening News . 2023-03-08.
  80. Web site: William Barrett Washburn . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  81. News: 1872-01-06 . Morning News . 2 . Fall River Daily Evening News . 2023-03-08.
  82. Web site: Thomas Talbot . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  83. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1874 sess., 401, accessed March 8, 2023
  84. Web site: William Gaston . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  85. News: 1875-01-08 . Massachusetts Legislature . 4 . Boston Post . 2023-03-08.
  86. Web site: Alexander Hamilton Rice . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  87. News: 1876-01-07 . Massachusetts Legislature . 3 . Boston Post . 2023-03-08.
  88. News: 1879-01-02 . The Legislature . 1 . The Boston Globe . 2023-03-08.
  89. Web site: John Davis Long . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  90. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1880 sess., 12, accessed March 8, 2023
  91. Web site: Benjamin Franklin Butler . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  92. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1883 sess., 12, accessed March 8, 2023
  93. Web site: George Dexter Robinson . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  94. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1884 sess., 12, accessed March 8, 2023
  95. Web site: Oliver Ames . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  96. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1887 sess., 13, accessed March 8, 2023
  97. Web site: John Quincy Adams Brackett . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  98. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1890 sess., 14, accessed March 8, 2023
  99. Web site: William Eustis Russell . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  100. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1891 sess., 16, accessed March 8, 2023
  101. Web site: Frederic Thomas Greenhalge . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  102. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1894 sess., 15, accessed March 8, 2023
  103. Web site: Roger Wolcott . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  104. News: 1896-03-05 . Deep Mourning . 1 . The North Adams Transcript . 2023-03-09.
  105. Web site: Winthrop Murray Crane . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  106. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1900 sess., 14, accessed March 8, 2023
  107. Web site: John Lewis Bates . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  108. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1903 sess., 16, accessed March 8, 2023
  109. Web site: William Lewis Douglas . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  110. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1905 sess., 17, accessed March 8, 2023
  111. Web site: Curtis Guild . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  112. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1906 sess., 16, accessed March 8, 2023
  113. Web site: Ebenezer Sumner Draper . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  114. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1909 sess., 24, accessed March 8, 2023
  115. Web site: Eugene Noble Foss . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  116. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1911 sess., 26, accessed March 8, 2023
  117. Web site: David Ignatius Walsh . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  118. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1914 sess., 19, accessed March 8, 2023
  119. Web site: Samuel Walker McCall . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  120. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1916 sess., 19, accessed March 8, 2023
  121. Web site: John Calvin Coolidge . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  122. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1919 sess., 20, accessed March 8, 2023
  123. Web site: Channing Harris Cox . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  124. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1921 sess., 21, accessed March 8, 2023
  125. Web site: Alvan Tufts Fuller . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  126. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1925 sess., 22, accessed March 8, 2023
  127. Web site: Frank G. Allen . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  128. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1929 sess., 24, accessed March 8, 2023
  129. Web site: Joseph Buell Ely . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  130. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1931 sess., 29, accessed March 8, 2023
  131. Web site: James Michael Curley . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  132. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1935 sess., 32, accessed March 8, 2023
  133. Web site: Charles Francis Hurley . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  134. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1937 sess., 31, accessed March 8, 2023
  135. Web site: Leverett Saltonstall . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  136. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1939 sess., 25, accessed March 8, 2023
  137. Web site: Maurice Tobin . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  138. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1945 sess., 43, accessed March 8, 2023
  139. Web site: Robert Fiske Bradford . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  140. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1947 sess., 36, accessed March 8, 2023
  141. Web site: Paul Andrew Dever . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  142. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the House of Representatives. 1949 sess., 25, accessed March 8, 2023
  143. Web site: Christian Archibald Herter . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  144. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1953 sess., 208, accessed March 8, 2023
  145. Web site: Foster John Furcolo . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  146. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1957 sess., 14, accessed March 8, 2023
  147. Web site: John Anthony Volpe . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  148. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1961 sess., 14, accessed March 8, 2023
  149. Web site: Endicott Peabody . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  150. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1963 sess., 16, accessed March 8, 2023
  151. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1965 sess., 319, accessed March 8, 2023
  152. Web site: Francis Williams Sargent . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  153. News: 1969-01-22 . Sargent in Governor Role As Volpe Sworn In at D.C. . 1 . Transcript-Telegram . Associated Press . 2023-03-09.
  154. Web site: Michael Stanley Dukakis . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  155. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1975 sess., 299, accessed March 8, 2023
  156. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1979 sess., 254A, accessed March 8, 2023
  157. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1983 sess., 18A, accessed March 8, 2023
  158. Web site: William Floyd Weld . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  159. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 1991 sess., 334A, accessed March 8, 2023
  160. Web site: Argeo Paul Cellucci . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  161. News: Phillips . Frank . Walker . Adrian . 1997-07-30 . 'Citizen Weld' Steps Out; Cellucci Steps Forward . A1 . The Boston Globe . 2023-03-09.
  162. Web site: Jane Maria Swift . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  163. News: Phillips . Frank . 2001-04-11 . 'Her Excellency': Swift Is First Woman To Serve As Mass. Governor . A1 . The Boston Globe . 2023-03-09.
  164. Web site: Mitt Romney . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  165. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 2003 sess., 4, accessed March 8, 2023
  166. Web site: Deval Patrick . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  167. Massachusetts General Court. Journal of the Senate. 2007 sess., 9, accessed March 8, 2023
  168. Web site: Charlie Baker . January 3, 2019 . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  169. News: Miller . Joshua . January 8, 2015 . Charlie Baker Takes Over As 72d Governor of Mass. . . 2023-03-08.
  170. Web site: Maura Healey . March 6, 2023 . National Governors Association.
  171. News: Platoff . Emma . Stout . Matt . January 5, 2023 . 'Massachusetts Can, and Will, Lead the World': Maura Healey Sworn In As State's 73rd Governor . . 2023-03-08.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Governor of Massachusetts".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.