Zabuton Explained

A zabuton (kanji: Japanese: 座布団, {{lang|en|[[hiragana]]:,[1] pronounced as /ja/) is a cushion for sitting that is commonly used in traditional Japanese settings.[2] Zabuton is a Japanese loanword[3] that is also sometimes used in Western culture to describe the zaniku, a flat mat that a zafu is placed on.

The zabuton is generally used while sitting in a seiza or agura position[4] [5] and may also be used when sitting on a chair. Zabuton are used during meditation such as zazen. In a more casual setting, the zabuton can be used in conjunction with a zaisu, a type of Japanese legless chair, with or without an accompanying, a Japanese-style armrest. Ordinarily, any place in Japan where seating is on the floor will be provided with zabuton for sitting comfort. The length and width of a typical zabuton is approximately 2ft2 to 3ft2[6] and usually an inch or two thick,[7] but can vary in thickness. They are sometimes made with threaded embroidery[8] and tassels on the four corners and at the center of the zabuton, and often with a removable outer cover that can be washed separately.[9]

History

Zabuton are typically packed with cotton for cushioning, with an outer cover made of fabric, usually also cotton. The outer cover is sometimes alternatively made of a variety of other materials such as silk, linen, leather, or washi. Zabuton were commonly made using meisen until the 1960s when meisen production ceased.[10]

The zabuton originates from an earlier type of cushion called a shitone (Japanese: 褥|lit=|links=no), used in early Japan by the aristocratic class.[11] A shitone is roughly the same size and shape as a zabuton, but consists of layers of straw matting covered with cloth as opposed to the cotton-filled zabuton. One traditional method of making a zabuton involves layered cotton stuffing laid on top of a square piece of fabric, folded in half with two sides stitched closed. The bundle is then rolled and then turned inside out so that the stuffing is inside the fabric, rather than stuffing the fabric into an opening in the cloth.

Prior to the introduction of zabuton, enza (Japanese: 円座|lit=round seats|links=no) were commonly used as cushioning on wooden floors. These were circular, plaited grass cushions that were gradually replaced in everyday usage by the shitone and zabuton during the Edo period (1600–1868)[12] after cotton was introduced to Japan.[13]

Cultural usage

Japanese culture has societal norms and etiquette around zabuton, including the proper way to accept a zabuton and the correct way to sit or rise from one,[14] and how to bow when seated on one.[15] The placement of a person's zabuton in a room can indicate that person's position in a social hierarchy[16] or a position of honor.[17]

In Zen meditation, practitioners sit on a zafu, which is typically placed on top of a zabuton. The zabuton serves to cushion the knees and ankles while the zafu supports and cushions the rest of the body. This combination of zabuton and zafu is used to support the body during long periods of meditation,[18] especially for those who are unaccustomed to being in the seiza position for long periods of time.[19]

In sumo, members of the audience throw zabuton toward the ring after a yokozuna is defeated by a lower-ranked wrestler, as a way of heckling the defeated wrestler[20] in a practice called Zabuton-wo-nageru (Japanese: 座布団を投げる|lit=throwing zabuton cushions|links=no). Throwing zabuton in this fashion has risks, including the potential for causing personal injury and damage to property.[21]

In yose, notably on the long-running television show Shōten, comedians receive zabuton as a form of scoring, which are also taken away as punishment for bad jokes. The first comedian on Shōten to receive ten zabuton is declared the winner.[22] Zabuton are used in rakugo by both the performer and the audience.[23] Before adopting Western-style chairs in the 1930s, Japanese movie theatres used zabuton for patron seating.[24]

Notes and References

  1. Book: [[Dōgen]] . Dogen's pure standards for the Zen community: a translation of the Eihei shingi . 1996 . State University of New York Press . 0-585-04623-9 . Leighton . Taigen Daniel . Albany, NY . 233 . Leighton . Taigen Daniel . 42854986 . Okumura . Shohaku . 2023-01-10 . 2023-01-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230110040707/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Dogen_s_Pure_Standards_for_the_Zen_Commu/N6oCU4-Yap8C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Zabuton%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA233&printsec=frontcover . live .
  2. Smith . Richard Alan . Comfort, room use and economy of means in the Japanese house . Building and Environment . January 1981 . 16 . 3 . 167–175 . 10.1016/0360-1323(81)90010-X . 1981BuEnv..16..167S .
  3. Book: Evans, Toshie M. . A dictionary of Japanese loanwords . 1997 . Greenwood Press . 978-0-313-37004-5 . Westport, Conn. . 223 . 528863578 . 2023-01-10 . 2023-01-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230110040707/https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Dictionary_of_Japanese_Loanwords/2f9BCRt5ui0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Zabuton%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA223&printsec=frontcover . live .
  4. Oshima . Kimie . Japanese Cultural Expressions Seen in English Rakugo Scripts . Asian Englishes . June 2011 . 14 . 1 . 46–65 . 10.1080/13488678.2011.10801293 .
  5. McNeill . Warrick . Adapting to floor sitting and kneeling . Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies . July 2017 . 21 . 3 . 731–735 . 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.06.016 . 28750992 .
  6. Book: Irwin, Ronald R. . Human Development and the Spiritual Life: How Consciousness Grows Toward Transformation . 2002 . Kluwer Academic/Plenum . 0-306-46606-6 . New York . 9–10 . 48131724 . 2023-01-10 . 2023-01-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230110040708/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Human_Development_and_the_Spiritual_Life/OAy_EJbw--kC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=zabuton . live .
  7. Book: Ford, James Ishmael . Introduction to Zen koans: learning the language of dragons . 2018 . . 978-1-61429-315-6 . Somerville, MA . 47 . 1001340501 .
  8. News: October 31, 1973 . There's a trick to making zabutons . G–2 . . December 26, 2022 . . December 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221226060205/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115180939/making-zabuton/ . live .
  9. News: Mason . Nancy . June 22, 1985 . Zabutons by Mrs. Reeb Bring Orient to Atlanta . 15 . . December 26, 2022 . . December 26, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221226060205/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/115180657/zabuton-atlanta/ . live .
  10. Iwamoto Wada . Yoshiko . Arai . Masanao . Kimono Mode and Marketing: Popular Textiles for Women in Early Twentieth Century Japan . Research Journal of Textile and Apparel . February 2011 . 15 . 1 . 108–123 . 10.1108/RJTA-15-01-2011-B012 .
  11. Matsumoto . Eleanor . Fujii . Jeanne H. . February 1955 . Make a modern zabuton . 10125/58724 .
  12. Book: Koizumi . Kazuko . Traditional Japanese furniture . 小泉 . 和子 . 1986 . Kodansha International . 0-87011-722-X . 1st . Tokyo . 99 . 13092659.
  13. Book: Hanley, Susan B. . Everyday Things in Premodern Japan: The Hidden Legacy of Material Culture . 1999-06-08 . University of California Press . 978-0-520-21812-3 . 95 . 2023-01-10 . 2023-01-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230110040706/https://books.google.com/books?id=07cwDwAAQBAJ&dq=zabuton+kamakura&pg=PA95 . live .
  14. Hamabata . Matthews Masayuki . Ethnographic boundaries: Culture, class, and sexuality in Tokyo . Qualitative Sociology . 1986 . 9 . 4 . 354–371 . 10.1007/BF00988464 .
  15. Book: Hamabata, Matthews Masayuki . Crested kimono: power and love in the Japanese business family . 1991 . Cornell University Press . 9780801499753 . Ithaca, N.Y. . 12 . 1285463729 . 2023-01-10 . 2023-01-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230110040711/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Crested_Kimono/um8TXHVmrWUC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Zabuton%22&pg=PR8&printsec=frontcover . live .
  16. Mikuni . Makiko . My perception of Japanese-style basic encounter groups ~ learning from facilitating encounter groups~ . Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies . 3 July 2022 . 21 . 3 . 207–219 . 10.1080/14779757.2021.1938185 .
  17. Traphagan . John W. . Heroes of the Antimodern: 'Respect for the Elderly Day' and Writing the Narrative of the Elder Generation in Japan . Journal of Ritual Studies . 2005 . 19 . 2 . 99–113 . 44368741 .
  18. Book: Bell, Charlotte . Yoga for Meditators: Poses to Support Your Sitting Practice . 2016 . Shambhala Publications . 978-1-930485-78-5 . 30.
  19. Book: Buksbazen, John Daishin . Zen meditation in plain English . 2002 . Wisdom . 0-86171-316-8 . 1st . Boston . 31 . 48588920 . 2023-01-10 . 2023-01-10 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230110040746/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Zen_Meditation_in_Plain_English/p1mJ8nxW8TwC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=zabuton+meditation+long+periods&pg=PA30&printsec=frontcover . live .
  20. Kádár . Dániel Z. . Ran . Yongping . Ritual in intercultural contact: A metapragmatic case study of heckling . Journal of Pragmatics . February 2015 . 77 . 41–55 . 10.1016/j.pragma.2014.12.011 .
  21. Web site: Japan bans cushion throwing at sumo tournament. Julian. Ryall. Tokyo. The Telegraph. 20 October 2008. 10 January 2023. 15 October 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191015032053/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/3227869/Japan-bans-cushion-throwing-at-sumo-tournament.html. live.
  22. Japan: Shoten ("Jokes for Points") . . live . December 19, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161109042100/https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1971133_1971222_1971225,00.html . November 9, 2016.
  23. Book: Brau . Lorie . Rakugo: Performing Comedy and Cultural Heritage in Contemporary Tokyo . 2008 . Lexington Books . 978-1-4616-3410-2 . 18–21 . 1100872013 .
  24. Fujioka . Atsuhiro . Hitchcock . Lori . Function and Form in the Early Period of the Nyūsu eigakan (News Movie Theater) . Iconics . 2004 . 7 . 113–132 . 10.18917/iconics.7.0_113 .

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