Yeolnyeo, also called Yeolbu, is defined as 'virtuous woman' during the Joseon dynasty of Korea.[1]
Joseon was a neo-Confucian society with every aspect of life governed by neo-Confucian ethics. Women were educated to be filial to their parents and in-laws, loyal to their husbands; to obey their father before marriage, to obey their husband during marriage, and to obey their sons in widowhood.[2]
The 1485 revision of Gyeongguk Daejeon, a Joseon code of law included a "prohibition of remarriage of widows",[3] and specified penalties for widows who remarried, prohibiting the sons and grandsons of such a marriage from participating in the civil service exams, effectively bannng them from holding public or governmental posts.[4] Widows who remarried could be sentenced to death.
The saying A loyal subject does not serve two kings and a virtuous woman does not serve two husbands
A woman's chastity and loyalty to her spouse were considered so important that the government gave awards called yeolnyeo to those who led an exemplary life by remaining loyal to their late husbands. Originally intended to set a good example, the award created a situation which got worse in late Joseon, where widows would kill themselves in order to be acknowledged as 'virtuous women', a title that brought honour to both sides of the family. It reached a point where a betrothed woman would commit suicide if her husband-to-be died before the wedding ceremony.
Yeolnyeo and its requirements are frequently a major plot component of K-drama historical romances.
Note that while the last three of these stories essentially critique the ideal of yeolnyeo they also uphold the neo-Confucian ideal, in that the lead couple come to each other as virgins, with the widow never having consummated her marriage.