Worldsheet Explained

In string theory, a worldsheet is a two-dimensional manifold which describes the embedding of a string in spacetime.^[1] The term was coined by Leonard Susskind^[2] as a direct generalization of the world line concept for a point particle in special and general relativity.

The type of string, the geometry of the spacetime in which it propagates, and the presence of long-range background fields (such as gauge fields) are encoded in a two-dimensional conformal field theory defined on the worldsheet. For example, the bosonic string in 26 dimensions has a worldsheet conformal field theory consisting of 26 free scalar bosons. Meanwhile, a superstring worldsheet theory in 10 dimensions consists of 10 free scalar fields and their fermionic superpartners.

Mathematical formulation

Bosonic string

We begin with the classical formulation of the bosonic string.

First fix a

d -dimensional flat spacetime (d -dimensional Minkowski space), M , which serves as the ambient space for the string.

A world-sheet

\Sigma is then an embedded surface, that is, an embedded 2-manifold \Sigma \hookrightarrow M , such that the induced metric has signature ( - , + ) everywhere. Consequently it is possible to locally define coordinates (\tau,\sigma) where \tau is time-like while \sigma is space-like.

Strings are further classified into open and closed. The topology of the worldsheet of an open string is

R x I , where I : = [ 0 , 1 ] , a closed interval, and admits a global coordinate chart (\tau, \sigma) with -inf ty < \tau < inf ty and 0 \leq \sigma \leq 1 .

Meanwhile the topology of the worldsheet of a closed string^[3] is

R x S ^{1} , and admits 'coordinates' (\tau, \sigma) with -inf ty < \tau < inf ty and \sigma \in R / 2 \pi Z . That is, \sigma is a periodic coordinate with the identification \sigma \sim \sigma + 2 \pi . The redundant description (using quotients) can be removed by choosing a representative 0 \leq \sigma < 2 \pi .

World-sheet metric

In order to define the Polyakov action, the world-sheet is equipped with a world-sheet metric^[4]

g , which also has signature ( - , + ) but is independent of the induced metric.

Since Weyl transformations are considered a redundancy of the metric structure, the world-sheet is instead considered to be equipped with a conformal class of metrics

[ g ] . Then (\Sigma, [ g ]) defines the data of a conformal manifold with signature ( - , + ) .

Notes and References

1. Book: Di Francesco. Philippe. Mathieu. Pierre. Sénéchal. David. 1997. 978-1-4612-2256-9. Conformal Field Theory . 10.1007/978-1-4612-2256-9. 8.
2. Leonard . Susskind . Dual-symmetric theory of hadrons, I. . Nuovo Cimento A . 69 . 1 . 457–496 . 1970.
3. Web site: Lectures on String Theory . Tong . David . Lectures on Theoretical Physics . August 14, 2022.
4. Book: Polchinski. Joseph. 1998. String Theory, Volume 1: Introduction to the Bosonic string.