Women in geology explained

Women in geology concerns the history and contributions of women to the field of geology. There has been a long history of women in the field, but they have tended to be under-represented. In the era before the eighteenth century, science and geological science had not been as formalized as they would become later. Hence early geologists tended to be informal observers and collectors, whether they were male or female. Notable examples of this period include Hildegard of Bingen who wrote works concerning stones and Barbara Uthmann who supervised her husband's mining operations after his death. Mrs. Uthmann was also a relative of Georg Agricola. In addition to these names varied aristocratic women had scientific collections of rocks or minerals.^[1]

In the nineteenth century a new professional class of geologists emerged that included women. In this period the British tended to have far more women of significance to geology.^[2]

In 1977 the Association for Women Geoscientists was formed.^[3]

Timeline of women in geology

• 1642: Martine Bertereau, first recorded woman mineralogist, was imprisoned in France on suspicion of witchcraft.^[4]
• 1824: Emma Hart Willard published Ancient Geography as a supplement to Woodbridge's System of Universal Geography.^[5]
• 1833: Mary Austin Holley remarked and published on the soils, water resources, minerals, and mountains of the Texas region.^[6]
• 1841: Orra White Hitchcock, Sarah Hall, and Mrs. Brooks were among the first women to illustrate geological publications.^[7]
• 1865: Elizabeth Carne was elected the first female Fellow of the Royal Geological Society of Cornwall.^[8]
• 1866: Mrs. Myers, Kate Andrews, and Harriet Huntsman's work appeared in the Illinois, Ohio, and Kansas survey reports respectively.
• 1889: Mary Emilie Holmes became the first female Fellow of the Geological Society of America.^[9]
• 1893: Florence Bascom became the second woman to earn her Ph.D in geology in the United States, and the first woman to receive a Ph.D from Johns Hopkins University.^{[10] [11]} Geologists consider her to be the "first woman geologist in this country [America]."^[12]
• 1896: Florence Bascom became the first woman to work for the United States Geological Survey.^{[13] [14]}
• 1901: Florence Bascom became the first female geologist to present a paper before the Geological Survey of Washington.^[15]
• 1907: A decision was made by the Geological Society of London to admit women as Associates, under the condition they distinguished themselves as geological investigators or submitted their own original research.^[16]
• 1909: Alice Wilson became the first female geologist hired by the Geological Survey of Canada.^{[17] [18]} She is widely credited as being the first Canadian woman geologist.^[19]
• 1919: Women were first allowed to become Fellows of the Geological Society of London.^{[20] [21]} Margaret Crosfield became the first, due to alphabetical primacy, of the first eight women to be elected Fellows of the Geological Society of London, on 21 May 1919.^[22]
• 1921: Ludmila Slavíková was made head of the Department of Mineralogy and Petrology at the National Museum in Prague.^[23]
• 1924: Florence Bascom became the first woman elected to the Council of the Geological Society of America.^[15]
• 1936: Inge Lehmann discovered that the Earth has a solid inner core distinct from its molten outer core.^[24]
• 1938: Alice Wilson became the first woman appointed as Fellow to the Royal Society of Canada.^[19]
• 1942: American geologist Marguerite Williams became the first African-American woman to receive a PhD in geology in the United States. She completed her doctorate, entitled A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Drainage Basin, at Catholic University.^{[25] [26]}
• 1943: Eileen Guppy was promoted to the rank of assistant geologist, therefore becoming the first female geology graduate appointed to the scientific staff of the British Geological Survey.^[27]
• 1953: Alice Mary Weeks, and Mary E. Thompson of the United States Geological Survey, identified uranophane.^[28]
• 1955: Moira Dunbar became the first female glaciologist to study sea ice from a Canadian icebreaker ship.^{[29] [30] [31]}
• 1963: Elsa G. Vilmundardóttir completed her studies at Stockholm University and became the first female Icelandic geologist.^[32]
• 1966: Eileen Guppy became the first female staff member of the British Geological Survey to be awarded an MBE.^[33]
• 1967: Sue Arnold became the first female British Geological Survey person to go to sea on a research vessel.^[27]
• 1969: Beris Cox became the first female paleontologist in the British Geological Survey.^[27]
• 1971: Audrey Jackson became the first female field geologist in the British Geological Survey.^[27]
• 1975: Female officers of the British Geological Survey no longer had to resign upon getting married.^[27]
• 1977: The Association for Women Geoscientists was founded.^[3]
• 1980: Geochemist Katsuko Saruhashi became the first woman elected to the Science Council of Japan.^[34]
• 1982: Janet Watson became the first woman president of the Geological Society of London.^[35]
• 1983: Geologist Sudipta Sengupta (and marine biologist Aditi Pant) became one of the first two Indian women to join an Antarctic expedition.^[36]
• 1991: Doris Malkin Curtis became the first woman president of the Geological Society of America.^[37]
• 1991: Indian geologist Sudipta Sengupta became the first woman scientist to receive the Shanti Swaroop Bhatnagar Award in the Earth Sciences category.^{[38] [39]}
• 1995: Karst in China: its Geomorphology and Environment by Marjorie Sweeting was published; it was the first comprehensive Western account of China's karst.^{[40] [41]}
• 1995: Jane Plant became the first female Deputy Director of the British Geological Survey.^[27]
• 2010: Marcia McNutt became the first female director of the United States Geological Survey.^[42]
• 2014: Maureen Raymo became the first woman to be awarded the Wollaston Medal, the highest award of the Geological Society of London.^{[43] [44]}
• 2016: Geophysicist Marcia McNutt became the first woman president of the American National Academy of Sciences.^[45]
• 2019: Karen Hanghøj became the first female director of the British Geological Survey.^[46]
• 2022: Geologist Sherilyn Williams-Stroud was a leading activist for Black Lives Matter.

Notable women geologists

• Claudia Alexander - notable member of the Association for Women Geoscientists
• Florence Bascom - first woman hired by the United States Geological Survey
• Helen Belyea - Canadian geologist
• Jean Milton Berdan - geologist with the United States Geological Survey
• Mary Anning (1799–1847) - early British paleontologist
• Etheldred Benett - early female geologist in Britain
• Rosaly Lopes - planetary geologist, volcanologist Brazilian, an author of numerous scientific papers and several books
• Katharine Woodley Carman (1906–1992), American petroleum geologist, micropaleontologist
• Elizabeth Catherine Thomas Carne - early female geologist in Britain
• Margaret Crosfield - early English paleontologist and geologist
• Henriette Delamarre de Monchaux (1854–1911), French naturalist, geologist and paleontologist
• Jane Francis - director of the British Antarctic Survey
• Maria Matilda Ogilvie Gordon (1864–1939) - Scottish geologist and paleontologist, 1932 Lyell Medal
• Rhea Graham - director of the US Bureau of Mines^[47]
• Robbie Gries - former president of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists^[48]
• Dorothy Hill - only female president of the Australian Academy of Science
• Rosemary Hutton – geophysicist and pioneer of magnetotellurics; researcher at the University of Edinburgh^[49]
• Miriam Kastner - distinguished Professor of Earth Sciences at University of California, San Diego, 2008 Maurice Ewing Medal
• Marjorie Korringa - igneous petrologist, volcanologist, and structural geologist
• Inge Lehmann - Danish seismologist who discovered the Earth's inner core
• Margaret Leinen - American paleoclimatologist, director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography
• Lorraine Lisiecki - American palaeoclimatologist
• Mary Horner Lyell - nineteenth-century British geologist
• Marcia McNutt - American geophysicist, former director of the United States Geological Survey, science adviser to the United States Secretary of the Interior and president and chief executive officer of the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute
• Isabel P. Montañez - Distinguished Professor of Geosciences and Chancellor's Leadership Professor at University of California, Davis, President (2017-2018) of The Geological Society of America
• Marie Morisawa - American geomorphologist
• Helen Morningstar - American geologist, professor in Geology and Paleontology in Ohio State University, member of Phi Beta Kappa, Sigma Xi, the A.A.A.S. and the Paleontological Society of America
• Sharon Mosher - former President, Geological Society of America
• Alexandra Navrotsky - 1973 Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship, 1988 American Geophysical Union Fellow, 1997 Geological Society of America Fellow, 2006 Harry H. Hess Medal
• María Páramo - Colombian geologist and paleontologist
• Maureen Raymo - director of the Lamont–Doherty Core Repository at Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University
• Sudipta Sengupta - professor in structural geology in Jadavpur University, Calcutta
• Ethel Shakespear - English geologist
• Norah Dowell Stearns - American hydrogeologist
• Dawn Sumner - American geologist, planetary scientist, and astrobiologist
• Marjorie Sweeting - lecturer at Oxford University and wrote the first comprehensive Western account of China's karst
• Marie Tharp - A discoverer of the Mid-ocean ridge
• Susan E. Trumbore - member, US National Academy of Sciences, Director, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
• Janet Vida Watson - Lyell Medal, Bigsby Medal, and a past President of the Geological Society of London
• Dawn Wright - African-American marine geologist, fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science, ALVIN diver
• Maria Zuber - E.A. Griswold Professor of Geophysics at Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 2012 Harry H. Hess Medal
• - Soviet geologist and discoverer of diamond deposits in the USSR
• Anna Missuna - Russian-born Polish geologist, mineralogist, and paleontologist

See also

• Women in science
• Women in the workforce

References

• Book: Burek. C. V.. Higgs. B.. The role of women in the history of geology. 2007. Geological Society. London. 9781862392274.

External links

• Association of Women Geoscientists

Notes and References

1. Kölbl-Ebert. M.. On the origin of women geologists by means of social selection: German and British comparison. Episodes. September 2001. 24. 3. 182 - 193. 11 June 2015. 10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i3/005. free.
2. Creese. Mary R. S.. Creese. Thomas M.. British women who contributed to research in the geological sciences in the nineteenth century. The British Journal for the History of Science. 5 January 2009. 27. 1. 23. 10.1017/S0007087400031654. free.
3. Web site: Iowa State University . 2018-08-08.
4. Book: Women in Chemistry: Their Changing Roles from Alchemical Times to the Mid-twentieth Century. Rayner-Canham. Marelene F.. Rayner-Canham. Marelene. Rayner-Canham. Geoffrey. 2001. Chemical Heritage Foundation. 9780941901277. 7. en.
5. Book: Willard, Emma, 1787-1870.. Ancient geography : as connected with chronology and preparatory to the study of ancient history. 1852. W.J. Hamersley. 8028952.
6. Book: Holley, Mary Austin, 1784-1846.. Texas : observations, historical, geographical and descriptive : in a series of letters, written during a visit to Austin's colony, with a view to a permanent settlement in that country, in the Autumn of 1831. 2005. Brown University Women Writers Project. 176859903.
7. Book: Women of science : righting the record. 1990. Indiana University Press. Kass-Simon, G. (Gabriele), Farnes, Patricia, 1931-1985., Nash, Deborah.. 0253332648. Bloomington. 19130838.
8. Hardie-Budden. Melissa. Elizabeth Catherine Thomas Carne: A 19th century Hypatia. en.
9. Book: Edwin Butt Eckel. The Geological Society of America: Life History of a Learned Society. 1982. Geological Society of America. 978-0-8137-1155-3. 36.
10. Web site: Florence Bascom papers, 1883-1938 . Dla.library.upenn.edu . 2018-07-28.
11. Web site: Clary. R.M.. Great expectations: Florence Bascom (1842–1945) and the education of early US women geologists. Geological society of London Publications. Special Publications. 10 October 2017. 281, 123-135.
12. Web site: A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom. Schneidermann. Jill. July 1997. GSA Today. Geological Society of America.
13. Web site: The Stone Lady, Florence Bascom (U.S. National Park Service) . Nps.gov . 1945-06-18 . 2018-07-28.
14. Web site: A Life of Firsts: Florence Bascom. Schneidermann. Jill. July 1997. GSA Today. Geological Society of America.
15. Web site: irishawg . Women in Geoscience Series – Irish Association for Women in Geosciences . Irishawg.wordpress.com . 2016-08-20 . 2018-07-28.
16. Web site: Margaret Chorley Crosfield (1859-1952). 2021-04-14. Exploring Surrey's Past. en-GB.
17. Web site: Alice Wilson . science.ca . 2018-08-08.
18. Web site: 66. Ottawa Geology (1946) . Science.gc.ca . 2017-03-03 . 2018-08-08.
19. Encyclopedia: Alice Wilson. James-Abra. Erin. The Canadian Encyclopedia. 2018-08-23. en.
20. Web site: Geological Society of London Celebrates the First Female Fellows - Scientific American Blog Network . Blogs.scientificamerican.com . 2019-03-19 . 2019-03-27.
21. The first female Fellows and the status of women in the Geological Society of London | Geological Society, London, Special Publications . Geological Society, London, Special Publications . Sp.lyellcollection.org . 2009-08-21 . 317 . 1 . 373–407 . 10.1144/SP317.21 . 2019-03-27. Burek . Cynthia V. . 128719787 .
22. Web site: The Geological Society of London - Margaret Crosfield, FGS (1859-1952): the first female Fellow. 2021-04-14. www.geolsoc.org.uk.
23. Web site: Slavikova, Ludmila (1890–1943) Encyclopedia.com . 2023-04-18 . www.encyclopedia.com.
24. Book: Edmond A. Mathez . EARTH: INSIDE AND OUT . 2000 . American Museum of Natural History . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080430105106/http://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/p_lehmann.html . 2008-04-30 .
25. Web site: Williams. Marguerite. A History of Erosion in the Anacostia Basin. World Cat. 8 March 2014.
26. Web site: Women's History Month – Marguerite Thomas Williams. University of the District of Columbia. en-US. 2018-09-24.
27. Rod Bowie, Records Centre Manager, National Geological Records Centre, British Geological Survey, Keyworth. Freedom and Equality-Women in Geology. Geological Society, London, Special Publications. January 1995. 97. 1. 117–125. en . . 10.1144/GSL.SP.1995.097.01.15. 129574405. 2018-05-23.
28. Book: Moore, James Gregory . Geology of the Mount Pinchot Quadrangle, Southern Sierra Nevada, California . 1963 . U.S. Government Printing Office . en.
29. Hulbe. Christina L.. 2010. Women in glaciology, a historical perspective. Journal of Glaciology. 56. 200. 944–964. 10.3189/002214311796406202. 2010JGlac..56..944H. free.
30. Web site: Moira Dunbar. Thomas. Campbell. 2000-01-12. The Guardian. en. 2018-08-23.
31. Web site: 80th Anniversary: Northern Exposure - History - The Royal Canadian Geographical Society. www.rcgs.org. 2018-08-23.
32. Web site: Elsa Guðbjörg Vilmundardóttir. Jóhannesson. Guðni A.. 2008. www.mbl.is. is. 2018-10-08.
33. Plant. J. A.. Hackett. D.. Taylor. B. J.. The role of women in the British Geological Survey. Geology Today. 1994. 10. 4. 151–156. 10.1111/j.1365-2451.1994.tb00893.x.
34. News: Katsuko Saruhashi honoured by Google: Who is the geochemist celebrated in today's Doodle?. Hughes. Amani. 2018-03-22. Express.co.uk. 2018-08-23. en.
35. Book: Ogilvie. M.B.. Harvey J.D.. The Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science:L-Z. Taylor & Francis. 2000. 1350–1351. 2010-02-13 . 978-0-415-92040-7.
36. News: India's Antarctica station at par with world: Geologist Sudipta Sengupta (Interview). IANS. 2013-12-22. Business Standard India. 2018-08-27.
37. Book: Margaret W. Rossiter. Women Scientists in America: Forging a New World Since 1972. 21 February 2012. JHU Press. 978-1-4214-0233-8. 249–. Margaret W. Rossiter.
38. Web site: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize: Sudipta Sengupta. ssbprize.gov.in. 2018-10-07.
39. Web site: Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Awardees Women in Science Initiatives Indian Academy of Sciences. www.ias.ac.in. en. 2018-10-07.
40. News: Kennedy. Barbara. OBITUARIES: Marjorie Sweeting. The Independent. 18 January 1995.
41. Book: Karst in China - Its Geomorphology and Environment | Marjorie M. Sweeting . Springer Series in Physical Environment . 1995 . 15 . Springer . 10.1007/978-3-642-79520-6 . 978-3-642-79522-0 . 2018-08-08.
42. Web site: Marcia K McNutt.
43. Web site: Climate Scientist Is First Woman to Win Geology's Storied Wollaston Medal. 16 February 2018. Lamont -Doherty Earth Observatory. March 4, 2014.
44. Web site: The Geological Society . Geolsoc.org.uk . 2016-08-24 . 2018-08-14.
45. News: Science Editor-in-Chief Marcia McNutt Elected President of the National Academy of Sciences. 2016-02-16. AAAS - The World's Largest General Scientific Society. 2018-08-26. en.
46. Web site: The Geological Society of London – The Modern Geological Survey. www.geolsoc.org.uk. 28 May 2023. 28 May 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230528084924/https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/Geoscientist/Archive/July-2020/Interview. live.
47. News: Barr . Stephen . Bureau Of Mines Feeling Shafted . The Washington Post . December 4, 1995.
48. Web site: President of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists to visit Aberdeen University. Tait. Mike. 2002-02-05. www.abdn.ac.uk.
49. Violet Rosemary Strachnan Hutton 1925–2004, Astronomy & Geophysics, Volume 45, Issue 6, December 2004, Page 6.34