Wind power in Europe explained

As of 2023, Europe had a total installed wind capacity of 255 gigawatts (GW).[1] In 2017, a total of 15,680 MW of wind power was installed, representing 55% of all new power capacity, and the wind power generated 336 TWh of electricity, enough to supply 11.6% of the EU's electricity consumption.[2]

In Q4 2023, wind power exceeded coal in European electricity generation for the first time, generating 193 TWh compared to coal's 184 TWh. Despite wind installation challenges, wind generation rose by 20% from 2022. New policies aim to further boost wind power in 2024.[3]

The European Wind Energy Association (now WindEurope) has estimated that 230 gigawatts of wind capacity will be installed in Europe by 2020, consisting of 190 GW onshore and 40 GW offshore. This would produce 14-17% of the EU's electricity, avoiding 333 million tonnes of CO2 per year and saving Europe €28 billion a year in fuel costs.[4] [5]

Research from a wide variety of sources in various European countries shows that support for wind power is consistently about 80 per cent among the general public.[6]

By 2020, 56% wind power penetration was achieved in Denmark, 36% in Lithuania, 35% in Ireland, 23% in Portugal, 23% in Germany, 20% in Spain, 18% in Greece, 16% in Sweden, 15% (avg) in the EU.[7]

EU Wind Power Package

The European Commission introduced the European Wind Power Package in October 2023, which incorporates the European Wind Power Action Plan. This plan aims to streamline wind energy deployment by expediting processes such as permitting and auction design, with an emphasis on increasing investment in offshore wind and ocean energies.[8]

Despite EU wind generation capacity reaching 221 GW in 2023, additional efforts are required to align with the EU's energy and climate objectives by 2030. Wind power constitutes over one-third (37%) of total renewable electricity generation in the EU and contributes to the economy, providing approximately 300,000 jobs in 2022. With the implementation of the REPowerEU targets, job growth is projected to reach 936,000 by 2030.

By country

Denmark

See main article: Wind power in Denmark.

In 2014 wind power in Denmark provided some 39 per cent of Danish domestic electricity[9] and Denmark is a leading wind power nation in the world. The Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas and Siemens Wind Power.

The Danish wind turbine industry is the world's largest and 90% of the wind turbines manufactured in Denmark are sold to international markets. In 2003, the Danish manufacturers had a total world market share of approximately 38%, generating a combined turnover of almost 3 billion Euro and maintaining over 20,000 people employed in the industry, from wind turbine factories to maintenance and research.[10]

The development of wind power in Denmark has been characterised by a close collaboration between publicly financed research and industry in key areas such as research and development, certification, testing, and the preparation of standards.[11]

Estonia

See main article: Wind power in Estonia.

As of 2013, the installed capacity of wind power in Estonia was 269.4 MW,[12] while roughly 1466.5 MW[13] worth of projects are currently being developed and three major offshore projects with total capacity of 1490 MW are being planned. Estonia, as a country, which is widely open to the sea and has a flat territory, possesses a very high potential for the development of wind energy.[14]

According to a survey carried out by the Estonian Ministry of the Environment, 95% of the respondents considered wind power as the most environmentally friendly way to produce energy.[15]

Germany

See main article: Wind power in Germany.

Wind power plays an important role in Germany's renewable energy mix. In October 2014, the installed domestic capacity amounted to 35,678 megawatts, of which offshore contributed 616 MW.[16]

In 2014, wind generated more than 51 terawatt-hours of electricity and contributed about 9.7% to the nations total net-generated electricity. This is 1.3% more than the year before. December 2014 was the best month, generating 8.9 TWh and on par with record-breaking month of December 2011. Along with the generated electricity of 18.5 TWh (3.5%) from hydro, 32.8 TWh (6.2%) from solar, and 54 TWh (10.0%) from biomass, all four renewable energy sources generated 154 TWh or about 30% of the nation's total net-generation. Electricity production from combined wind and solar has now achieved almost the level of nuclear power (84.2 TWh vs. 91.8 TWh).[17]

More than 21,607 wind turbines are located in the German federal area and the country has plans to build more wind turbines.[18] [19] As of 2011, Germany's federal government is working on a new plan for increasing renewable energy commercialisation,[20] with a particular focus on offshore wind farms.[21]

Greece

Wind power in Greece was due to expand by 352% by 2010 to meet the European target of 20% coverage of energy needs from renewable sources. Previously, there were 1,028 wind turbines installed throughout Greece and the number was set to reach 2,587 wind turbines before the end of 2010.[22]

According to the Ministry of Environment and Public Works, the system would have a nameplate capacity of 3,372MW of power from wind alone compared to 746MW at the end of 2006.[23] Greece chose to invest primarily to wind power by 77%, while the rest of renewable sources altogether comprise the remaining 23% of production with hydroelectric power being second with 11%.[24] [25]

Ireland

See main article: Wind power in the Republic of Ireland.

Ireland is the best location in Europe for wind power as it is situated on the Western edge of Europe and is exposed to high winds from the Atlantic Ocean and Irish Sea. Wind power capacity factors tend to be higher in Ireland than anywhere else. By the end of 2019 the installed capacity of wind power in Ireland was 4,155 megawatts,[26] generating 36.3% of Ireland's electrical power in 2020.[27]

Most wind farms in Ireland are located in coastal regions and especially in the West of Ireland. However, the Irish Sea is getting some attention and the first offshore wind farm in Ireland is located a few kilometres north of Arklow and 10 km out to sea and is known as the Arklow Bank Wind Park. This is set to expand in the future. Other proposals are an offshore wind farm on the Kish Bank which is about 15 kilometers offshore from Dublin, the capital city. With another planned wind farm at Clogherhead (north of Drogheda, south of Dundalk), to be called the Oriel Wind Farm. The Codling windfarm, planned for the south Irish Sea, will have a capacity of 1100 MW with 330 turbines, giving a huge boost to wind generated power in Ireland.

Lithuania

Wind energy is set to become Lithuania's main electricity source, projected to account for at least 70% by 2030, according to the International Energy Agency's (IEA) 2021 Energy Policy Review.[28] This reflects Lithuania's strategy to be electricity self-sufficient by 2050, reducing current import needs from 70% to zero. The country encourages decentralized energy production, including wind power, with subsidies, net metering, and virtual power plants. To handle wind energy's variability, Lithuania plans to implement hydrogen storage for offshore wind by 2030. Litgrid, the national grid operator, is focusing on integrating more wind and solar power, essential for supporting energy generation by prosumers and aligning with EU sustainable energy goals.

Romania

See main article: Wind power in Romania.

As of 2016, wind power in Romania has an installed capacity of about 3,028 MW,[29] up from the 14 MW installed capacity in 2009.[30] The main regions of great potential of wind are Northern Dobruja and Moldavia.

The 600 MW Dunarea East and West wind project, located in southeastern Romania, is expected to begin operations in 2026. Its substantial size is comparable to that of the Fântânele-Cogealac wind power plant, situated nearby and recognized as the largest onshore wind facility in Europe, with a capacity of 600 MW.[31]

Spain

See main article: Wind power in Spain.

In 2011, Spain was Europe's leading producer of wind energy and ranked second only behind Germany in terms of installed capacity. In 2012, domestic capacity amounted to 22,785 MW.[32] [33] Wind power alone covered 16.6% of the total electricity demand in Spain in 2010 (according to Red Eléctrica de España, the Spanish system operator) and continues as the third technology in the system, after nuclear power and combined cycles. Wind energy's installed capacity could meet the electricity needs of two-thirds of Spanish households. In 2010, the electricity sector reduced its CO2 emissions by 26% thanks to wind energy.[34] [35] "Spain holds these positions as a result of the establishment of a stable regulatory framework, better understanding of the resource, and improved technology that have afforded considerable cost reduction in terms of initial investment, maintenance, and exploitation".

Turkey

See main article: Wind power in Turkey. Wind power generates about 10% of Turkey's electricity, mainly in the west in the Aegean and Marmara regions, and is gradually becoming a larger share of renewable energy in the country., Turkey has 11 gigawatts (GW) of wind turbines. The Energy Ministry plans to have almost 30 GW by 2035.[36]

United Kingdom

See main article: Wind power in the United Kingdom and Wind power in Scotland.

By the beginning of March 2022, the UK had 11,091 wind turbines with a total installed capacity of over 24.6gigawatts (GW): 14.1GW of onshore capacity and 10.4GW of offshore capacity,[37] the sixth largest capacity of any country in 2019.[38]

1.8 GW of new wind power capacity was brought online during 2012, a 30% increase of the total UK installed capacity. 2012 was a significant year for the offshore wind industry with 4 large wind farms becoming operational with over 1.1 GW of generating capability coming on stream.[39]

Through the Renewables Obligation, British electricity suppliers are now required by law to provide a proportion of their sales from renewable sources such as wind power or pay a penalty fee. The supplier then receives a Renewables Obligation Certificate (ROC) for each MW·h of electricity they have purchased.[40] Within the United Kingdom, wind power is the second largest source of renewable energy after biomass.

Wind power is expected to continue growing in the United Kingdom for the foreseeable future – RenewableUK estimated in 2010 that more than 2,000 MW of capacity would be deployed per year for the next five years.[41] By 2020, the United Kingdom is expected to have more than 28,000 MW of wind capacity.[42] By 2050, UK government plans to cut carbon emissions to zero by using wind power.[43]

Europe's Wind Energy Event

In the Europe's Premier Wind Energy Event February 2013 wind was evaluated by Robert Clover from MAKE Consulting as the cheapest electricity technology after 2020 meeting 50% of electricity demand in Europe by 2050.[44] According to Fatih Birol, Chief Economist at the International Energy Agency, without phasing out fossil fuel subsidies, the EU will not reach its climate targets. The fossil fuel subsidies were half a trillion dollars in 2011. The biggest challenges of wind energy is the lack of predictability of government policies, and not the lack of predictability of wind power, according to Birol. Retroactive policy changes have also undermined investment in renewable energy projects.[45] The European wind industry needs skilled workforce.[46] The EU wind energy capacity in the end of 2012 was 105.6 GW. Renewable energy represented 69% of new power capacity in 2012, while fuel oil, coal and nuclear capacity saw negative growth due to decommissioning.[47]

Public opinion

Recent public opinion surveys about wind power at both the EU and the country level shows that wind energy, being a clean and renewable energy source, is traditionally linked to very strong and stable levels of public support. About 80 per cent of EU citizens support wind power.[6] Despite overwhelming popular support in the abstract, wind farm projects at times raise local opposition, especially in locations closer to populations or to woodland wildlife. For instance, a wind project in Ripfjallet, Sweden in 2020 has been opposed by a group of local residents who wish to maintain the historical landscape. They succeeded in arranging a local referendum scheduled for 22 June 2020 to determine the future of the project. In Germany, a government agency found that there were 325 active lawsuits against wind projects as of January 2020, often on the basis of protecting ecology and wildlife.[48]

Opinion on increase in number of wind farms, 2010 Harris Poll
Great
Britain		FranceItalySpainGermany
% % % % %
Strongly oppose 6 6 2 24
Oppose more than favour 12 16 11 9 14
Favour more than oppose 44 44 38 37 42
Strongly favour 38 33 49 53 40

Statistics

Installed wind power capacity

Europe wind power Capacity (MW)[49] [50] [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58] [59] [60] [61] [62] [63]
Country20232022202120202019201820172016201520142013201220112010200920082007200620052004200320022001200019991998
Installed wind power capacity in Europe
1 align=left 69,675 66,322 64,040 62,580 60,720 58,850 55,580 49,430 44,580 38,610 33,480 30,830 28,770 27,180 25,777 23,897 22,247 20,622 18,415 16,629 14,609 11,994 8,754 6,113 4,442 2,875
2 align=left 30,569 29,798 28,196 27,264 25,808 23,494 23,170 23,026 22,987 22,986 22,959 22,796 21,674 20,676 19,149 16,689 15,131 11,623 10,028 8,264 6,203 4,825 3,337 2,235 1,812 834
3 align=left 29,622 28,493 26,812 24,167 23,515 20,970 18,872 15,030 14,291 12,440 10,531 8,445 6,540 5,204 4,051 2,974 2,406 1,962 1,332 904 667 552 474 406 362 333
4 align=left 22,792 21,135 19,081 17,949 16,646 15,309 13,759 11,670 10,324 9,285 8,254 7,196 6,800 5,660 4,492 3,404 2,454 1,567 757 390 257 148 93 66 25 19
5 align=left 16,441 14,585 12,097 9,992 8,985 7,407 6,691 6,519 6,029 5,425 4,470 3,745 2,907 2,163 1,560 1,048 788 571 509 442 399 345 293 231 220 174
6 align=left 12,342 11,969 10,750 9,305 8,056 7,369 6,857 6,101 4,718 3,763 2,956 2,312 1,691 1,329 801 458
7 align=left 12,336 11,848 11,108 10,852 10,512 9,958 9,479 9,255 8,973 8,663 8,551 8,144 6,747 5,797 4,850 3,736 2,726 2,123 1,718 1,266 905 788 682 427 277 180
8 align=left 11,493 9,052 8,165 6,784 4,600 4,471 4,341 4,180 3,391 2,805 2,693 2,391 2,328 2,245 2,229 2,225 1,747 1,558 1,219 1,079 910 693 486 446 433 361
9 Poland9,383 7,864 7,116 6,614 5,917 5,864 6,397 5,782 5,100 3,834 3,390 2,497 1,616 1,107 725 544 276 153 83 63 63 27 0 0 0 0
10 Denmark7,562 7,282 7,178 6,180 6,128 5,758 5,476 5,242 5,075 4,845 4,772 4,162 3,871 3,752 3,465 3,163 3,125 3,136 3,128 3,118 3,116 2,889 2,489 2,417 1,771 1,443
11 Finland6,943 5,678 3,328 2,586 2,284 2,041 2,113 1,533 1,005 627 448 288 197 197 146 143 110 86 82 82 52 43 39 39 39 17
12 align=left 5,834 5,696 5,612 5,486 5,437 5,380 5,316 5,269 5,034 4,914 4,724 4,525 4,083 3,898 3,535 2,862 2,150 1,716 1,022 522 296 195 131 100 61 60
13 Belgium5,492 5,306 5,002 4,719 3,879 3,360 2,843 2,400 2,169 1,959 1,651 1,375 1,078 911 563 415 287 194 167 96 68 35 32 13 6 6
14 Greece5,226 4,682 4,452 4,113 3,576 2,844 2,651 2,374 2,136 1,980 1,865 1,749 1,629 1,208 1,087 985 871 746 573 473 383 297 272 189 112 39
15 align=left Norway5,184 5,149 4,655 3,980 2,444 1,675 1,162 838 822 819 768 703 520 441 431 429 333 314 267 160 101
16 Ireland4,802 4,637 4,405 4,351 4,155 3,564 3,127 2,765 2,440 2,272 2,037 1,738 1,631 1,428 1,260 1,027 795 746 496 339 190 137 124 118 74 73
17 align=left 3,885 3,586 3,300 3,120 3,159 3,045 2,828 2,632 2,404 2,095 1,684 1,378 1,084 1,011 995 995 982 965 819 606 415 140 94 77 34 30
18 align=left 3,100 3,029 3,029 3,029 3,029 3,029 3,029 3,028 2,976 2,954 2,599 1,905 982 462 14 11 8 3 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
19 align=left 2,043 2,043 2,043 905 191 139 104 15 15 15 15 15 15 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
20 align=left 1,902 1,673 1,673 1,314 1,170 533 593 526 514 498 371 278 151 87 94 90 89 86 77 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
21 align=left 1,256 1,100 990 803 652 583 583 466 462 347 339[64] 180 131 89 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
22 Lithuania1,208 740 668 548 548 439 421 421 421 279 279 225 179 163 91 54 54 51 48 6 6 0 0 0 0 0
23 Bulgaria706 707 707 691 691 691 691 691 691 691 681 674 612 375 177 120 57 36 10 10 0 0 0 0 0 0
24 align=left 512 374 374 374 374 374 18 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
25 align=left 376 320 320 320 320 310 310 310 302 302 280 269 184 149 142 78 59 32 32 6 2 2 0 0 0 0
26 align=left Czech Republic337 337 337 337 337 317 308 281 281 281 269 260 217 215 192 150 116 54 28 17 9 3 0 0 0 0
27 align=left 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 329 295 201 127 65 61 17 3 3 3 0 0 0 0
28 align=left Luxembourg208 166 168 166 136 120 120 100 58 58 58 58 44 44 35 35 35 35 35 35 22 17 15 10 10 9
29 align=left Cyprus158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 158 147 147 147 134 82 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30 align=left 137 137 137 32 32 32
31 align=left Latvia137 137 66 66 66 66 66 70 69 62 62 60 31 30 28 27 27 27 27 27 27 24 0 0 0 0
32 align=left Bosnia and Herzegovina135 135 135 135 87 51
33 align=left Montenegro118 118 118 118 118 118
34 align=left Switzerland101 87 87 87 75 75 75 75 60 60 60 50 46 42 18 14 12 12 12 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
35 North Macedonia73 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 37 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
36 Faroe Islands68 68 18 18 18 18 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
37 align=left 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
38 align=left 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
39 align=left Slovenia3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
40 align=left Slovakia3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 5 5 5 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
41 align=left 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total installed wind power capacity
- align=left EU-28/27 220,253 204,499 188,892 179,093 192,231 178,826 169,319 153,641 142,042 128,751 117,289 105,696 93,957 84,074 74,767 64,712 56,517 48,069 40,511 34,383 28,599 23,159 17,315 12,887 9,678 6,453
- align=left Europe Offshore 34,237 30,267 28,333 25,013 22,071 18,441
- align=left Europe 272,497 254,788 235,712 219,546 204,814 189,229 178,096 161,261 148,240 133,968 121,474 109,238 96,607 86,075 76,152 65,741 57,136 48,563 40,898

Per capita capacity

Wind power today, in an average wind year, generates the equivalent of over 20% of Denmark's electricity use and 25–30% of that in three German Länder, and on windy days with light loads, over 100% of the load in certain regions, particularly in West Denmark, North Germany, and northern Spain.[65]

EU wind power Capacity in watts per capita
Country20172016201520142013201220112010[66] 2009[67] 2008[68] 2007
1947.2911.8 894.6 850.1 837.3 745.8 706.2 686.6 627.5 581 579
2679.8608.7 553.7 483.0 415.9 382.8 355.7 332.7 315.3 291 270
3661.6647.7 618.1 551.0 454.0 394.8 308.7 231.6 166.9 111 88
4652.5580.7 537.4 490.1 439.5 375.0 364.0 319.6 283.1 228 193
5515.6511.1 489.6 471.3 471.2 429.2 403.4 366.4 332.5 270 203
6497.8495.6 495.8 495.0 494.3 490.8 469.2 449.6 415.5 370 367
7383.1278.6 182.8 114.3 81.7 53.4 36.6 36.8 27.3 27 21
-Average 330.8300.2 278.6 253.3 230.8 209.7 187.2 168.3 149.2 131 116
8320.5299.3 281.0 243.0 195.3 163.2 128.2 120.7 118.8 119 120
9287.5228.9 210.0 192.2 162.7 132.4 105.0 83.9 65.3 54 40
10252.6245.3 203.0 165.3 158.7 145.3 139.1 135.4 134.0 136 107
11249.4212.3 198.0 175.1 147.5 124.5 98.4 81.9 52.0 36 28
12246.4212.3 199.0 180.1 170.2 154.9 143.6 106.9 96.1 88 78
13235.1229.2 230.7 230.2 213.4 200.8 137.2 111.0 111.3 58 45
14204.8174.2 156.1 139.3 123.9 114.6 104.0 87.5 69.9 53 40
15203.2173.5 106.7 106.7 106.7 106.7 84.6 86.2 86.2 90 71
16184.8185.7 186.5 170.5 170.5 170.5 166.6 102.1 0 0 0
17175.6180.4 145.1 96.6 96.6 74.8 55.2 46.3 27.3 19 15
18166.5149.7 134.2 99.6 88.1 64.9 42.3 31.0 18.5 12 7
19156.7152.7 147.3 142.5 140.7 133.9 111.1 96.1 80.3 63 47
20154.3154.2 157.5 151.4 133.2 90.9 45.9 19.5 1 1 0
2197.393.8 93.8 93.8 92.5 89.7 81.6 49.6 23.4 21 10
2234.233.5 33.5 33.5 33.5 33.3 13.9 13.8 12.5 12 12
2333.633.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 33.0 32.9 29.3 20.1 12 6
2429.126.8 26.8 26.8 25.6 24.6 20.6 20.5 18.4 14 11

Leading EU countries by wind power production

Leading EU countries by wind power production (2019)[69]
CountryProduction (GWh)
Germany 126,000
United Kingdom 63,468
Spain 54,212
France (w/o overseas) 34,100
Italy 20,200
Sweden 19,902
Denmark 16,149
Poland 15,000
Portugal 13,732
Netherlands 11,458
Ireland 9,354
Belgium 8,119
Greece 7,279
Austria 7,269
Romania 6,745
Finland 5,987

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Wind in Power 2017 . 19 February 2018 . 19 February 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180219210604/https://windeurope.org/wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/statistics/WindEurope-Annual-Statistics-2017.pdf . live .
  3. Web site: 2024-01-10 . Wind overtakes coal for electricity generation in Europe . Reuters.
  4. Web site: Archived copy . 21 January 2011 . 7 April 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110407172754/http://www.ewea.org/fileadmin/swf/factsheet/1_statisticsandtargets.pdf . live .
  5. Web site: Large Majorities in U.S. and Five Largest European Countries Favor More Wind Farms and Subsidies for Bio-fuels, but Opinion is Split on Nuclear Power . The Harris Poll#119 . 13 October 2010 . PR Newswire . 6 April 2012 . 7 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140407063150/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/large-majorities-in-us-and-five-largest-european-countries-favor-more-wind-farms-and-subsidies-for-bio-fuels-but-opinion-is-split-on-nuclear-power-104844169.html . live .
  6. Web site: The Social Acceptance of Wind Energy . European Commission . 31 March 2012 . 28 March 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090328073721/http://www.wind-energy-the-facts.org/en/environment/chapter-6-social-acceptance-of-wind-energy-and-wind-farms/ . dead .
  7. Web site: Share of electricity production from wind, 2020 . Ourworldindata.org . 27 December 2020.
  8. Web site: EU wind energy - European Commission . 2024-02-09 . energy.ec.europa.eu . en.
  9. Rasmussen, Jesper Nørskov. "Vindmøller slog rekord i 2014 " In English . Energinet.dk, 6 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2015. on 6 January 2015
  10. Web site: The world's leader in Wind Power . Scandinavica.com . 24 April 2011 . 25 January 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015219/http://www.scandinavica.com/culture/nature/wind.htm . live .
  11. Web site: Wind energy: a visionary match . 15 April 2007 . 29 June 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070629224852/http://risoe-staged.risoe.dk/Research/sustainable_energy/wind_energy.aspx . live .
  12. News: Installed capacity . EWPA . 17 October 2013 . 18 February 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190218032057/http://www.tuuleenergia.ee/en/windpower-101/statistics-of-estonia/installed-capacity/ . live .
  13. News: Under development . EWPA . 17 October 2013 . 17 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131017115414/http://www.tuuleenergia.ee/en/windpower-101/statistics-of-estonia/under-development/ . live .
  14. Web site: Estonia . pakri.ee . 20 September 2012 . 17 October 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131017200600/http://pakri.ee/estonia/ . live .
  15. Web site: 95% of Estonians back wind power . EWPA . Tuuliki Kasonen . 10 August 2012 . 19 September 2012 . 13 August 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120813022035/http://blog.ewea.org/2012/08/95-of-estonians-back-wind-power/ . live .
  16. Web site: Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2014 . Fraunhofer ISE website . Fraunhofer Institute ISE, Germany . 22 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140728200112/http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/downloads-englisch/pdf-files-englisch/data-nivc-/electricity-production-from-solar-and-wind-in-germany-2014.pdf . 28 July 2014 . 5 . 21 July 2014 . live .
  17. Web site: Electricity production from solar and wind in Germany in 2014 (German version) . Fraunhofer ISE website . Fraunhofer Institute ISE, Germany . 5 January 2015. 2, 3 . 5 January 2015. 12 January 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150112001429/http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/de/downloads/pdf-files/data-nivc-/stromproduktion-aus-solar-und-windenergie-2014.pdf . live .
  18. Web site: Wind energy in Germany. 15 April 2007. 24 March 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110324033215/http://www.wind-energie.de/en/wind-energy-in-germany/. live.
  19. Web site: 72,6 Gigawatts Worldwide. Wind Energy Barometer. February 2007. 4 July 2007. 4 January 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072947/http://www.energies-renouvelables.org/observ-er/stat_baro/observ/baro177.pdf. live.
  20. Web site: 100% renewable electricity supply by 2050. Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety. 26 January 2011. 4 June 2011. 9 May 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110509143651/http://www.erneuerbare-energien.de/inhalt/46959/3860/. dead.
  21. Web site: Will Nuke Phase-Out Make Offshore Farms Attractive?. Stefan. Schultz. 23 March 2011. Der Spiegel. 26 March 2011. 10 February 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120210090055/http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/0,1518,752791,00.html. live.
  22. Web site: Greece commits for 2,587 wind turbines . 2 March 2014 . 5 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120305201639/http://www.tanea.gr/default.asp?pid=2 . live .
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