Whitefish or white fish is a fisheries term for several species of demersal fish with fins, particularly Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), whiting (Merluccius bilinearis), haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus), hake (Urophycis), and pollock (Pollachius), among others. Whitefish (Coregonidae) is also the name of several species of Atlantic freshwater fish.
Whitefish live on or near the seafloor, and can be contrasted with the oily or pelagic fish, which live away from the seafloor. Whitefish do not have much oil in their tissue, and have flakier white or light-coloured flesh. Most of the oil found in their bodies is concentrated in the organs, e.g. cod liver oil.
Whitefish can be divided into benthopelagic fish (round fish that live near the sea bed, such as cod and coley) and benthic fish (which live on the sea bed, such as flatfish like plaice).
Whitefish is sometimes eaten straight but is often used reconstituted for fishsticks, gefilte fish, lutefisk, surimi (imitation crab meat), etc. Because of their lower oil and fat content, whitefish are particularly suitable for preservation by salting and drying. For centuries it was preserved by drying as stockfish and clipfish and traded as a world commodity.[1] It is commonly used as the fish in the classic British dish of fish and chips.
The growth amidst whitefish species can be altered due to intraspecific competition. Fish populations such as Vendace and Roach share zooplankton for food which is crucial for young populations of whitefish. As this competition occurs, growth rate can be affected within multiple age groups or at an older age.[2]
One fillet of whitefish, mixed species (198g) contains the following nutritional information according to the United States Department of Agriculture:[3]
| Name | Amount | Unit | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Water | 144 | g | |
| Energy | 265 | kcal | |
| Energy | 1110 | kJ | |
| Protein | 37.8 | g | |
| Total lipid (fat) | 11.6 | g | |
| Ash | 2.22 | g | |
| Carbohydrate, by difference | 0 | g | |
| Fiber, total dietary | 0 | g | |
| Sugars, total including NLEA | 0 | g | |
| Calcium, Ca | 51.5 | mg | |
| Iron, Fe | 0.733 | mg | |
| Magnesium, Mg | 65.3 | mg | |
| Phosphorus, P | 535 | mg | |
| Potassium, K | 628 | mg | |
| Sodium, Na | 101 | mg | |
| Zinc, Zn | 1.96 | mg | |
| Copper, Cu | 0.143 | mg | |
| Manganese, Mn | 0.133 | mg | |
| Selenium, Se | 24.9 | μg | |
| Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid | 0 | mg | |
| Thiamin | 0.277 | mg | |
| Riboflavin | 0.238 | mg | |
| Niacin | 5.94 | mg | |
| Pantothenic acid | 1.48 | mg | |
| Vitamin B-6 | 0.594 | mg | |
| Folate, total | 29.7 | μg | |
| Folic acid | 0 | μg | |
| Folate, food | 29.7 | μg | |
| Folate, DFE | 29.7 | μg | |
| Choline, total | 129 | mg | |
| Vitamin B-12 | 1.98 | μg | |
| Vitamin B-12, added | 0 | μg | |
| Vitamin A, RAE | 71.3 | μg | |
| Retinol | 71.3 | μg | |
| Carotene, beta | 0 | μg | |
| Carotene, alpha | 0 | μg | |
| Cryptoxanthin, beta | 0 | μg | |
| Vitamin A, IU | 238 | IU | |
| Lycopene | 0 | μg | |
| Lutein + zeaxanthin | 0 | μg | |
| Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) | 0.396 | mg | |
| Vitamin E, added | 0 | mg | |
| Vitamin D (D2 + D3), International Units | 946 | IU | |
| Vitamin D (D2 + D3) | 23.8 | μg | |
| Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) | 23.8 | μg | |
| Vitamin K (phylloquinone) | 0.198 | μg | |
| Fatty acids, total saturated | 1.79 | g | |
| SFA 4:0 | 0 | g | |
| SFA 6:0 | 0 | g | |
| SFA 8:0 | 0 | g | |
| SFA 10:0 | 0 | g | |
| SFA 12:0 | 0 | g | |
| SFA 14:0 | 0.216 | g | |
| SFA 16:0 | 1.19 | g | |
| SFA 18:0 | 0.392 | g | |
| Fatty acids, total monounsaturated | 3.96 | g | |
| MUFA 16:1 | 1.03 | g | |
| MUFA 18:1 | 2.67 | g | |
| MUFA 20:1 | 0.206 | g | |
| MUFA 22:1 | 0.05 | g | |
| Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated | 4.26 | g | |
| PUFA 18:2 | 0.539 | g | |
| PUFA 18:3 | 0.362 | g | |
| PUFA 18:4 | 0.099 | g | |
| PUFA 20:4 | 0.442 | g | |
| PUFA 20:5 n-3 (EPA) | 0.628 | g | |
| PUFA 22:5 n-3 (DPA) | 0.323 | g | |
| PUFA 22:6 n-3 (DHA) | 1.86 | g | |
| Cholesterol | 119 | mg | |
| Tryptophan | 0.424 | g | |
| Threonine | 1.66 | g | |
| Isoleucine | 1.74 | g | |
| Leucine | 3.07 | g | |
| Lysine | 3.46 | g | |
| Methionine | 1.12 | g | |
| Cystine | 0.406 | g | |
| Phenylalanine | 1.48 | g | |
| Tyrosine | 1.28 | g | |
| Valine | 1.95 | g | |
| Arginine | 2.26 | g | |
| Histidine | 1.11 | g | |
| Alanine | 2.28 | g | |
| Aspartic acid | 3.88 | g | |
| Glutamic acid | 5.64 | g | |
| Glycine | 1.81 | g | |
| Proline | 1.34 | g | |
| Serine | 1.54 | g | |
| Alcohol, ethyl | 0 | g | |
| Caffeine | 0 | mg | |
| Theobromine | 0 | mg |