Western Iranian languages explained

Western Iranian
Region:	Southwest Asia, Central Asia, Caucasus, and western South Asia
Familycolor:	Indo-European
Fam3:	Iranian
Child1:	Northwestern Iranian
Child2:	Southwestern Iranian
Glotto:	nort3177
Glottoname:	Northwestern Iranian
Glotto2:	sout3157
Glottoname2:	Southwestern Iranian

The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median.

Languages

The traditional Northwestern branch is a convention for non-Southwestern languages, rather than a genetic group. The languages are as follows:^{[1] [2] [3]}

Old Iranian period

• Northwest: Median†, etc.
• Southwest: Old Persian†, etc.

Middle Iranian period

• Northwest: Parthian†, etc.
• Southwest: Middle Persian†, etc

Modern period (Neo-Iranian)

• Northwestern Iranian
  • Caspian
    • Gilaki (incl. Rudbari)
    • Mazandarani (incl. Tabari, Shahmirzadi)
    • Gorgani†
    • Daylami†
  • Semnani
    • Semnani
    • Sangisari
    • Lasgerdi-Sorkhei (incl. Aftari)
  • Adharic (Azari)
    • Old Adhari†
      • Tatic
        • Talysh (north-central)
        • Gozarkhani (Alamuti)
        • North: Harzandi, Karingani (Kalasuri, Khoynarudi)
        • Kho'ini
        • South
          • Alviri-Vidari (Alviri, Vidari)
          • Ashtiani (Amora’i, Kahaki, Tafreshi), Vafsi
          • Razajerdi, Eshtehardi, Takestani (Ramandi, Kharaqani)
      • Central
        • Khalkhalic: Kajali, Koresh-e Rostam (Karani), Shahrudi (incl. southern Talysh)
        • Maraghei
        • Upper Taromi, Kabatei
  • Kurdic (acc. Anonby)
    • Kurdish
      • Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji)
      • Central Kurdish (Sorani)
      • Southern Kurdish (incl. Laki and Kurdali)
    • Zaza–Gorani
      • Zazaki
      • Gorani (incl. Hawrami, Sarli, Shabaki, Bajalani)
  • Balochi (incl. Koroshi)
  • Khuri (Kavir)
• Central Plateau
  • Sivandi
  • Judeo-Hamadani, Judeo-Borujerdi
  • NW = Khunsari (Judeo-Khunsari, Judeo-Khomeini, Vanishani, Mahallati, Vanishani, Judeo-Golpaygani, etc.)
  • NE = Kashanic: Soi (incl. Abuzaydabadi), Natanzi
  • SW = Gazi (many dialects)
  • Southeastern: Zoroastrian Dari (Zoroastrian Yazdi, Judeo-Kermani), Nayini

• Southwestern Iranian
  • Bashkardi (Southern Bashkardi)
  • Garmsiri (Northern Bashkardi, Bandari, Minabi/Minowi–Hormozi: Hormozgan)^[4]
  • Kumzari
  • Achomi (Larestani)
  • Caucasian Tat (SW Tat): Tat, Judeo-Tat
  • Persian (dialects: Iranian Persian & Judeo-Persian, Dari (incl. Madaglashti), Tajik & Judeo-Bukharic, Hazaragi, Aimaq, Sistani, Pahlavani Persian†)
  • Persid
    • Shushtari–Dezfuli
    • Luri (incl. Bakhtiari)
    • Kuhmareyi (incl. Davani)
    • (see also Persid dialects of Khuzestan)
  • Fars (numerous SW Fars dialects: Heshnizi, Gavbandi, Dashtini, Kangani, Jami, Bardesuni (Bardestani), Khenesiri, Bordekhuni, Dashtiyati (Dashti), Tangesiri (incl. Delvari), Khormuji, Khayizi, Ahrami, Bushehri, Bandar Rig (Fars of Bandar Rig), Genaveyi, Deylami (Liravi)†, Dashtesuni (Dashtestani), Judeo-Shirazi, etc.)

There is also a recently described, and as yet unclassified, Batu'i language that is presumably Western Iranian.^[1] Extinct Deilami is sometimes classified in the Caspian branch.An Iranian Khalaj language has been claimed, but does not exist; the Khalaj speak a Turkic language.

Many of the languages and dialects spoken in Markazi and Isfahan provinces are giving way to Persian in the younger generations.^[5]

It is to note that the Caspian languages (incl. Adharic), the central dialects, and the Zaza-Gorani languages are likely descended from a later form of Median with varying amounts of Parthian substrata,^[6] whereas the Semnani languages were likely descended from Parthian. ^[7]

See also

• Eastern Iranian languages

Bibliography

• Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum, ed. Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert Verlag, 1989; p. 99.

Further reading

• Kontovas, Nicholas. "Contact and the diversity of noun-noun subordination strategies among Western Iranic languages."
• Hanaway Jr, William L. "Persian and West Iranic: History and State of Research: Part One: Persian Grammar.[Trends in Linguistics: State-of-the-Art Reports, No. 12]." (1982): 56–58.

Notes and References

1. Erik Anonby, Mortaza Taheri-Ardali & Amos Hayes (2019) The Atlas of the Languages of Iran (ALI). Iranian Studies 52. A Working Classification
2. Gernot Windfuhr, 2009, "Dialectology and Topics", The Aryanic Languages, Routledge, pp. 12–15.
3. 
   
4. Borjian, Habib, “Kerman Languages”, Encyclopaedia Iranica. Volume 16, Issue 3, 2017, pp. 301–315. https://www.academia.edu/24297004/Kermans_Languages_1._Persian_2._Garmsiri_Language_type_
5. http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-dialects Central dialects
6. Borjian, Habib (2019) Journal of Persianate Studies 2, Median Succumbs to Persian after Three Millennia of Coexistence: Language Shift in the Central Iranian Plateau, p. 70
7. Pierre Lecoq. 1989. "Les dialectes caspiens et les dialectes du nord-ouest de l'Iran," Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum. Ed. Rüdiger Schmitt. Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, p. 297