Web annotation can refer to online annotations of web resources such as web pages or parts of them, or a set of W3C standards developed for this purpose. The term can also refer to the creations of annotations on the World Wide Web and it has been used in this sense for the annotation tool INCEpTION,[1] formerly WebAnno.[2] This is a general feature of several tools for annotation in natural language processing or in the philologies.
With a web annotation system, a user can add, modify or remove information from a Web resource without modifying the resource itself. The annotations can be thought of as a layer on top of the existing resource, and this annotation layer is usually visible to other users who share the same annotation system. In such cases, the web annotation tool is a type of social software tool. For Web-based text annotation systems, see Text annotation.
Web annotation can be used for the following purposes:
Annotations can be considered an additional layer with respect to comments. Comments are published by the same publisher who hosts the original document. Annotations are added on top of that, but may eventually become comments which, in turn, may be integrated in a further version of the document itself.[3]
In the Web Annotation standard,
The basic data structures of Web Annotation (Fig. 1) are
The body can be a literal value or structured content (a URI). The target can be identified by an URI (e.g., fragment identifiers) and/or a selector that defines a domain-, resource- or application-specific access protocol, e.g., offset-based, XPath-based, etc.
Web Annotation was standardized on February 23, 2017 with the release of three official Recommendations by the W3C Web Annotation Working Group:[4] [5]
These recommendations were accompanied by additional working group notes that describe their application:
The Web Annotation data model is also provided in machine-readable form as the Web Annotation ontology.[11] Note that this ontology defines the Web Annotation namespace (https://www.w3.org/ns/oa#), and that this namespace is conventionally abbreviated as oa. This is the abbreviation for Open Annotation, a W3C Community Group whose specifications formed the basis for the Web Annotation standard.[12]
Web Annotation supersedes other standardization initiatives for annotations on the web within the W3C, e.g., the earlier Annotea project discontinued after 2003.[13] [14]
Web Annotation can be used in conjunction with (or as an alternative to) fragment identifiers that describe how to address elements within a web document by means of URIs. These include
Other, non-standardized fragment identifiers are in use, as well, e.g., within the NLP Interchange Format.[21]
Independently from Web Annotation, more specialized data models for representing annotations on the web have been developed, e.g., the NLP Interchange Format (NIF)[22] for applications in language technology. In early 2020, the W3C Community Group "Linked Data for Language Technology" launched an initiative to harmonize these vocabularies and to develop a consolidated RDF vocabulary for linguistic annotations on the web.[23]
Many of these systems require software to be installed to enable some or all of the features below. This fact is only noted in footnotes if the software that is required is additional software provided by a third party.
| Annotation system | Private notes | Private group notes | Public notes | Notification | Highlighting | Formatted text | Archives | Viewing annotations | API | Open Source | implements/ exports/ imports Web Annotation standard | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| [24] | (proprietary) | Unknown | Can annotate PDF, ODF, .doc, .docx, images, as well as web pages (but only a limited number in the free version) | ||||||||||
| Annotorius[25] | , via Google Firebase plugin[26] | (BSD)[27] | [28] | JavaScript image annotation library and plugin to OpenSeadragon, also supports simple text annotations | |||||||||
| (proprietary) | Unknown | Public annotations are only allowed for established users. Group tag dictionary feature to encourage tagging consistently within a group. | |||||||||||
| Chrome, via.hypothes.is | (MIT, BSD) | ,[29] but listed on Web Annotation wiki | In February 2015, different features were announced,[30] such as private group annotation, semantic tagging, moderation, etc. Web Annotation integration was discussed in 2014.[31] [32] | ||||||||||
| Org-mode (with extensions) | [33] | [34] | Unknown | Emacs-based; requires technical knowledge to set up; not as user-friendly as some other solutions; non-Latin characters allowed in notes but not in tags | |||||||||
| Recogito[35] | (Apache) | Annotation of named entities, linking with maps and knowledge graphs, developed by the Pelagios network,[36] popular in Digital Humanities |
| System | Notes | Date Discontinued | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mosaic Browser | An early version of the Mosaic browser was tested with collaborative annotation feature in 1993[37] but never passed the test state. | Never passed the test state | |
| CritLink | Perhaps the earliest web annotation system. Developed in 1997–98 by Ka-Ping Yee of the University of California.[38] CritLink worked as an HTML "mediator", hence not requiring additional software or browser extensions but having limited support for modern JavaScript-driven websites. | ||
| A W3C project that tried to establish a standard for web annotation. Annotea was conceived as part of the semantic web. According to the website, Annotea development stalled in October 2005.[39] | |||
| ThirdVoice | A system launched in 1999. It was targeted by a campaign called Say No to TV,[40] led by independent web hosts which likened ThirdVoice to "Web graffiti."[41] It was shut in April 2001 because it couldn't generate enough advertising revenue to stay in business.[42] | April 2001 | |
| Founded in 2003 and provided cloud bookmarks with optional descriptions (a form of annotation) of up to 1000 characters. It was rumoured that it would be shut down in 2010, but it was only actually finally shut down in 2017 when it was acquired by Pinboard, a competitor. | 2017 | ||
| Wikalong | A Firefox plugin created in 2004 that provided a publicly editable mediawiki page in the margin of any webpage. (It was later accessible in other browsers via a bookmarklet.) Common uses were note-taking and discussion about the website. On Google, the Wikalong margin provided a variety of useful tips and shortcuts for searching. The project was discontinued in 2009 when the storage wiki went offline. It had been suffering from link spam abuse.[43] [44] | 2009 | |
| Launched in 2005 with much publicity as a stick-it notes application for the web. A patent, funding and marketing didn't stop it from failing. Discontinued in 2010.[45] | 2010 | ||
| Stet was the Gplv3 comment system.[46] | |||
| Crocodoc | Launched in 2007, dabbled in web page annotation as part of its broader mission. It was originally developed in Adobe Flash. It was acquired by Box.com in 2013[47] and the web annotation side of it was shut down two years later.[48] | 2009 | |
| Blerp | Launched in 2009. A multimedia, extensible tool for annotating web pages with widgets viewable by any other Blerp user. | ||
| Google Sidewiki | Launched in 2009. A part of Google Toolbar that allowed users to write comments alongside any web page. It was discontinued in December 2011. | December 2011 | |
| An AJAX based web annotation tool that allowed users to mark-up, highlight, draw, annotate, cache, sticky-note and finally share any website. | |||
| Formerly knows as News Genius, launched in 2016.[49] As of May 2022, the Chrome and Wordpress extensions are discontinued, and the bookmarklet provided on the official website does not work. As of August 2022, it is not possible to log in and leave new annotations. |
