The voiced postalveolar or palato-alveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Association uses the term voiced postalveolar fricative only for the sound pronounced as /[ʒ]/,[1] but it also describes the voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative pronounced as /[ɹ̠˔]/, for which there are significant perceptual differences, as one is a sibilant and one is not.
| Ipa Symbol: | ʒ |
| Ipa Number: | 135 |
| Decimal: | 658 |
| X-Sampa: | Z |
| Kirshenbaum: | Z |
| Braille: | 2346 |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x0292.svg |
The voiced palato-alveolar fricative or voiced domed postalveolar fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is the lower case form of the letter Ezh (Ʒ ʒ), and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Z. An alternative symbol used in some older and American linguistic literature is (ž), a z with a caron. In some transcriptions of alphabets such as the Cyrillic, the sound is represented by the digraph (zh).
Although present in English, the sound is not represented by a specific letter or digraph, but is formed by yod-coalescence of pronounced as /[z]/ and pronounced as /[j]/ in words such as measure. It also appears in some loanwords, mainly from French (thus written with (g) and (j)).
The sound occurs in many languages and, as in English and French, may have simultaneous lip rounding (pronounced as /[ʒʷ]/), although this is rarely indicated in transcription.
Features of the voiced palato-alveolar fricative:
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kabardian: [[Cyrillic script|'''ж'''акӀэ/žač'a]] | 'beard' | |||||
| Albanian | Albanian: [[Albanian alphabet|'''zh'''urmë]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʒuɾm]/ | 'noise' | |||
| Arabic: [[Arabic alphabet|زوج/zuž]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[zuʒ]/ | 'husband' | See Arabic phonology | |||
| Hejazi | [[Arabic alphabet|جاهِز/žáhiz]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[ʒaːhɪz]/ | 'ready' | an allophone of pronounced as //d͡ʒ// used by a number of speakers. | ||
| Armenian | Eastern | Armenian: [[Armenian alphabet|'''ժ'''ամ/žam]] | 'hour' | |||
| Assyrian | ܐܘܪܡܓ̰ܢܝܐ [[Syriac alphabet|Urmižnaiya]] | pronounced as /[urmɪʒnaɪja]/ | 'Assyrian from Urmia' | |||
| Avaric: [[Cyrillic script|'''ж'''акъа/žaq'a]] | pronounced as /[ˈʒaqʼːa]/ | 'today' | ||||
| Azerbaijani | Azerbaijani: [[Azeri alphabet|'''j'''alüz]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʒalyz]/ | 'blinds' | |||
| pronounced as /[ŋɔ̀nʒɔ̀ʔ]/ | 'honey' | |||||
| Bulgarian: [[Bulgarian alphabet|мъ'''ж'''ът/myžyt]] | pronounced as /[mɐˈʒɤ̞t̪]/ | 'the man' | See Bulgarian phonology | |||
| Catalan | Eastern Catalan | gel | pronounced as /[ˈʒel]/ | 'ice' | ||
| Chechen | Chechen: [[Cyrillic script|жий]] / Chechen: '''ž'''iy | pronounced as /[ʒiː]/ | 'sheep' | |||
| pronounced as /[ʒɑ̃]/ | 'bed' | |||||
| pronounced as /[tsi˥˥ ʒieʔ˨˦]/ | 'this one' | |||||
| Corsican | Corsican: [[Corsican alphabet|ghje'''sg'''ia]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈɟeːʒa]/ | 'church' | Also in Gallurese | ||
| Czech: [[Czech orthography|mu'''ž'''i]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈmuʒɪ]/ | 'men' | See Czech phonology | |||
| Dutch; Flemish: [[Dutch orthography|gara'''g'''e]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ɣäˈräːʒə]/ | 'garage' | See Dutch phonology | |||
| Emilian | Bolognese | chè'''ṡ''' | pronounced as /[ˈkɛːð̠]/ | 'case' | Apical; not labialized; may be pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ instead. | |
| English: [[English orthography|vi'''si'''on]]|italic=yes | 'vision' | See English phonology | ||||
| Esperanto: [[Esperanto orthography|manĝa'''ĵ'''o]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[mänˈd͡ʒäʒo̞]/ | 'food' | See Esperanto phonology | |||
| jour | 'day' | See French phonology | ||||
| German: [[German alphabet|Gara'''g'''e]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ɡaˈʁaːʒʷə]/ | 'garage' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. Some speakers may merge it with pronounced as //ʃ//. See Standard German phonology | |||
| Georgian: [[Georgian alphabet|'''ჟ'''ურნალი/žurnali]] | pronounced as /[ʒuɾnali]/ | 'magazine' | ||||
| zhiem | pronounced as /[ʒiem]/ | 'sickle' | ||||
| Cypriot | Greek, Modern (1453-);: [[Greek alphabet|γαλά'''ζ̌'''ο/galažo]] | pronounced as /[ɣ̞ɐˈlɐʒːo̞]/ | 'sky blue' | |||
| Gwich'in: '''zh'''òh | pronounced as /[ʒôh]/ | 'wolf' | ||||
| Athapascan languages: '''zh'''ùr | pronounced as /[ʒûr]/ | 'wolf' | ||||
| Hebrew | Hebrew: [[hebrew alphabet|'''ז׳'''אנר/žaner]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[ʒaneʁ]/ | 'genre' | Phoneme present in loanwords only. See Modern Hebrew phonology | ||
| Hindi: [[Devanagari|अ'''झ़'''दहा/aždahá]] | pronounced as /[əʒd̪əhaː]/ | 'dragon' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |||
| Hungarian: [[Hungarian orthography|ró'''zs'''a]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈr̪oːʒɒ]/ | 'rose' | See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Ingush | Ingush: [[Cyrillic script|'''ж'''ий]]/Ingush: '''ž'''iy | pronounced as /[ʒiː]/ | 'sheep' | |||
| Italian | Tuscan | Italian: [[Italian orthography|pi'''gi'''are]] | pronounced as /[piˈʒäːre]/ | 'press' | See Italian phonology | |
| Judaeo-Spanish | Ladino: mu'''j'''er | pronounced as /[muˈʒɛr]/ | 'woman' | |||
| ju | pronounced as /[ʒu]/ | 'person' | ||||
| Kabardian: [[Cyrillic script|'''ж'''ыг/žëğ]] | pronounced as /[ʒəɣʲ]/ | 'tree' | ||||
| Kabyle: [[Kabyle alphabet|'''j'''eddi]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʒəddi]/ | 'my grandfather' | ||||
| Kashubian[2] | kòżdi rôz | pronounced as /[kʷʒdi rɞz]/ | 'constantly' | |||
| Kazakh | Kazakh: [[Kazakh alphabet|'''ж'''еті/'''j'''eti]] | pronounced as /[ʒeti]/ | 'seven' | |||
| Latvian | Latvian: [[Latvian alphabet|'''ž'''āvēt]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈʒäːveːt̪]/ | 'to dry' | See Latvian phonology | ||
| Ligurian | lü'''x'''e|italic=yes | pronounced as /['ly:ʒe]/ | 'light' | |||
| Limburgan; Limburger; Limburgish: '''zj'''uweleer|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʒy̠β̞əˈleːʀ̝̊]/ | 'jeweller' | Laminal post-alveolar with an unclear amount of palatalization.[3] | |||
| Lithuanian | Lithuanian: [[Lithuanian orthography|'''ž'''mona]] | pronounced as /[ʒmoːˈn̪ɐ]/ | 'wife' | See Lithuanian phonology | ||
| Livonian | kūž | pronounced as /[kuːʒ]/ | 'six' | |||
| Western | resgiôra | pronounced as /[reˈʒu(ː)ra]/ | 'matriarch' | |||
| Macedonian: [[Macedonian alphabet|'''ж'''aбa/žaba]] | pronounced as /[ˈʒaba]/ | 'toad' | See Macedonian phonology | |||
| pronounced as /[ʒiɾi]/ | 'two' | |||||
| łizh | pronounced as /[ɬiʒ]/ | 'urine' | ||||
| Neapolitan | Neapolitan: '''s'''battere|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈʒbαttərə]/ | 'to slam' | |||
| Ngas | zhaam | pronounced as /[ʒaːm]/ | 'chin' | |||
| Mmockngie dialect | pronounced as /[ʒíá]/ | 'to split' | ||||
| Auvergnat | Occitan (post 1500);: ar'''g'''ent | pronounced as /[aʀʒẽ]/ | 'money' | Southern dialects | ||
| pronounced as /[arʒen]/ | ||||||
| pronounced as /[ʒowul]/ | 'chew' | |||||
| Persian | Persian: [[Persian alphabet|مژه/može]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[moʒe]/ | 'eyelash' | See Persian phonology | ||
| Polish: [[Polish orthography|'''zi'''elony]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʒɛˈlɔn̪ɘ]/ | 'green' | pronounced as //ʐ// and pronounced as //ʑ// merge into pronounced as /[ʒ]/ in these dialects. In standard Polish, pronounced as //ʒ// is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiced retroflex sibilant. | |||
| Lubawa dialect | ||||||
| Malbork dialect | ||||||
| Ostróda dialect | ||||||
| Warmia dialect | ||||||
| Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|lo'''j'''a]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈlɔʒɐ]/ | 'shop' | Also described as alveolo-palatal pronounced as /link/. See Portuguese phonology | |||
| pronounced as /[ʒanel]/ | 'to know' | |||||
| Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: [[Romanian alphabet|'''j'''ar]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʒär]/ | 'embers' | See Romanian phonology | |||
| [[Cyrillic script|'''ж'''ут]] / '''ž'''ut | pronounced as /[ʒûːt̪]/ | 'yellow' | May be laminal retroflex instead, depending on the dialect. See Serbo-Croatian phonology | |||
| These dialects merge pronounced as //ʐ// and pronounced as //ʑ// into pronounced as /[ʒ]/. | ||||||
| Jablunkov | ||||||
| waŋži | pronounced as /[wãˈʒi]/ | 'one' | ||||
| Slovak | žena | [ʒena] | 'woman' | See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovenian: [[Slovenian alphabet|'''ž'''ito]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈʒìːt̪ɔ́]/ | 'cereal' | See Slovene phonology | |||
| Spanish; Castilian: [[Spanish orthography|'''y'''o]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʒo̞]/ | 'I' | Most dialects. See Spanish phonology and Spanish; Castilian: [[yeísmo]] | |||
| Ecuadorian Andean Spanish[4] | Spanish; Castilian: e'''ll'''os | pronounced as /[eʒos]/ | 'they' | See Spanish phonology and Spanish; Castilian: [[yeísmo]] | ||
| pronounced as /[ˈʒɐwɐb]/ | 'to answer' | |||||
| pronounced as /[ʒé]/ | 'what' | |||||
| Turkish: [[Turkish alphabet|'''j'''ale]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʒɑːˈʎ̟ɛ]/ | 'dew' | Only occurs in loanwords. See Turkish phonology | |||
| Turkmen: [[Turkmen alphabet|'''ž'''iraf]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ʒiraf]/ | 'giraffe' | ||||
| Tutchone | Northern | '''zh'''i | pronounced as /[ʒi]/ | 'what' | ||
| Southern | '''zh'''ǜr | pronounced as /[ʒɨ̂r]/ | 'berry' | |||
| Ukrainian: [[Ukrainian alphabet|'''ж'''aбa/žaba]] | pronounced as /[ˈʒɑbɐ]/ | 'frog' | See Ukrainian phonology | |||
| Ukrainian: [[Urdu alphabet|ا'''ژ'''دہا/aždahá]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[əʒd̪ahaː]/ | 'dragon' | See Hindi–Urdu phonology | |||
| vī'''ž''' | pronounced as /[viːʒ]/ | 'five' | ||||
| pronounced as /[aʒa]/ | 'bush' | |||||
| Western Frisian: [[West Frisian language|bagaa'''zj'''e]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[bɑˈɡaʒə]/ | 'luggage' | See West Frisian phonology | |||
| Yiddish: [[Yiddish orthography|אָראַנ'''זש'''/oranž]]|rtl=yes | pronounced as /[ɔʀanʒ]/ | 'orange' | See Yiddish phonology | |||
| Zapotec | Tilquiapan | llan | pronounced as /[ʒaŋ]/ | 'anger' | ||
The sound in Russian denoted by (ж) is commonly transcribed as a palato-alveolar fricative but is actually a laminal retroflex fricative.
| Above: | Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative |
| Ipa Number: | 151 414 429 |
| Ipa Symbol: | ɹ̠˔ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | ɹ̝˗ |
| X-Sampa: | r\_-_r |
The voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative is a consonantal sound. As the International Phonetic Alphabet does not have separate symbols for the post-alveolar consonants (the same symbol is used for all coronal places of articulation that aren't palatalized), this sound is usually transcribed (IPA|ɹ̠˔) (retracted constricted pronounced as /[ɹ]/). The equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is r\_-_r.
However, it does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dutch; Flemish: [[Dutch orthography|mee'''r''']] | pronounced as /[meːɹ̠˔]/ | 'lake' | A rare post-vocalic allophone of pronounced as //r//. Realization of pronounced as //r// varies considerably among dialects. See Dutch phonology | ||
| Manx: [[Manx orthography|mooa'''r''']] | pronounced as /[muːɹ̠˔]/ | 'lake' | In free variation with other coda allophones of pronounced as //r//. |
pronounced as /navigation/