Valerian (herb) explained

Valerian (Valeriana officinalis, Caprifoliaceae) is a perennial flowering plant native to Europe and Asia.[1] [2] In the summer when the mature plant may have a height of 1.50NaN0, it bears sweetly scented pink or white flowers that attract many fly species, especially hoverflies of the genus Eristalis.[3] It is consumed as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species, including the grey pug.

Crude extract of valerian root may have sedative and anxiolytic effects, and is commonly sold in dietary supplement capsules to promote sleep, but clinical evidence that it is effective for this purpose is weak or inconclusive as yet.[1] [2] Its roots and leaves cause a catnip-like response in cats.

History

Valerian has been used as a herb in traditional medicine since at least the time of ancient Greece and Rome.[2] Hippocrates described its properties, and Galen later prescribed it as a remedy for insomnia.[2] In medieval Sweden, it was sometimes placed in the wedding clothes of a bridegroom to ward off the "envy" of the elves.[4] In the 16th century, Pilgram Marpeck prescribed valerian tea for a sick woman.[5]

John Gerard's Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes, first published in 1597, states that his contemporaries found valerian "excellent for those burdened and for such as be troubled with croup and other like convulsions, and also for those that are bruised with falls". He says that the dried root was valued as a medicine by the poor in the north of England and the south of Scotland, such that "no brothes, pottages or phisicalle meates are woorth [worth] anything if Setwall [valerian] were not at one end".[6] [7]

The 17th century astrological botanist Nicholas Culpeper thought the plant was "under the influence of Mercury, and therefore hath a warming faculty". He recommended both herb and root, and said that "the root boiled with liquorice, raisons and aniseed is good for those troubled with cough. Also, it is of special value against the plague, the decoction thereof being drunk and the root smelled. The green herb being bruised and applied to the head taketh away pain and pricking thereof."[7]

Etymology and common names

The name of the herb is derived from the personal name Valeria and the Latin verb (to be strong, healthy).[8] Other names used for this plant include garden valerian (to distinguish it from other Valeriana species), garden heliotrope (although not related to Heliotropium), setwall and all-heal (which is also used for plants in the genus Stachys).[1] Red valerian, often grown in gardens, is also sometimes referred to as "valerian", but is a different species (Centranthus ruber), from the same family but not very closely related. Valerian is also called cat's love for its catnip-like effects.[1]

Valerian extract

Phytochemicals

Known compounds detected in valerian include:[1]

Preparation

The chief constituent of valerian is a yellowish-green to brownish-yellow oil present in the dried root, varying in content from 0.5 to 2.0%. This variation in quantity may be determined by location; a dry, stony soil yields a root richer in oil than moist, fertile soil.[15]

Traditional medicine

Although valerian is a common traditional medicine used for treating insomnia, there is no good evidence it is effective for this purpose.[1] [2] [16] Valerian has not been shown to be helpful in treating restless leg syndrome[17] or anxiety.[18]

The European Medicines Agency (EMA) approved the health claim that valerian can be used as a traditional herb to relieve mild nervous tension and to aid sleep; the EMA stated that although there is insufficient evidence from clinical studies, its effectiveness as a dried extract is considered plausible.[19]

The American Academy of Sleep Medicine's 2017 clinical practice guidelines recommended against the use of valerian in the treatment of insomnia due to poor effectiveness and low quality of evidence.[20]

Oral forms

Oral forms are available in both standardized and unstandardized forms. Standardized products may be preferable considering the wide variation of the chemicals in the dried root, as noted above. When standardized, it is done so as a percentage of valerenic acid or valeric acid. For commonly used doses, valerian is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) in the United States.[1]

Adverse effects

Because the compounds in valerian produce central nervous system depression, they should not be used with other depressants, such as ethanol (drinking alcohol), benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opiates, kava, or antihistamine drugs.[1] [21] [22] [23]

As an unregulated product, the concentration, contents, and potential contaminants in valerian preparations cannot be easily determined.[1] [2] Because of this uncertainty and the potential for toxicity in the fetus and hepatotoxicity in the mother, valerian use is discouraged during pregnancy.[1] [21] [22] Headache and diarrhea have occurred among subjects using valerian in clinical studies.[1]

Effect on cats

Valerian root is a cat attractant, containing attractant semiochemicals in a way similar to catnip, which can lead to a behaviour modification effect in cats. Its roots and leaves are one of three alternatives for the one-third of domesticated or medium-sized cats who do not feel the effects of catnip.[24] [25] Valerian root has also been reported to be attractive to rats and used to attract members of the family Canidae to traps.[26]

Invasive species

Valerian is considered an invasive species in many locations outside its natural range, including the US state of Connecticut where it is officially banned,[27] and in New Brunswick, Canada, where it is listed as a plant of concern.[28]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Valerian . Drugs.com . 22 July 2022 . 9 June 2022.
  2. Web site: Valerian . Office of Dietary Supplements, US National Institutes of Health . 2 April 2018 . 15 March 2013.
  3. 10.1111/plb.12328 . 25754608 . Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers . Plant Biology . 18 . 1 . 56–62 . 2015 . Van Der Kooi . C. J. . Pen . I. . Staal . M. . Stavenga . D. G. . Elzenga . J. T. M. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150929075730/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Casper_Van_Der_Kooi/publication/273158762_Competition_for_pollinators_and_intracommunal_spectral_dissimilarity_of_flowers/links/553122910cf2f2a588ace06c.pdf?origin=publication_detail&ev=pub_int_prw_xdl&msrp=156o8z3LbHGvSYKAR%2BxM7a0%2BD7zBXCIlIRZA4sCK%2FwDY4dQUizWow4itk77Rb0zcqcye6%2BGxNrJpPjT%2F6rYpOE0YD5myTyQp7ORfnfI5DfU%3D_aoupfL8XxKQD0uLWnjpkK5W0d3LW8onR1q4bPYB94Oj3S4rNfG9H3VEZaoDog5H1K3yCHsSHJ6P3kIO1KHSbvQ%3D%3D&inViewer=1 . 2015-09-29.
  4. Thorpe, Benjamin (1851) Northern Mythology. . Lumley. Vol. 2. pp. 64–65.
  5. Torsten Bergsten . Two Letters by Pilgram Marpeck . Mennonite Quarterly Review . 32 . 1958 . 200.
  6. Book: . Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes . 4 . 1597 . John Norton . 919.
  7. Book: A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs, & Trees with All Their Modern Scientific Uses . 2 . Grieve, Maud . 1971.
  8. http://www.latin-dictionary.net/definition/38320/valeo-valere-valui-valitus Latin definition for: valeo, valere, valui, valitus
  9. Fereidoon Shahidi and Marian Naczk, Phenolics in food and nutraceuticals (Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press, 2004), pp. 313–314 .
  10. Valeric Acid . 27 . 859.
  11. Yuan CS, Mehendale S, Xiao Y, Aung HH, Xie JT, Ang-Lee MK . The gamma-aminobutyric acidergic effects of valerian and valerenic acid on rat brainstem neuronal activity. . Anesth Analg . 2004 . 98 . 2 . 353–8, table of contents . 14742369 . 10.1213/01.ANE.0000096189.70405.A5 . 10.1.1.323.5518 . 14526474 .
  12. Wills . R.B.H. . Shohet . D. . Changes in valerenic acids content of valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L. s.l.) during long-term storage . Food Chemistry . 115 . 1 . July 2009 . 250–253 . 10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.12.011 .
  13. Marder M, Viola H, Wasowski C, Fernández S, Medina JH, Paladini AC . 6-methylapigenin and hesperidin: new valeriana flavonoids with activity on the CNS . Pharmacol Biochem Behav . 2003 . 75 . 3 . 537–45 . 12895671 . 10.1016/S0091-3057(03)00121-7 . 37559366 .
  14. Fernández S, Wasowski C, Paladini AC, Marder M . Sedative and sleep-enhancing properties of linarin, a flavonoid-isolated from Valeriana officinalis . Pharmacol Biochem Behav . 2004 . 77 . 2 . 399–404 . 14751470 . 10.1016/j.pbb.2003.12.003 . 34347546 .
  15. Web site: Valerian . Botanical.com . 2007-04-15 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20061110083410/http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/v/valeri01.html . 2006-11-10 .
  16. Leach MJ, Page AT . Herbal medicine for insomnia: A systematic review and meta-analysis . Sleep Med Rev . 24 . 1–12 . 2015 . 25644982 . 10.1016/j.smrv.2014.12.003 . Review.
  17. Bega D, Malkani R . Alternative treatment of restless legs syndrome: an overview of the evidence for mind-body interventions, lifestyle interventions, and neutraceuticals . Sleep Med. . 17 . 99–105 . 2016 . 26847981 . 10.1016/j.sleep.2015.09.009 . Review.
  18. Miyasaka LS, Atallah AN, Soares BG . Valerian for anxiety disorders . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 4 . CD004515 . 2006 . 17054208 . 10.1002/14651858.CD004515.pub2 . Systematic review.
  19. Web site: European Medicines Agency - Find medicine - Valerianae radix . www.ema.europa.eu . 2016-08-08 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160817081353/http://www.ema.europa.eu/ema/index.jsp?curl=pages%2Fmedicines%2Fherbal%2Fmedicines%2Fherbal_med_000015.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001fa1d . 2016-08-17.
  20. Sateia MJ, Buysse DJ, Krystal AD, Neubauer DN, Heald JL . Clinical Practice Guideline for the Pharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia in Adults: An American Academy of Sleep Medicine Clinical Practice Guideline . J Clin Sleep Med . 13 . 2 . 307–349 . February 2017 . 27998379 . 5263087 . 10.5664/jcsm.6470 .
  21. Klepser TB, Klepser ME . 1999 . Unsafe and potentially safe herbal therapies . 10030529. Am J Health-Syst Pharm . 56 . 12538 . 125–38; quiz 139–41 . 10.1093/ajhp/56.2.125 . free .
  22. Wong AH, Smith M, Boon HS . 1998 . Herbal remedies in psychiatric practice . 9819073. Arch Gen Psychiatry . 55 . 103344 . 1033–44 . 10.1001/archpsyc.55.11.1033.
  23. Miller LG . 1998 . Herbal medicines. Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions . 9818800 . Arch Intern Med . 158 . 220011 . 2200–11 . 10.1001/archinte.158.20.2200 . free .
  24. Bol. Sebastiaan. Responsiveness of cats (Felidae) to silver vine (Actinidia polygama), Tatarian honeysuckle (Lonicera tatarica), valerian (Valeriana officinalis) and catnip (Nepeta cataria). BMC Veterinary Research. 16 March 2017. 10.1186/s12917-017-0987-6. 28302120. 13. 1. 5356310. 70 . free .
  25. Web site: Catnip (Nepeta cataria) – Everything You Need to Know About Catnip!. Cat-World.com.au. Cat World. 2014. 2 January 2015.
  26. Tucker . Arthur O. . Tucker . Sharon S. . April 1988 . Catnip and the catnip response . Economic Botany . 42 . 2 . 214–231 . 10.1007/bf02858923 . 34777592 . 0013-0001.
  27. Web site: USDA PLANTS Database – Connecticut State-listed Noxious Weeds. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20140626215328/http://plants.usda.gov/java/noxious?rptType=State&statefips=09. 2014-06-26.
  28. Book: Field Guide to 12 Invasive Plants of Concern in New Brunswick. New Brunswick Invasive Species Council. 2012. bot: unknown. https://web.archive.org/web/20131026172515/http://nbisc.ca/images/field_guide_en.pdf. 2013-10-26.

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