Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian Explained

In physics, the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian describes the non-linear dynamics of electromagnetic fields in vacuum. It was first obtained by Werner Heisenberg and Hans Heinrich Euler^[1] in 1936. By treating the vacuum as a medium, it predicts rates of quantum electrodynamics (QED) light interaction processes.

Physics

It takes into account vacuum polarization to one loop, and is valid for electromagnetic fields that change slowly compared to the inverse electron mass,

l{L} =- l{F} - (1)/(8 \pi ^{2}) \int ^{inf ty} _{0} \exp\left( - m ^{2} s\right)\left[(es) ^{2} (\operatorname{Re)/(\cosh\left(es\sqrt{ 2 \left( l{F} +) i l{G}\right)}\right)}{\operatorname{Im}\cosh\left(es\sqrt{2\left( l{F} + i l{G}\right)}\right)} l{G}- (2)/(3) (es) ^{2} l{F} -1 \right] (ds)/(s ^{3}) .

Here is the electron mass, the electron charge,

l{F}= (1)/(2) \left( B ^{2} - E ^{2\right)} , and l{G}= E ⋅ B .

In the weak field limit, this becomes

l{L} = (1)/(2) \left( E ^{2} - B ^{2} \right) + (2 \alpha ^{2})/(45 m ^{4}) \left[\left( E ^{2} - B ^{2\right)} ^{2} + 7 \left( E ⋅ B \right) ^{2} \right].

It describes photon–photon scattering in QED; Robert Karplus and Maurice Neuman calculated the full amplitude,^[2] which is very small.

Experiments

Delbrück scattering of gamma rays was observed in 1953 by Robert Wilson.^[3] Photon splitting in strong magnetic fields was measured in 2002.^[4] Light-by-light scattering can be studied using the strong electromagnetic fields of the hadrons collided at the LHC,^{[5] [6]} and its observation was reported by the ATLAS Collaboration in 2019.^[7]

PVLAS is searching for vacuum polarization of laser beams crossing magnetic fields to detect effects from axion dark matter. No signal has been found and searches continue. OSQAR at CERN is also studying vacuum birefringence.

In 2016 a team of astronomers from Italy, Poland, and the U.K. reported^{[8] [9]} observations of the light emitted by a neutron star (pulsar RX J1856.5−3754). The star is surrounded by a very strong magnetic field (10¹³ G), and birefringence is expected from the vacuum polarization described by the Euler–Heisenberg Lagrangian. A degree of polarization of about 16% was measured and was claimed to be "large enough to support the presence of vacuum birefringence, as predicted by QED". Fan et al. pointed that their results are uncertain due to low accuracy of star model and the direction of the neutron magnetization axis.^[10]

In July 2021 the first known observation of vacuum birefringence was reported by the STAR experiment at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, the Breit–Wheeler process was also studied although only evidence was reported.^{[11] [12] [13]}

In May 2022 the first study of IXPE has hinted the possibility of vacuum birefringence on 4U 0142+61.^{[14] [15]}

See also

• Birefringence
• Circular dichroism
• Chiral magnetic effect
• Schwinger limit
• Schwinger effect
• Uehling potential
• Electric polarization
• Kerr effect

References

1. Heisenberg . W. . Euler . H. . Folgerungen aus der Diracschen Theorie des Positrons . Zeitschrift für Physik . 98 . 11–12 . 1936 . 1434-6001 . 10.1007/bf01343663 . 714–732 . de. 1936ZPhy...98..714H .
2. Karplus . Robert . Neuman . Maurice . The Scattering of Light by Light . Physical Review . 83 . 4 . 1951-08-15 . 0031-899X . 10.1103/physrev.83.776 . 776–784. 1951PhRv...83..776K .
3. Akhmadaliev . Sh. Zh. . Kezerashvili . G. Ya. . Klimenko . S. G. . Malyshev . V. M. . Maslennikov . A. L. . Milov . A. M. . Milstein . A. I. . Muchnoi . N. Yu. . Naumenkov . A. I. . Panin . V. S. . Peleganchuk . S. V. . Popov . V. G. . Pospelov . G. E. . Protopopov . I. Ya. . Romanov . L. V. . Shamov . A. G. . Shatilov . D. N. . Simonov . E. A. . Tikhonov . Yu. A. . 5. Delbrück scattering at energies of 140–450 MeV . Physical Review C . 58 . 5 . 1998-11-01 . 0556-2813 . 10.1103/physrevc.58.2844 . 2844–2850. hep-ex/9806037. 1998PhRvC..58.2844A . 118059928 .
4. Akhmadaliev . Sh. Zh. . Kezerashvili . G. Ya. . Klimenko . S. G. . Lee . R. N. . Malyshev . V. M. . Maslennikov . A. L. . Milov . A. M. . Milstein . A. I. . Muchnoi . N. Yu. . Naumenkov . A. I. . Panin . V. S. . Peleganchuk . S. V. . Pospelov . G. E. . Protopopov . I. Ya. . Romanov . L. V. . Shamov . A. G. . Shatilov . D. N. . Simonov . E. A. . Strakhovenko . V. M. . Tikhonov . Yu. A. . 5. Experimental Investigation of High-Energy Photon Splitting in Atomic Fields . Physical Review Letters . 89 . 6 . 2002-07-19 . 0031-9007 . 10.1103/physrevlett.89.061802 . 12190576 . 061802. hep-ex/0111084. 2002PhRvL..89f1802A . 18759344 .
5. d’Enterria . David . da Silveira . Gustavo G. . Observing Light-by-Light Scattering at the Large Hadron Collider . Physical Review Letters . American Physical Society (APS) . 111 . 8 . 22 August 2013 . 0031-9007 . 10.1103/physrevlett.111.080405 . 24010419 . 080405. 1305.7142 . 2013PhRvL.111h0405D . 43797550 .
6. Synopsis: Spotlight on Photon-Photon Scattering. Physical Review Letters. 111. 8. 080405. 22 Aug 2013. Michael Schirber. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.080405. 24010419. 1305.7142. 2013PhRvL.111h0405D . 43797550.
7. Web site: ATLAS observes light scattering off light. 2019-03-17.
8. Mignani . R. P. . Testa . V. . González Caniulef . D. . Taverna . R. . Turolla . R. . Zane . S. . Wu . K. . Evidence for vacuum birefringence from the first optical-polarimetry measurement of the isolated neutron star RX J1856.5−3754 . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 465 . 1 . 2016-11-02 . 0035-8711 . 10.1093/mnras/stw2798 . 492–500. 1610.08323.
9. Web site: Astronomers Report First Observational Evidence for Vacuum Birefringence Astronomy Sci-News.com. 2021-10-10. Breaking Science News Sci-News.com. en-US.
10. Fan . Xing . Kamioka . Shusei . Inada . Toshiaki . Yamazaki . Takayuki . Namba . Toshio . Asai . Shoji . Omachi . Junko . Yoshioka . Kosuke . Kuwata-Gonokami . Makoto . Matsuo . Akira . Kawaguchi . Koushi . Kindo . Koichi . Nojiri . Hiroyuki . 5. The OVAL experiment: a new experiment to measure vacuum magnetic birefringence using high repetition pulsed magnets . The European Physical Journal D . 71 . 11 . 2017 . 1434-6060 . 10.1140/epjd/e2017-80290-7 . 308. 1705.00495. 2017EPJD...71..308F . 119476135 .
11. STAR Collaboration . 2021-07-27. Measurement of e⁺e⁻ Momentum and Angular Distributions from Linearly Polarized Photon Collisions. Physical Review Letters. 127. 5. 052302. 1910.12400. 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.052302. 34397228 . 2021PhRvL.127e2302A . 236906272 .
12. Web site: Collisions of Light Produce Matter/Antimatter from Pure Energy. 2021-10-10. Brookhaven National Laboratory. en.
13. Web site: 2021-08-09. Colliding photons were spotted making matter. But are the photons 'real'?. 2021-09-02. Science News. en-US.
14. Taverna . Roberto . Turolla . Roberto . Muleri . Fabio . Heyl . Jeremy . Zane . Silvia . Baldini . Luca . Caniulef . Denis González . Bachetti . Matteo . Rankin . John . Caiazzo . Ilaria . Di Lalla . Niccolò . Doroshenko . Victor . Errando . Manel . Gau . Ephraim . Kırmızıbayrak . Demet . 2022-05-18 . Polarized x-rays from a magnetar . Science . 378 . 6620 . 646–650 . 10.1126/science.add0080 . 36356124 . 2205.08898 . 2022Sci...378..646T . 248863030 .
15. Web site: 2022-06-30 . X-ray polarisation probes extreme physics . 2022-08-15 . CERN Courier . en-GB.