Attalea phalerata explained

Attalea phalerata is a species of palm tree known by the English common name urucuri palm, the Portuguese common name urucurizeiro, and the Spanish common name shapaja. Other common names include motacu^[1] and bacuri.^[2] It is native to Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and Peru, where it grows along southern and western Amazonia.^[3] It is the most common palm tree on the Pantanal.^[4]

Description

This palm grows up to 18m (59feet) tall, the trunk rarely reaching more than 4m (13feet).^{[5] [6]} It has up to 30 feather-like leaves. The bright orange fruits are up to 11cm (04inches) long.

Ecology

This palm species is of ecological importance and grows in many types of forest; individuals become fertile at 7-10 years of age (1 m height). Flowering occurs throughout the year and fruiting twice per year. The seeds are dispersed by tapirs, which swallow the fruits whole,^[7] and by rheas, agoutis, spiny rats of genus Clyomys, and caracaras. The hyacinth macaw consumes the seeds and may disperse them, as well. The sheaths of the palm often accumulate the seeds of other plants, which are sometimes deposited there by Artibeus jamaicensis, a frugivorous bat. The seeds sometimes germinate there and grow as epiphytes on the palm tree. This palm tree is commonly pollinated by sap beetles of genus Mystrops and weevils of tribe Madarini.^[8] The weevil Pachymerus cardo is known to be a seed predator on this species. Rhodinus stali, an insect which is a vector of Chagas disease, may infest this tree.

Uses

The tree has human uses. The leaves are used to thatch rooftops and the fruits are fed to pigs and other livestock.^[1] It is a source of vegetable oil.^[9] It is one of the most economically important palm species in Bolivia, where it is known as motacú.^{[5] [10]}

Notes and References

1. Justi, S. A., et al. (2010). Infestation of peridomestic Attalea phalerata palms by Rhodnius stali, a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi in the Alto Beni, Bolivia. Tropical Medicine and International Health 15(6) 727-32.
2. Galetti, M. and P. R. Guimarães Jr. (2004). Seed dispersal of Attalea phalerata (Palmae) by Crested caracaras (Caracara plancus) in the Pantanal and a review of frugivory by raptors. Ararajuba 12(2) 133-35.
3. Choo, J., et al. (2010). Characterization of 14 microsatellite loci in a tropical palm, Attelea phalerata (Arecaceae). American Journal of Botany e105-e106.
4. Corrêa, C. E., et al. (2012). Seed banks on Attalea phalerata (Arecaceae) stems in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. Annals of Botany 109 729-34.
5. Barthlott, W. and M. Winiger. Biodiversity: A Challenge for Development Research and Policy. Springer 2001.
6. Web site: Attalea phalerata - Palmpedia - Palm Grower's Guide. www.palmpedia.net. en. 2018-10-27.
7. Quiroga-Castro, V. D. and A. I. Roldán. (2001). The fate of Attalea phalerata (Palmae) seeds dispersed to a tapir latrine. Biotropica 33(3) 472-77.
8. Fava, W. S., et al. (2011). Attalea phalerata and Bactris glaucescens (Arecaceae, Arecoideae): Phenology and pollination ecology in the Pantanal, Brazil. Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants 206(6) 575-84.
9. R., M. Moraes., et al. (1996). Notes on the biology and uses of the Motacú Palm (Attalea phalerata, Arecaceae) from Bolivia. Economic Botany 50(4) 423-28.
10. Book: Brokamp, Grischa . 2015 . Relevance and Sustainability of Wild Plant Collection in NW South America: Insights from the Plant Families Arecaceae and Krameriaceae . Wiesbaden . Springer Spektrum . 10.1007/978-3-658-08696-1 . 978-3-658-08695-4. 30557398 .