Ureohydrolase Explained

A ureohydrolase is a type of hydrolase enzyme. The ureohydrolase superfamily includes arginase, agmatinase, formiminoglutamase and proclavaminate amidinohydrolase .[1] These enzymes share a 3-layer alpha-beta-alpha structure,[2] [3] and play important roles in arginine/agmatine metabolism, the urea cycle, histidine degradation, and other pathways.

Enzymes

Arginase

Arginase, which catalyses the conversion of arginine to urea and ornithine, is one of the five members of the urea cycle enzymes that convert ammonia to urea as the principal product of nitrogen excretion.[4] There are several arginase isozymes that differ in catalytic, molecular and immunological properties. Deficiency in the liver isozyme leads to argininemia, which is usually associated with hyperammonemia.

Agmatinase

Agmatinase hydrolyses agmatine to putrescine, the precursor for the biosynthesis of higher polyamines, spermidine and spermine. In addition, agmatine may play an important regulatory role in mammals.[5]

Formiminoglutaminase

Formiminoglutamase catalyses the fourth step in histidine degradation, acting to hydrolyse N-formimidoyl-L-glutamate to L-glutamate and formamide.

Proclavaminate amidinohydrolase

Proclavaminate amidinohydrolase is involved in clavulanic acid biosynthesis. Clavulanic acid acts as an inhibitor of a wide range of beta-lactamase enzymes that are used by various microorganisms to resist beta-lactam antibiotics. As a result, this enzyme improves the effectiveness of beta-lactamase antibiotics.[6]

Notes and References

  1. Lee J, Suh SW, Kim KH, Kim D, Yoon HJ, Kwon AR, Ahn HJ, Ha JY, Lee HH . Crystal structure of agmatinase reveals structural conservation and inhibition mechanism of the ureohydrolase superfamily . J. Biol. Chem. . 279 . 48 . 50505–13. 2004 . 15355972 . 10.1074/jbc.M409246200. free .
  2. David W. Christianson. Christianson DW, Di Costanzo L, Sabio G, Mora A, Rodriguez PC, Ochoa AC, Centeno F . Crystal structure of human arginase I at 1.29-A resolution and exploration of inhibition in the immune response . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . 102 . 37 . 13058–13063. 2005 . 16141327. 1201588 . 10.1073/pnas.0504027102. free .
  3. Clifton IJ, Elkins JM, Hernandez H . Oligomeric structure of proclavaminic acid amidino hydrolase: evolution of a hydrolytic enzyme in clavulanic acid biosynthesis . Biochem. J. . 366 . Pt 2. 423–434. 2002 . 12020346. 1222790 . 10.1042/BJ20020125.
  4. 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17622.x. Bruce Baker (geneticist). Baker BS, Tata JR, Xu Q . Developmental and hormonal regulation of the Xenopus liver-type arginase gene . Eur. J. Biochem. . 211 . 3 . 891–898 . 1993 . 7916684. free .
  5. Ahn HJ, Kim KH, Lee J, etal . Crystal structure of agmatinase reveals structural conservation and inhibition mechanism of the ureohydrolase superfamily . J. Biol. Chem. . 279 . 48 . 50505–13 . November 2004 . 15355972 . 10.1074/jbc.M409246200 . free .
  6. Web site: IPR006035 Ureohydrolase . 2009-02-17.

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