Upasarga is a term used in Sanskrit grammar for a special class of twenty prepositional particles prefixed to verbs or to action nouns.[1] In Vedic, these prepositions are separable from verbs; in classical Sanskrit the prefixing is obligatory.
The twenty prefixes (in Indic alphabetical order) are recognized in 's at 1.4.58-59,[2] and are enumerated in the (#154):[3]
By the usual rules of euphonic combination the two prepositions ending in visarga, and , have the alternative forms nis-/nir- and dus-/dur- respectively. The listing has these variants, not the forms in pausa, and thus has twenty-two items in all.
A versified form of this list may be found in modern primers or textbooks: