Up quark explained

Up quark
Statistics:fermionic
Generation:first
Antiparticle:up antiquark
Theorized:Murray Gell-Mann (1964)
George Zweig (1964)
Discovered:SLAC (1968)
Mass:[1]
Color Charge:Yes

The up quark or u quark (symbol: u) is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a significant constituent of matter. It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quarks, one down quark) of atomic nuclei. It is part of the first generation of matter, has an electric charge of + e and a bare mass of .[1] Like all quarks, the up quark is an elementary fermion with spin , and experiences all four fundamental interactions: gravitation, electromagnetism, weak interactions, and strong interactions. The antiparticle of the up quark is the up antiquark (sometimes called antiup quark or simply antiup), which differs from it only in that some of its properties, such as charge have equal magnitude but opposite sign.

Its existence (along with that of the down and strange quarks) was postulated in 1964 by Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig to explain the Eightfold Way classification scheme of hadrons. The up quark was first observed by experiments at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center in 1968.

History

In the beginnings of particle physics (first half of the 20th century), hadrons such as protons, neutrons and pions were thought to be elementary particles. However, as new hadrons were discovered, the 'particle zoo' grew from a few particles in the early 1930s and 1940s to several dozens of them in the 1950s. The relationships between each of them were unclear until 1961, when Murray Gell-Mann[2] and Yuval Ne'eman[3] (independently of each other) proposed a hadron classification scheme called the Eightfold Way, or in more technical terms, SU(3) flavor symmetry.

This classification scheme organized the hadrons into isospin multiplets, but the physical basis behind it was still unclear. In 1964, Gell-Mann[4] and George Zweig[5] [6] (independently of each other) proposed the quark model, then consisting only of up, down, and strange quarks.[7] However, while the quark model explained the Eightfold Way, no direct evidence of the existence of quarks was found until 1968 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.[8] [9] Deep inelastic scattering experiments indicated that protons had substructure, and that protons made of three more-fundamental particles explained the data (thus confirming the quark model).[10]

At first people were reluctant to describe the three bodies as quarks, instead preferring Richard Feynman's parton description,[11] [12] [13] but over time the quark theory became accepted (see November Revolution).[14]

Mass

Despite being extremely common, the bare mass of the up quark is not well determined, but probably lies between 1.8 and .[15] Lattice QCD calculations give a more precise value: .[16]

When found in mesons (particles made of one quark and one antiquark) or baryons (particles made of three quarks), the 'effective mass' (or 'dressed' mass) of quarks becomes greater because of the binding energy caused by the gluon field between each quark (see mass–energy equivalence). The bare mass of up quarks is so light, it cannot be straightforwardly calculated because relativistic effects have to be taken into account.

See also

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. M. Tanabashi et al. (Particle Data Group) . Review of Particle Physics . 2018 . 10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001 . 98 . 3 . 1–708 . Physical Review D . 10020536 . free . 2018PhRvD..98c0001T . 10044/1/68623 . free .
  2. Book: M. Gell-Mann . 2000 . 1964 . The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry . M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman . The Eightfold Way . 11 . . 978-0-7382-0299-0.
    Original: M. Gell-Mann . 1961 . The Eightfold Way: A theory of strong interaction symmetry . Synchrotron Laboratory Report CTSL-20 . California Institute of Technology.
  3. Book: Y. Ne'eman . 2000 . 1964 . Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance . M. Gell-Mann, Y. Ne'eman . The Eightfold Way . . 978-0-7382-0299-0.
    Original Y. Ne'eman . 1961 . Derivation of strong interactions from gauge invariance . . 26 . 222–229 . 10.1016/0029-5582(61)90134-1 . 1961NucPh..26..222N . 2 .
  4. M. Gell-Mann . A Schematic Model of Baryons and Mesons . . 8 . 3 . 214–215 . 1964 . 10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3 . 1964PhL.....8..214G.
  5. G. Zweig . An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking . Cern-Th-401 . 1964 . 10.17181/CERN-TH-401.
  6. G. Zweig . An SU(3) Model for Strong Interaction Symmetry and its Breaking: II . Cern-Th-412 . 1964 . 10.17181/CERN-TH-412.
  7. B. Carithers, P. Grannis . Discovery of the Top Quark . . 25 . 3 . 4–16 . 1995 . 2008-09-23.
  8. Bloom . E. D. . High-Energy Inelastic e–p Scattering at 6° and 10° . . 23 . 16 . 930–934 . 1969 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.930 . 1969PhRvL..23..930B . Coward . D. . Destaebler . H. . Drees . J. . Miller . G. . Mo . L. . Taylor. R. . Breidenbach . M. . Friedman . J. . Hartmann . G. . Kendall . H. . 8 . free.
  9. M. Breidenbach . Observed Behavior of Highly Inelastic Electron–Proton Scattering . . 23 . 16 . 935–939 . 1969 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.935 . 1969PhRvL..23..935B . Friedman . J. . Kendall . H. . Bloom . E. . Coward . D. . Destaebler . H. . Drees . J. . Mo . L. . Taylor . R. . 1444731 . 2575595 . etal.
  10. Web site: J. I. Friedman . The Road to the Nobel Prize . . 2008-09-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20081225093044/http://www.hueuni.edu.vn/hueuni/en/news_detail.php?NewsID=1606&PHPSESSID=909807ffc5b9c0288cc8d137ff063c72 . 2008-12-25 . dead.
  11. R. P. Feynman . Very High-Energy Collisions of Hadrons . . 23 . 24 . 1415–1417 . 1969 . 10.1103/PhysRevLett.23.1415 . 1969PhRvL..23.1415F .
  12. S. Kretzer . CTEQ6 Parton Distributions with Heavy Quark Mass Effects . . 69 . 11 . 114005 . 2004 . 10.1103/PhysRevD.69.114005 . hep-ph/0307022 . 2004PhRvD..69k4005K . Lai . H. . Olness . Fredrick . Tung . W. . 119379329 . etal.
  13. Book: D. J. Griffiths . Introduction to Elementary Particles . 42 . . 1987 . 978-0-471-60386-3.
  14. Book: M. E. Peskin, D. V. Schroeder . 1995 . An introduction to quantum field theory . registration . 556 . . 978-0-201-50397-5.
  15. Web site: J. Beringer (Particle Data Group) . PDGLive Particle Summary 'Quarks (u, d, s, c, b, t, b', t', Free)' . . 2012 . 2013-02-21 . etal.
  16. Web site: Cho. Adrian. Mass of the Common Quark Finally Nailed Down. Science Magazine. April 2010.

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