Eternal sin explained

In Christian hamartiology, eternal sin, the unforgivable sin, unpardonable sin, or ultimate sin is the sin which will not be forgiven by God. One eternal or unforgivable sin (blasphemy against the Holy Spirit), also known as the sin unto death, is specified in several passages of the Synoptic Gospels, including Mark 3:28–29,[1] Matthew 12:31–32,[2] and Luke 12:10,[3] as well as other New Testament passages including Hebrews 6:4–6,[4] Hebrews 10:26–31,[5] and 1 John 5:16.[6] [7]

The unforgivable sin is interpreted by Christian theologians in various ways, although they generally agree that one who has committed the sin is no longer able to repent, and so one who is fearful that one has committed it has not done so.[8]

New Testament passages

Several passages in the New Testament are frequently interpreted as referring to the unforgivable sin:

Teaching by Christian denomination

Arminianism

See also: Conditional preservation of the saints. The teaching of Jacob Arminius defined the unforgivable sin as "the rejection and refusing of Jesus Christ through determined malice and hatred against Christ". However, Arminius differed with Calvin in believing that sin could be committed by believers, a conclusion he reached through his interpretation of Hebrews 6:4–6.[16] [17]

John Wesley, the father of the Methodist tradition, discussed the unforgivable sin in a sermon titled A Call to Backsliders, in which he wrote that "this blasphemy is absolutely unpardonable; and that, consequently, for those who have been guilty of this, God 'will be no more entreated'."[14] A prominent Methodist catechism, "A Catechism on the Christian Religion: The Doctrines of Christianity with Special Emphasis on Wesleyan Concepts" states:[18]

This Wesleyan–Arminian interpretation of the unforgivable sin includes the deliberate labeling of good as evil, as rejecting the conviction of the Holy Spirit, of publicly attributing the work of the Holy Spirit to Satan, and attributing the work of Jesus to Satan. The United Methodist Church, a Methodist connexion, thus teaches:

Mormonism

See main article: article and Son of perdition (Mormonism). Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also nicknamed Mormons, have a similar understanding of eternal sin. Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, said in the King Follett discourse:

Church apostle and later President of the Church, Spencer W. Kimball, stated that "the sin against the Holy Ghost requires such knowledge that it is manifestly impossible for the rank and file [of the church] to commit such a sin".[19]

Reformed

John Calvin, the founder of the Reformed tradition of Christianity (which includes the Continental Reformed, Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Reformed Anglican denominations) wrote:

Roman Catholicism

See also: Venial sin. The Church Fathers considered additional interpretations other than it being to attribute the Holy Spirit's works to Satan with Augustine of Hippo calling it one of the more difficult passages of Scripture.[20] Thomas Aquinas summarized the Church Fathers' treatments and proposed three possible explanations:

  1. That an insult directed against any of the Three Divine Persons may be considered a sin against the Holy Spirit; and/or;
  2. That persisting in mortal sin till death, with final impenitence, as Augustine proposed, frustrates the work of the Holy Spirit, to whom is appropriated the remission of sins; and/or;
  3. That sins against the quality of the Third Divine Person, being charity and goodness, are conducted in malice, in that they resist the inspirations of the Holy Spirit to turn away from or be delivered from evil. Such sin may be considered graver than those committed against the Father through frailty, and those committed against the Son through ignorance.

In the context of the Gospels of Matthew and Mark, blasphemy against the Spirit is the sin of attributing to Satan what is the work of the Spirit of God, such as when the Pharisees earlier accused Jesus of driving out demons only by the power of Beelzebul, the prince of demons.[21] The Catholic Encyclopedia cites Matthew 12:22–32; Mark 3:22–30; Luke 12:10 (cf. 11:14–23) and gives one definition of "the unforgivable sin"—or sin against the Holy Ghost—as ″to sin against the Holy Ghost is to confound Him with the spirit of evil, it is to deny, from pure malice, the Divine character of works manifestly Divine.″ The article further states that "sin against the Son of Man" may be forgiven because it is committed against the human person of Christ, which veils the Divine with a "humble and lowly appearance," and therefore such sin is excusable because it is committed through "man's ignorance and misunderstanding."[22]

According to the Council of Trent, referencing Ambrose's Concerning Repentance, the Church believes there is no offence, however serious, that cannot be taken away by Baptism, or absolved from in the Confessional—that no one, however wicked and guilty, may not confidently hope for forgiveness.[23] [24]

Thomas Aquinas lists, or responds to, six sins that go against the Holy Spirit:[25] [26]

Thomas Aquinas explains that the unforgivability of blasphemy against the Holy Spirit means that it removes the entrance to these means of salvation; however, it cannot hinder God in taking away this obstacle by way of a miracle.[28]

The Catechism of the Catholic Church teaches that, while no sin is absolutely "unforgivable", some sins represent a deliberate refusal to repent and accept the infinite mercy of God; a person committing such a sin refuses God's forgiveness, which can lead to self-condemnation to Hell.[29] In other words, one damns oneself by final impenitence (refusal to repent), as taught by John Paul II:[30]

The Catechism says that Christ desires "the gates of forgiveness should always be open to anyone who turns away from sin."[31] As did St Augustine,[32] the Catholic Church today teaches that only dying unrepentant for one's sins is the only unforgivable sin.[33] [34] [35] [36] In Latin: [[Dominum et vivificantem]], Pope John Paul II writes "According to such an exegesis, 'blasphemy' does not properly consist in offending against the Holy Spirit in words; it consists rather in the refusal to accept the salvation which God offers to man through the Holy Spirit, working through the power of the Cross", and "If Jesus says that blasphemy against the Holy Spirit cannot be forgiven either in this life or in the next, it is because this "non-forgiveness" is linked, as to its cause, to "non-repentance," in other words to the radical refusal to be converted. This means the refusal to come to the sources of Redemption, which nevertheless remain "always" open in the economy of salvation in which the mission of the Holy Spirit is accomplished."[37]

Russian Orthodox Church

The importance of prayer (1 Thessalonians 5:17:[38] "pray without ceasing") and humility (Jesus Prayer: "Lord Jesus Christ, Son of God, have mercy on me, a sinner") in Christianity is reflected by an Orthodox catechism as follows:[39]

Southern Baptists

According to Southern Baptist pastor Billy Graham, continuing to reject Jesus is blasphemy against the Holy Spirit.[40]

In Judaism

A very similar, although not identical, parallel to Matthew 12:31–32 can be found in the Avot of Rabbi Natan:

However, Talmudic sources[41] in several places qualify the above and similar statements and explain it to mean only that repentance is made more difficult because of the severity of such a sin. The Talmud's golden rule is that the gates of repentance are never, ever closed and, to quote Maimonides,[42] "even if one is a heretic his whole life and repents on his dying day, his penitence is accepted."

In Islam

In the Quran, is an unpardonable sin:[43]

One who persists in shirk without repenting at death is doomed to eternal damnation in Jahannam.[44] includes polytheism, such as believing Jesus is God or taking rabbis as one's lords in derogation to God.(ref.)

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. 3:28–29
  2. 12:31–32
  3. 12:10
  4. 6:4-6
  5. 10:26-31
  6. 5:16
  7. Book: . Bring It On . 2003 . . 978-1-4185-5570-2 . 161 . English . The sin unto death, or the so-called unpardonable sin, is to reject the Holy Spirit's wooing..
  8. Web site: The Unpardonable Sin . Cbn.com . 2016-11-21.
  9. 12:30-32
  10. 3:28-30
  11. 12:8-10
  12. 6:4-6
  13. 10:26-31
  14. Web site: The Sermons of John Wesley - Sermon 86: A Call To Backsliders . . 9 August 2021 . English.
  15. 5:16
  16. 6:4–6
  17. Combs, William W (2004). The Blasphemy Against the Holy Spirit Detroit Baptist Seminary Journal 9 (Fall 2004)
  18. Book: Rothwell . Mel-Thomas . Rothwell . Helen . A Catechism on the Christian Religion: The Doctrines of Christianity with Special Emphasis on Wesleyan Concepts . 1998 . Schmul Publishing Co. . 78 . en.
  19. [Edward L. Kimball]
  20. Book: Augustine, St.. Sermons On Selected Lessons Of The New Testament. John Henry Parker. 1844. 1. Rivington, London. 166–196. Macmullen. Richard.
  21. Book: The Catholic Study Bible . 1990 . Oxford University Press . New York, New York . 978-0-19-529776-8 . 1357, 1406 . 2 . ...this sin is called an everlasting sin because it attributes to Satan, who is the power of evil, what is actually the work of the holy Spirit, namely, victory over the demons..
  22. Web site: The Catholic Encyclopedia - Holy Ghost. Forget. Jacques. 1910. www.newadvent.org. Robert Appleton Company.
  23. Book: The Catechism of the Council of Trent . 1829 . Lucas Brothers . Baltimore . 82 . https://archive.org/details/thecatechismofth00donouoft/page/n87/mode/2up . November 20, 2020 . en . Part I, Article X: The Forgiveness of Sins . ...no crime, however heinous, can be committed, which the Church has not power to forgive: as, also, there is no sinner, however abandoned, none, however depraved, who should not confidently hope for pardon, provided he sincerely repent of his past transgressions..
  24. This is also the Lutheran doctrine. See "The Defense of the Augsburg Confession," Article XI, Of Confession, paragraph 59, and Article XIII, Of the Number and Use of the Sacraments, paragraphs 4 & 5.
  25. Web site: What are sins that cry to heaven for vengeance and sins against the Holy Spirit? | Catholic Answers . Catholic.com . 2016-11-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161121233934/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/what-are-sins-that-cry-to-heaven-for-vengeance-and-sins-against-the-holy-spirit . 2016-11-21 . dead .
  26. Summa Theologiae. II/II 14 II
  27. [Peter Lombard]
  28. S. th. II/II 14 III
  29. §1864
  30. http://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/audiences/1999/documents/hf_jp-ii_aud_28071999.html John Paul II, General Audience of July 28, 1999
  31. Cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church, § 982; cf. Mt 18:21–22
  32. Enchiridion lxxxiii, and De Verb. Dom., Serm. lxxi
  33. Web site: Catechism of the Catholic Church - IntraText . Vatican.va . 2016-11-21.
  34. Web site: James Akin . Ewtn.com . 2016-11-21.
  35. Web site: What about Matthew 12:31–32, which says that anyone who speaks against the Holy Spirit will never be forgiven? | Catholic Answers . Catholic.com . 2016-11-21 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160520214940/http://www.catholic.com/quickquestions/what-about-matthew-1231-32-which-says-that-anyone-who-speaks-against-the-holy-spirit- . 2016-05-20 .
  36. Web site: Library : The Unforgiven Sin . Catholic Culture . 2011-05-13 . 2016-11-21.
  37. Web site: Dominum et vivificantem (18 May 1986) | John Paul II . Vatican.va . 2016-11-21.
  38. 5:17
  39. Book: Slobodskoy, Serafim Alexivich . Price . Susan . Susan Price . 1967 . 1st . The Law of God: For Study at Home and School . http://www.dorogadomoj.com/der55slo/der55slo3.html#_Toc36163879 . . . English translation . The Christian Faith . 978-0-88465-044-7 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180827132625/http://www.dorogadomoj.com/der55slo.html . 27 August 2018 . live . 12 June 2019.
  40. Web site: What's the Unforgivable Sin? .
  41. Rabbi Menachem Meiri, Book of Repentance, Introduction
  42. Mishneh Torah Hilchos Teshuvah Chapter 4
  43. Encyclopedia of Islam, volume 9, 2nd edition, s.v. shirk
  44. https://www.learnreligions.com/shirk-2004293 Learn Religions: Shirk

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