Unidentified decedent explained

Unidentified decedent, or unidentified person (also abbreviated as UID or UP), is a corpse of a person whose identity cannot be established by police and medical examiners. In many cases, it is several years before the identities of some UIDs are found, while in some cases, they are never identified.[1] A UID may remain unidentified due to lack of evidence as well as absence of personal identification such as a driver's license. Where the remains have deteriorated or been mutilated to the point that the body is not easily recognized, a UID's face may be reconstructed to show what they had looked like before death.[2] UIDs are often referred to by the placeholder names "John Doe" or "Jane Doe".[3] In a database maintained by the Ontario Provincial Police, 371 unidentified decedents were found between 1964 and 2015.[4]

Causes

There were approximately 14,000 UIDs in the United States as of 2023.[5] A body may go unidentified due to death in a state where the person was unrecorded, an advanced state of decomposition or major facial injuries. In many cases in the United States, teenagers with a history of running away would be removed from missing person files when they would turn 18, thus eliminating potential matches with existing unidentified person listings.[6]

Location

Some UIDs die outside their native state. The Sumter County Does, murdered in South Carolina, were thought to have been Canadian. Both were eventually identified as individuals from Pennsylvania and Minnesota.[7] Barbara Hess Precht died in Ohio in 2006, but was not identified until 2014. She had been living as a transient with her husband in California for decades but returned to her native state of Ohio, where she died of unknown circumstances.[8] In both of these cases, the UIDs were found in a recognizable state and had their fingerprints and dental records taken with ease. It is unknown if the Sumter County Does' DNA was later recovered, since their bodies would require exhumation to recover DNA.[9] Many undocumented immigrants who die in the United States after crossing the border from Mexico remain unidentified.[10]

Decomposition

Many UIDs are found long after they die and are found to have decomposed severely. This significantly changes their facial features and may prevent identification through fingerprints. Environmental conditions often are a major factor in decomposition, as some UIDs are found months after death with little decomposition if their bodies are placed in cold areas. Some are found in warm areas shortly after death, but hot temperatures and scavenging animals deteriorated the features.[11] [12] In some cases, warm temperatures mummify the corpse, which also distorts its features, though the tissues have survived initial decomposition. One example is the "Persian Princess", who died in the 1990s but, in an act of archaeological forgery, was untruthfully stated in Pakistan to have been over 2,000 years old.[13]

Putrefaction

Putrefaction often occurs when bacteria decompose the remains and generate gasses inside out, causing the corpse to swell and become discolored. In cases such as the Rogers family, who were murdered in 1989 by Oba Chandler, the bodies were deposited in water but surfaced after gasses in their remains caused them to float to the surface. They were deceased a short period of time but were already severely decomposed and unrecognizable, due to putrefaction that occurred while underwater and high temperatures. It was not until a week later that dental records revealed their identities.[14]

Skeletonization

Skeletonization occurs when the UID has decayed to the point that bones and possibly some tissues are all that is found, usually when death occurred a significant amount of time before discovery. If a skeletonized body is found, fingerprints and toeprints are impossible to recover, unless they have survived the initial decomposition of the remains. Fingerprints are often used to identify the dead and were used widely before DNA comparison was possible. In some cases, partial remains limit the available information. Skeletonized UIDs are often forensically reconstructed if searching dental records and DNA databases is unsuccessful.

Burning

Often, someone who tries to conceal a body attempts to destroy it or render it unrecognizable.[15] The currently unidentified Yermo John Doe was killed approximately one hour before he was found, but was completely unrecognizable.[16] When Lynn Breeden, a Canadian model, was murdered and set ablaze in a dumpster, her body was so severely damaged that DNA processing and fingerprint analysis were impossible. She was identified sometime later after her unique dentition matched her dental records, and DNA extracted from her blood at a different scene was matched.[17] Linda Agostini's body was found burned near Albury, Australia in 1934. Her remains were identified ten years later through dental comparison.

Identification process

Usually, bodies are identified by comparing their usually unique DNA, fingerprints and dental characteristics.[18] DNA is considered the most accurate, but was not widely used until the 1990s. It is often obtained through hair follicles, blood, tissue and other biological material.[19] Bodies can also be identified with other physical information, such as illnesses, evidence of surgery, breaks and fractures, and height and weight information.[20] A medical examiner will often be involved with identifying a body.[21] [22]

Mortuary photographs

Many police departments and medical examiners have made efforts to identify the deceased by placing mortuary photographs of the UID's face online. In some instances, the mortuary photographs would be retouched of wounds if they are to be released to the public.[23] Dismembered corpses may also be digitally altered to appear attached to the body.[24] This is not considered to be the most effective method, as the nature of death often distorts the UID's face.[25] An example of this is that of "Grateful Doe," who was killed in a vehicular crash in 1995. He sustained extreme trauma that disfigured his face.[26]

A Jane Doe found in a river in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, had died months earlier, but was preserved by the cold temperatures. Her morgue photographs were displayed publicly on a medical examiner's website, but her face had been distorted by swelling after absorbing water, with additional decomposition.[27]

Death masks have also been used to assist with identification, which have been stated to be more accurate, as they are required to display "relaxed expressions," which often do not illustrate the faces of the UIDs as they were found, such as that of L'Inconnue de la Seine, a French suicide victim found in the late 1800s.[28] However, a death mask will still depict sunken eyes or other characteristics of a long-term illness, which do not often show how they would have looked in life.[29]

Reconstructions

See main article: Forensic facial reconstruction.

When a body is found in an advanced state of decomposition or has died violently, reconstructions are sometimes required to receive assistance from the public, when releasing images of a corpse is considered taboo.[30] Often, those in a recognizable state will often be reconstructed due to the same reason. Faces can be reconstructed with a three-dimensional model or by 2D, which includes sketches or digital reconstructions, similar to facial composites.[31] [32] Sketches have been used in a variety of cases. Forensic artist Karen T. Taylor created her own method during the 1980s, which involved much more precise techniques, such as estimating locations and sizes of the features of a skull. This method has been shown to be fairly successful.[33]

The National Center for Missing and Exploited Children has developed methods to estimate the likenesses of the faces of UIDs whose remains were too deteriorated to create a two-dimensional sketch or reconstruction due to the lack of tissue on the bones. A skull would be placed through a CT scanner and the image would then be manipulated with a software that was intended for architecture design, to add digital layers of tissue based on the UID's age, sex and race.[34]

Examples

The following gallery depicts various ways UIDs have been reconstructed:

Problems

In some cases, such as that of Colleen Orsborn, the true identity of the unidentified person is excluded from the case. In Orsborn's case, she had fractured one of the bones in her leg, but a medical examiner who performed the autopsy on her remains was not able to discover evidence of the injury and subsequently excluded her from the case. It was not until 2011 when DNA confirmed Orsborn was the victim found in 1984.[35] In cases such as the Racine County Jane Doe, a rule out has also been subjected to criticism. Aundria Bowman, a teen who disappeared in 1989 who bore a strong resemblance to a body found in 1999, was excluded, according to the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System.[36] On an online forum, known as Websleuths, users have disagreed with this ruling.[37] In the case of Lavender Doe, a mother of a missing girl also disagreed with the exclusion of her missing daughter through DNA, as she claimed the reconstruction of the victim looked very similar to her daughter.[38]

Notable cases

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Resolved Cases. doenetwork.org. The Doe Network. 18 October 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20141022035042/http://www.doenetwork.org/identifiedindex.html. 22 October 2014.
  2. News: Ellen L.. Slott. Sculptor Reconstructs Faces to Aid Police. The Evening Review. 21 December 1977. 3. Newspapers.com. 21 July 2014 .
  3. Web site: Why Are Unidentified People Called John or Jane Doe?. mentalfloss.com. 15 February 2012 . 5 August 2014.
  4. News: Hong, Jackie. What happens to the unidentified dead? (2016) The Toronto Star. . 20 December 2023.
  5. News: National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. 20 December 2023.
  6. News: New push to ID teen victim of 1977 murder. 30 January 2018. King 5. King TV. 8 October 2013.
  7. News: Sumter County shooting victims identified through DNA after 44 years . 20 January 2021 . wltx.com . . 19 January 2021.
  8. News: Dixon. Deb. New Clues about 'Pearl Lady's' Husband. 20 November 2014. WKRC Cincinnati. CBS. dead. https://archive.today/20141119034054/http://www.local12.com/news/features/top-stories/stories/new-clues-pearl-ladys-husband-20609.shtml. 19 November 2014.
  9. News: Newspapers.com. Bodies Remain Unidentified. 7 August 2014. The Daily Times-News. 19 September 1976. 10.
  10. News: Stryker. Ace. In Southwest, illegal immigrants often die anonymously. 23 July 2015. Seattle Pi. Associated Press. 2 April 2008.
  11. Web site: NamUs UP # 10566. identifyus.org. National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. 22 December 2014. 27 August 2012. 22 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141222050733/https://identifyus.org/cases/10566. dead.
  12. Web site: Pima Arizona Jane Doe April 1981. canyouidentifyme.org. 21 January 2015.
  13. Romey . Kristin M. . Rose . Mark . January–February 2001 . Special Report: Saga of the Persian Princess . Archaeology . 54 . 1 . Archaeological Institute of America . 22 February 2015 . 18 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121118222027/http://www.archaeology.org/0101/etc/persia.html . dead .
  14. Bourdett, Paul, prod. "Water Logged." Forensic Files. Dir. Michael Jordan. HLN. 10 December 2010. Television
  15. News: Hayes. Ashley. How authorities identify a burned body. 1 January 2015. CNN. 13 February 2013.
  16. Web site: NamUs UP # 918. National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. 19 November 2014. 12 March 2008. 29 November 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141129035401/https://identifyus.org/en/cases/918. dead.
  17. Dowling, Paul. "Charred Remains." Forensic Files HLN. Atlanta, Georgia, 13 November 1997. Television.
  18. Web site: Claridge. Jack. Identifying the Victim. Explore Forensics. 1 January 2015. 10 December 2014.
  19. Web site: 8 Body Parts Forensic Scientists Use to ID a Body. Forensic Science Technician. 1 January 2015. 2015.
  20. Web site: Valk. Diana. 3 Ways to Identify a Body When DNA is Not An Option. Forensics Outreach. 1 January 2015. 18 November 2013.
  21. Web site: IDENTIFICATION PROCESS. virtualmuseum.com. 1 January 2015.
  22. Web site: POSTMORTEM IDENTIFICATION. Crime Library. 1 January 2015. 2014.
  23. News: Friess. Steve. To identify 'John Doe' victims, investigators turn to the Web. 23 July 2015. Boston Globe. 25 January 2004.
  24. Pravir Bodkha, Bishwanath Yadav. A Role of Digital Imaging in Identification of Unidentified Bodies. J Indian Acad Forensic Med. December 2012. 34. 4. 31 December 2014. 0971-0973.
  25. Web site: Question: Why don't you share photos from the coroner's office?. Help ID Me. National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. 9 April 2015. 7 May 2014.
  26. News: Lohr. David. Grateful Dead Fan Remains Nameless, 18 Years After Fatal Crash. 5 September 2014. Huffington Post. 25 April 2014.
  27. News: Luthern. Ashley. Investigators trying to solve mystery of woman found in 1982. 13 December 2014. Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Journal Sentinel. 27 November 2014.
  28. News: Angelique. Chrisafis . Ophelia of the Seine . The Guardian Weekend magazine, page 17 – 27 . 1 December 2007 . 8 April 2015.
  29. Madea, Burkhard, Johanna Preuss, and Frank Musshoff. "From Flourishing Life to Dust-The Natural Cycle." Mummies of the World. Ed. Alfried Wieczorek and Wilfried Rosendahl. First ed. 2010. 28. Print.
  30. News: Izadi. Elahe. Can this computer generated image of a 'Baby Doe' lead investigators to her identity?. 4 August 2015. The Washington Post. 9 July 2015.
  31. News: Kilgannon. Corey. Through Art and Forensics, Faces of Unidentified Victims Emerge. 21 January 2015. New York Times. 20 January 2015.
  32. News: Rick. Martinez. Sculptor Reconstructs Faces to Aid Police. San Bernardo County Sun. 9 May 1979. 27. Newspapers.com. 21 July 2014 .
  33. Dowling, Paul. "Saving Face." Forensic Files. Prod. Paul Bourdett and Vince Sherry. Dir. Michael Jordan. 28 November 2007.
  34. News: Hicks. Brad. Unraveling the Jane Doe Mystery. 25 July 2014. Fox News. 29 February 2012.
  35. News: Prieto. Bianca. Dr. G links body found in Orange in 1984 to missing Daytona Beach teen girl. 28 December 2014. Orlando Sentinel. 2 February 2011.
  36. Web site: NamUs UP # 4741. NamUs.org. National Missing and Unidentified Persons System. 11 June 2014. 14 July 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183115/https://identifyus.org/en/cases/4741. dead.
  37. Web site: WI – Raymond (Racine County) – WhtFem 199UFWI, 14-25, July'99 *Graphic*. websleuths.com. 31 December 2014.
  38. News: Sutton. Field. Brandi Well's mother reacts to Jane Doe renderings: "That looks so much like Brandi". 31 July 2014. KTYX News. CBS. 11 February 2014. 8 August 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140808062329/http://www.cbs19.tv/story/24697881/brandi-wells-mother-reacts-to-jane-doe-renderings. dead.
  39. Cullen, Tom (1965) Autumn of Terror, London: The Bodley Head, p. 95
  40. The Advertiser, "Tamam Shud", 10 June 1949, p. 2
  41. Web site: Keane . Daniel . Marchant . Gabriella . 2022-07-26 . Somerton Man identified as Melbourne electrical engineer, researcher says . 2022-07-26 . . 26 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220726115342/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-07-26/somerton-man-identified-melbourne-born-engineer-researcher-says/101272182 . live .
  42. News: Yim . Noah . 2022-07-27 . Seven-decade mystery of Somerton Man solved . . 2022-08-03 . 26 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220726145617/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/sevendecade-mystery-ofsomerton-man-solved/news-story/71976d67a215efb89cc50bc8c2425ac8 . live .
  43. Web site: 2019-06-24 . Death in Ice Valley: New clues in a Norwegian mystery . 2023-09-17 . BBC News . en-GB.
  44. Web site: 2021-03-06 . Search For Little Miss Panasoffkee's Real Name And Killer Continues, Even After 50 Years . 2023-09-17 . WUSF Public Media . en.
  45. Web site: 2013-06-05 . Police Arrest Man For 1974 Murder -- Now Just Have To Figure Out Who Victim Was - CBS Los Angeles . 2023-09-17 . www.cbsnews.com . en-US.
  46. Web site: Research reveals hunger Heul girl NL Times . 2023-09-17 . nltimes.nl . en.
  47. Web site: Pennsylvania State Police and Perry County District Attorney's Office Team with Othram to Identify a 1979 Homicide Victim . December 31, 2023 . dnasolves.com.
  48. Web site: Matt . Johnson. New forensic drawing released of Vernon County's 1984 Jane Doe. 29 December 2020. La Crosse Tribune. 16 December 2015 . en.
  49. News: Ray . Karla . Science provides new lead in 30-year-old Florida cold case . 28 January 2020 . WFTV . . 17 December 2018 . 28 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200128025635/https://www.wftv.com/news/9-investigates/science-provides-new-lead-in-30-year-old-florida-cold-case/890420987/ . live .
  50. News: Ray . Karla . 9 Investigates: New technology could bring closure to cold cases . 28 January 2020 . WFTV . 17 July 2018 . 28 January 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200128023257/https://www.wftv.com/news/9-investigates/9-investigates-new-technology-that-could-bring-closure-to-cold-cases/790918306/ . live .
  51. Web site: Identify Me: NL02 - Teteringen Girl. www.interpol.int. fr.
  52. News: M&S tie and metal shoe lasts: new clues in cold case of 'the Gentleman' . Oltermann . Philip . 28 April 2022 . 28 April 2022 . The Guardian.
  53. Web site: Who is Oslo Plaza woman 'Jennifer Fairgate'? All the theories on Unsolved Mysteries case . 2023-09-17 . Radio Times . en-GB.
  54. Romey . Kristin M. . Rose . Mark . January–February 2001 . Special Report: Saga of the Persian Princess . Archaeology . 54 . 1 . Archaeological Institute of America . 18 October 2014 . 18 November 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20121118222027/http://www.archaeology.org/0101/etc/persia.html . dead .
  55. Web site: No Clues In October Suicide Woman May Be Buried Soon Beneath Blank Grave Marker The Spokesman-Review . 2023-09-17 . www.spokesman.com.
  56. News: 27 February 2003. Torso murder inquiry moves to Nigeria. en-GB. 29 December 2020. BBC News.
  57. News: 'Peter Bergmann': Renewed appeal over man found dead on Sligo beach 14 years ago . 2023-09-17 . The Irish Times . en.
  58. Web site: Britton . Paul . 2022-08-22 . "We know she suffered a violent death": The mystery of the Angel of the Meadow . 2023-09-17 . Manchester Evening News . en.
  59. Web site: 2018-11-16 . Body buried in forest 'since 2004' . 2023-09-17 . BBC News . en-GB.

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