Skeleton (undead) explained

A skeleton is a type of physically manifested undead often found in fantasy, gothic, and horror fiction, as well as mythology, folklore, and various kinds of art. Most are human skeletons, but they can also be from any creature or race found on Earth or in the fantasy world.

Myth and folklore

Animated human skeletons have been used as a personification of death in Western culture since the Middle Ages, a personification perhaps influenced by the valley of the dry bones in the Book of Ezekiel.^[1] The Grim Reaper is often depicted as a hooded skeleton holding a scythe (and occasionally an hourglass), which has been attributed to Hans Holbein the Younger (1538).^[2] Death as one of the biblical horsemen of the Apocalypse has been depicted as a skeleton riding a horse. The Triumph of Death is a 1562 painting by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depicting an army of skeletons raiding a town and slaughtering its occupants.^[3]

"The Story of the Youth Who Went Forth to Learn What Fear Was" is a Brothers Grimm fairy tale in which a boy named Hans joins a circle of dancing skeletons.^[4]

In Japanese folklore, Mekurabe are rolling skulls with eyeballs who menace Taira no Kiyomori.^[5]

Mexico

Figurines and images of skeletons doing routine things are common in Mexico's Day of the Dead celebration, where skulls symbolize life and their familiar circumstances invite levity. Highly-decorated sugar-skull candy has become one of the most recognizable elements of the celebrations.^{[6] [7]} They are known in Mexico as calacas, a Mexican Spanish term simply meaning "skeleton".The modern association between skeleton iconography and the Day of the Dead was inspired by La Calavera Catrina, a zinc etching created by Mexican cartoonist José Guadalupe Posada in the 1910s and published posthumously in 1930.^[8] Initially a satire of Mexican women who were ashamed of their indigenous origins and dressed imitating the French style, wearing heavy makeup to make their skin look whiter, it later became a more general symbol of vanity.^[9] During the 20th Century, the Catrina entrenched itself in the Mexican consciousness and became a national icon, often depicted in folk art.

Modern fiction

Literature

• The animated skeleton features in some Gothic fiction. One early example is in the short story "Thurnley Abbey" (1908) by Perceval Landon, originally published in his collection Raw Edges.^[10] It is reprinted in many modern anthologies, such as The 2nd Fontana Book of Great Ghost Stories and The Penguin Book of Horror Stories.
• An anthropomorphic depiction of Death which looks like a skeleton in a black robe appears in almost all volumes of Terry Pratchett's fantasy series Discworld, including five novels where he is the lead character.^[11]
• In the manga/anime One Piece, Brook, who is one of the main characters, is an animated skeleton after consuming the Revive-Revive Fruit.

Film and TV

• Undead skeletons have been portrayed in fantasy films such as The 7th Voyage of Sinbad (1958), The Black Cauldron (1985), Army of Darkness (1992), The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993), and Corpse Bride (2005).
• An extended battle scene against an army of skeletal warriors was produced by animator Ray Harryhausen for Jason and the Argonauts (1963) and is remembered as one of the most sophisticated and influential visual effects sequences of its day.^[12]
• Undead skeletons always appear as funny characters in Thai fantasy folk television dramas. They are often referred to as "Na Phi" ("uncle ghost").^[13]

Games

• Animated skeletons have been used and portrayed extensively in fantasy role-playing games. In a tradition that goes back to the pen-and-paper game Dungeons & Dragons, the basic animated skeleton is commonly employed as a low-level undead enemy, typically easy for a player to defeat in combat. Thus, in games which make use of them, such enemies often appear relatively early in the gameplay and are considered a suitable opponent for novice players.^[14] In these contexts, they are commonly armed with medieval weapons and sometimes wear armor.
• In the PlayStation action-adventure series MediEvil, the protagonist is an animated skeleton knight named Sir Daniel Fortesque.^[15]
• In the 1999 cult classic , Morte is a character who joins the protagonist on his quest and is essentially a sentient, levitating human skull with intact eyeballs who cracks wise and fights by biting.^[16]
• In the 2011 Minecraft video game, skeletons appear as bow-wielding monsters that shoot players with their bows and burn under the sunlight unless they wear helmets. Sometimes the skeletons spawn with stronger bows or random armor, or without a bow, and they can choose melee weapons. Variants include the wither skeleton, which causes the player's health points to wither away, a frozen variant found in snowy biomes, and a poisonous variant found in swamp and mangrove swamp biomes. In the spinoff game Minecraft Dungeons, they are the guards of The Nameless One, the king of the undead. In this form, they are equipped with glaives, shields, and iron armor, and are referred to as Skeleton Vanguards.
• In the video game Fable III, there exist a race of antagonal characters called "hollow men" which are featured throughout the game.
• A duo of animated skeleton brothers plays an important role in the role-playing game Undertale. Named Sans and Papyrus, the brothers' dialogue text is printed in Comic Sans and Papyrus fonts, respectively.^[17]
• Following a poll taken during their Kickstarter campaign, Larian Studios added a playable skeleton race in their 2017 RPG , as well as an ancient skeletal character named Fane.^[18]
• The Mario series has some Koopa Troopa-skeleton themed enemies known as Dry Bones, where after they get hit, they return to their form. Bowser also has a skeleton form known as Dry Bowser, first debuted in New Super Mario Bros., and featured in other games such as Mario Party and Mario Kart.
• The Legend of Zelda series features an enemy called Stalfos, armed skeletons who serve as regular enemies and occasionally as minibosses. Variations such as Stalkids and Stalblins also appear in various games in the series.
• In Heroes of Might and Magic 3, skeletons are recruitable troops from the Town, Necropolis.

See also

• La Calavera Catrina
• Death (personification)
• Gashadokuro, a type of modern Japanese yokai which takes the form of a giant skeleton
• Hone-onna
• Mummy (undead)
• Revenant
• Santa Muerte
• The Skeleton Dance
• Skull art
• Zombie

Notes and References

1. Book: The Undead and Theology. Paffenroth. Kim. Morehead. John W.. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2012. 9781610978750. Eugene, OR. 112–120. en. "Can These Bones Live Again?": Theological Considerations of the Zombie Walk.
2. Web site: Dancing with Death: The origins and development of the Dance of Death motif and its representation in graphic art. University of Glasgow Library. 2018-12-29.
3. Web site: The Triumphant Return of The Triumph of Death - Pieter Bruegel the Elder Restored at Museo del Prado. V.. Andrey. 8 June 2018. Widewalls. 2018-12-29.
4. Book: Grimm, [[Jacob Grimm|Jacob]] and [[Wilhelm Grimm|Wilhelm]] . Grimm's Fairy Tales . 1819 . 2nd . en.
5. Web site: Mekurabe – Yokai.com. en-US. 2018-12-29.
6. Web site: A Sweet History of Sugar Skulls on Day of the Dead. Chef. Katelyn. 1 November 2016. Martha Stewart. en. 2018-12-29.
7. Web site: History of Day of the Dead & the Mexican Sugar Skull Tradition. MexicanSugarSkull.com. en-US. 2018-12-29.
8. News: Catrina La Calavera Garbancera is the icon of the Day of the Dead. Widyolar. Keith. 4 November 2018. New York Latin Culture Magazine. 29 December 2018.
9. Web site: La Catrina. Copal, Mexican Folk Art at its best Online.. 2018-12-29.
10. Book: Leeder, Murray. The Modern Supernatural and the Beginnings of Cinema. Palgrave Macmillan. 2017. 9781137583710. Calgary, AB. 149. en.
11. Web site: Thousands ask Death to give Terry Pratchett back. 2015-03-13. The Independent. en. 2018-12-29.
12. Web site: Ray Harryhausen, the visual effects master famed for skeleton battle in Jason and the Argonauts, dies aged 92. Clark. Nick. 8 May 2013. The Independent. en. 2018-12-29.
13. Web site: บรรพบุรุษของ "น้าผี" แห่งจักรวาลจักรๆ วงศ์ๆ "สามเศียร". thai. 2021-01-03. 2023-05-05. The ancestor of the "Uncle Ghost" of the folk universe of the "Samsearn". Konmongnangetc. Khon Mong Nang.
14. Web site: Skeletons (Concept). Giant Bomb. en. 2018-12-29.
15. Web site: Sir Daniel returns in 4K in MediEvil Remaster for PlayStation 4. 2017-12-09. VG247. 2018-12-29.
16. Web site: Morte (Character). Giant Bomb. en. 2018-12-29.
17. Web site: The making of Undertale. Schilling. Chris. 2018-05-05. PC Gamer. en-US. 2018-12-29.
18. Web site: The joys of being dead in Divinity: Original Sin 2. Kelly. Andy. 2017-09-26. PC Gamer. en-US. 2018-12-29.