Ultranationalism Explained

Ultranationalism or extreme nationalism is an extreme form of nationalism in which a country asserts or maintains detrimental hegemony, supremacy, or other forms of control over other nations (usually through violent coercion) to pursue its specific interests.[1] [2] Ultranationalist entities have been associated with the engagement of political violence even during peacetime. The belief system has also been cited as the inspiration for acts of organized mass murder in the context of international conflicts, with the Cambodian genocide being cited as an example.[3]

In ideological terms, scholars such as the British political theorist Roger Griffin have found that ultranationalism arises from seeing modern nation-states as living organisms which are directly akin to physical people because they can decay, grow, and die, and additionally, they can experience rebirth. In stark mythological ways, political campaigners have divided societies into those societies which are perceived as being degenerately inferior and those societies which are perceived as having great cultural destinies. Ultranationalism has been an aspect of fascism, with historic governments such as the regimes of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany building on ultranationalist foundations by using specific plans for supposed widespread national renewal.

Ultranationalist characters have served as villains in multiple works of fictional media with popular acclaim as well. Examples include the dramatic productions Air Force One and Incitement, both being action films.

Background concepts and broader context

British political theorist Roger Griffin has stated that ultranationalism is essentially founded on xenophobia in a way that finds supposed legitimacy "through deeply mythicized narratives of past cultural or political periods of historical greatness or of old scores to settle against alleged enemies". It can also draw on "vulgarized forms" of different aspects of the natural sciences such as anthropology and genetics, eugenics specifically playing a role, in order "to rationalize ideas of national superiority and destiny, of degeneracy and subhumanness" in Griffin's opinion. Ultranationalists view the modern nation-state as, according to Griffin, a living organism directly akin to a physical person such that it can decay, grow, die, and additionally experience rebirth. He has highlighted Nazi Germany as a regime which was founded on ultranationalism.[4]

Ultranationalist activism can adopt varying attitudes towards historical traditions within the populace. For instance, the British Union of Fascists inside the United Kingdom adopted a secularist-minded platform centered on perceived technological progress. In contrast, the Iron Guard inside Romania utilized a hardline form of mysticism-driven religion to encourage determination among the nation's ultranationalists. Nonetheless, obsessive views on ethnicity and other divisions as well as connecting politics to motifs of sacrifice generally constitute the psychological framework behind these movements.[4]

According to American scholar Janusz Bugajski, summing up the doctrine in practical terms, "in its most extreme or developed forms, ultra-nationalism resembles fascism, marked by a xenophobic disdain of other nations, support for authoritarian political arrangements verging on totalitarianism, and a mythical emphasis on the 'organic unity' between a charismatic leader, an organizationally amorphous movement-type party, and the nation". Bugajski believes that civic nationalism and the related concept of patriotism both can contain significantly positive elements, contributing to the common social good at times such as during national calamities. These doctrines stand in contrast, in his opinion, to the extreme approach of certain ideologies with more irrational actions.[5]

Historical movements and analysis

American historian Walter Skya has written in Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism that ultranationalism in Japan drew upon traditional Shinto spiritual beliefs and militaristic attitudes regarding the nation's racial identity. By the early twentieth century, fanaticism arising from this combination of ethnic nationalism and religious nationalism caused opposition to democratic governance and support for Japanese territorial expansion. Skya particularly noted in his work the connection between ultranationalism and political violence by citing how, between 1921 and 1936, three serving and two former Prime Ministers of Japan were assassinated. The totalitarian Japanese government of the 1930s and 1940s did not just rely on encouragement by the country's military. It additionally received widespread popular support.[6]

The Cambodian historian Sambo Manara has found that the belief system sets forth a vision of supremacism in terms of international relations whereby xenophobia or hatred of foreigners to the point of extremism leads to policies of social separation and segregation. He has argued that the Cambodian genocide is a specific example of this ideology when it is applied in practice. "Obviously, it was ultranationalism, combined with the notion of class struggle in communism and a group of politicians, which lead to the establishment of Democratic Kampuchea, a ruthless regime which claimed approximately three million lives", he has remarked, with militant leaders finally deciding to "cut all diplomatic and economic ties with almost all countries" due to a "narrow-minded doctrine without taking into account all the losses they would face". In Manara's opinion, "this effectively destroyed the nation."[3]

The absolute dictatorship of the Romanian leader Nicolae Ceausescu has also been described as an example of communism taking an ultranationalist approach by Haaretz. The Israeli publication cited the antisemitism of the dictator in terms of actions such as his historical denialism of the Holocaust. Ceausescu also made efforts to purge Romanians who had Jewish backgrounds from positions of political authority.[7]

Haaretz has also labeled the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban an ultranationalist, due to his views on autocratic rule and racial identity, particularly, Orban's public condemnation of "race-mixing". He has also been called an ultranationalist by NPR, an American news agency, citing his opposition to democratic liberalism.[8]

In late 2015, the Israeli political journalist Gideon Levy wrote that the Israeli–Palestinian conflict has led to the decay of the civil society within Israel, with an ultranationalist movement that "bases its power on incitement to hatred" using "folkloric religion" gaining ground over decades so that:

Russian irredentism, in which a militant imperial state that stretches across both Asia and Europe without regard for current international borders is proposed, has been described as ultranationalism by the U.S. publication the Los Angeles Times, with the aggressive actions of Russian President Vladimir Putin being credited as an evolution of political arguments which were made by multiple figures in the past. Examples include Nikolai Berdyaev, Aleksandr Dugin (the author of 1997's ), Lev Gumilyov, and Ivan Ilyin. The newspaper highlighted the justifications which were given in support of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, quoting Putin's declaration that he must militarily combat an "empire of lies" which was created by the U.S. in order to justify its desire to suffocate Russia.[9]

In a 2021 story, the business-centered publication Bloomberg News stated that the rise of ultranationalist viewpoints in China, particularly in terms of those who advocate extremism on social media, presents a direct challenge to the current government of the nation, with General Secretary Xi Jinping facing opposition to his attempts to set forth climate change based economic reforms in relation to greenhouse gases. Chinese political activists have asserted, according to the publication, a conspiracy theory that said that the reforms represent some kind of capitulation to foreign interests at the expense of individual Chinese people. Environmentalist policies have come into being in a complex fashion inside China, facing complicated opinions among many.[10]

Under the rule of Mohammed bin Salman, who formally serves as a Crown Prince, Saudi Arabia has been described by multiple analysts as embracing ultranationalism in a shift away from the government's previous reliance on Islamist political arguments.[11] [12] [13] For instance, the news agency France 24 stated in a 2019 report that while "promoting ultra-nationalism" the Crown Prince "has introduced glitzy concerts, magic shows and sporting extravaganzas with thumping after parties."[13] A 2019 article by the Financial Times likewise described the ideological shift as "a wave" that the leader had "swept across the kingdom".[12]

Ultranationalist political parties

Currently represented in national governments or legislatures

The following political parties have been characterised as ultranationalist.

Taliban[14]

Pauline Hanson's One Nation[15]

Freedom Party of Austria[16] [17] [18]

Vlaams Belang[19] [20]

Revival,[21] [22] [23] Velichie[24]

Republican Party[25]

Homeland Movement[26]

ELAM[27] [28]

Freedom and Direct Democracy[29]

Danish People's Party[30] [31] [32]

Conservative People's Party of Estonia[33] [34] [35]

National Rally[36]

Finns Party[37]

Alternative for Germany[38] [39]

Spartans,[40] Greek Solution,[41] Victory[42]

Our Homeland Movement[43]

Shiv Sena[44]

Otzma Yehudit,[45] Mafdal–Religious Zionism[46]

Brothers of Italy[47] [48]

Party for Freedom,[52] Forum for Democracy[53]

Hamas[54] [55] [56] [57]

Confederation Liberty and Independence[58] (National Movement,[59] Confederation of the Polish Crown[60]), United Poland[61] [62]

Chega[63]

Alliance for the Union of Romanians[64] [65]

Liberal Democratic Party of Russia,[66] Rodina[67]

Serbian Party Oathkeepers[68] [69] [70]

Economic Freedom Fighters[71] [72]

Slovak National Party[73] [74] [75] [76]

Vox[77] [78]

Sweden Democrats[79] [80] [81]

Swiss People's Party[82]

Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region[83]

Palang Pracharath Party,[84] United Thai Nation Party[85]

Nationalist Movement Party[86] [87]

Svoboda[88] [89] [90] The following political parties have been described as having ultranationalist factions.

La Libertad Avanza[91] [92]

Liberal Party[93]

Chinese Communist Party[94] [95] [96]

Fidesz[97] [98]

Bharatiya Janata Party[99]

Gerindra[100]

Lega[101]

Liberal Democratic Party[102] [103] [104] [105] [106]

Law and Justice[107] [108]

United Russia[109] [110]

Represented parties with former ultranationalist tendencies or factions

The following political parties historically had ultranationalist tendencies.

United Malays National Organisation[119]

Syrian Social Nationalist Party[124]

The following political parties have historically been described as having ultranationalist factions.

Democratic Progressive Party[126] [127] [128]

Good Party[129] [130]

Formerly represented in national governments or legislatures

Vlaams Blok[131]

Attack,[132] VMRO,[133] [134] National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria[133]

National Fascist Party,[159] Italian Social Movement[160]

Imperial Rule Assistance Association[161]

National Youth[184]

Republican Villagers Nation Party,[189] Victory Party,[190] [191] Great Union Party[192]

Right Sector[193] [194] [195]

Ultranationalist organizations

Suomen Sisu[197]

Action Française,[198] Bloc Identitaire[199]

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh,[200] Bajrang Dal[201]

Pancasila Youth[202]

Golden Square[203]

Im Tirtzu,[204] Lehava,[205] Lehi[206] [207]

Army Comrades Association[208]

CasaPound[209]

Nippon Kaigi,[210] [211] [212] [213] [214] Zaitokukai[215] [216]

Perkasa[217]

Nationalist Front of Mexico, National Synarchist Union[218] [219]

Patriotic Association of Myanmar[220] [221] [222]

Palestinian Islamic Jihad[223] [224]

All-Polish Youth[225] [226]

Club of Angry Patriots,[227] Night Wolves,[228] Russian Imperial Movement,[229] Wagner Group[230]

White Shirts Society

Bodu Bala Sena, Sinhala Ravaya[231]

Grey Wolves,[232] [233] [234] Turkish Revenge Brigade[235]

Azov Brigade[236] [237] [238] [239]

English Defence League,[240] Siol nan Gaidheal[241]

Proud Boys,[242] Patriot Front[243]

Ultranationalist terrorism

See main article: Nationalist terrorism.

Arising out of strident Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism, with differing ethnic and religious groups placed at odds, the militant faction known as the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) orchestrated a decades long campaign of terrorism in the country of Sri Lanka, which is inside of the Indian Ocean and has been influenced by broader socio-political trends. Both ultranationalism as well as revolutionary ideologies aligned against capitalist policies influencing Sri Lankan life motivated the organization as it undertook a series of violent actions against both the national government and the supporters of the state. These attacks have collectively caused a large number of civilian deaths. For example, the Anuradhapura massacre committed by the LTTE on May 14, 1985 resulted in the killing of over one-hundred individuals inside of a holy city associated with local Buddhist worshippers. The militants deliberately targeted civilians socializing outdoors, such as by executing an elderly florist serving religious travelers.[244] [245]

In the context of the LTTE's militant campaign, the academic publication Journal of Hate Studies found in a 2006 analysis that "ultranationalism subordinates all other claims for loyalty and allegiance" given that "[l]oyalty to the nation transcends loyalty to the family." Thus, "this notion explains the commitment of Tamil Tiger nationalists to [even] engage in suicide missions", since the journal stated that "[u]ltranationalist loyalty demands the willingness to sacrifice the self." In conclusion, the publication reported that an "extremist nationalist claim not only is understood as supreme, but [it] also is presented as urgent" and then demands political activists "must engage in preventive measures, such as ethnic cleansing or deportation".[246]

The assassination of Pavlos Fyssas in September 2013, a hip-hop musician with left-wing views, from stabbing wounds to the heart and ribs that occurred after his surrounding by multiple dozen Golden Dawn militants triggered widespread outrage at the Greek political organization. The ultranationalist attack occurred in an Athens suburb and resulted in a police crackdown with several arrests. The then Ministry of Public Order and Citizen Protection, Nikos Dendias, remarked that the "abominable murder" done "by an attacker sympathizing with Golden Dawn" publicly "illustrates, in the clearest way, the intentions of neo-Nazism".

The organization held, at the time, 18 of the 300 seats in the Hellenic Parliament. Characterized as an extremist political party directly adapting the beliefs of Adolf Hitler, support for its ultranationalism increased in the context of the debate over spiking immigration to Greece. However, the Greek legal system ultimately investigated the assassination and other acts of violence with the outcome of an October 2020 verdict by the Athens Court of Appeals wiping out the party's leadership through prison sentences. Looking back, the British publication The Guardian reported in 2021, "Golden Dawn hit squads sowed terror on the streets, targeting immigrants, left[-]wing trade unionists[,] and other perceived opponents before a party operative ultimately confessed to the killing of Fyssas."[247] [248] [249]

Portrayals of ultranationalism in fiction

The action film Air Force One features a terrorist mastermind named Egor Korshunov, played by actor Gary Oldman, who kidnaps a set of hostages including the U.S. President by hijacking the leader's plane. Korshunov seeks revenge due to the arrest of Kazakh dictator Ivan Radek, played by actor Jürgen Prochnow, and the militant became an ultranationalist radical after having formerly served as a Soviet soldier. In February 2022, the U.S. armed forces related website Military.com published a story labeling the character as one of the best "Russian Movie Villains" in American cinematic history.[250] As well, writer Todd McCarthy of Variety lauded the nature of Oldman's "fanatical" character, McCarthy stating that "in his second malevolent lead of the summer, after The Fifth Element, [he] registers strongly as a veteran of the Afghan campaign pushed to desperate lengths to newly ennoble his country."[251]

The Israeli movie Incitement portrayals a fictionalized account of ultranationalist activist and murderer Yigal Amir. The production details his personal life prior to his assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Film critic Nell Minow stated that the killer, played by actor Yehuda Nahari, projects a superficial charm and skill at persuasion while at the same time failing to generate audience sympathy due to his true nature still coming out. Amir seeing himself in a callous, "instrumentalist" way as a living weapon up to and including Rabin's assassination feeds into, in Minow's opinion, the movie's "chillingly" thriller-type quality.[252] Writer Carla Hay of CultureMixOnline.com also found Nahari's performance to be a compelling portrayal of a sociopath in film, with much left to audience interpretations.[253]

The video game has gained notice for its depiction of a civil war inside Russia between the country's government and an ultranationalist faction, with the entertainment production being released in 2007. Its sequels, (2009) and (2011), were set in the aftermath of an ultranationalist coup d'état in Russia and a subsequent war involving the American military. Militant leader Vladimir Makarov, a character in multiple games, notably declares at one point, "Russia will take all of Europe, even if it must stand upon a pile of ashes."[254] [255]

See also

Notes and References

  1. https://web.archive.org/web/20171226021746/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/ultranationalism/ Ultranationalism
  2. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/ultranationalism Ultranationalism
  3. News: Ultranationalism destroyed good ties between nations. 30 December 2022. 18 August 2022. Khmer Times.
  4. Book: Blamires, Cyprian. World Fascism: A-K. 2006. ABC-CLIO. 451–453. 9781576079409.
  5. Book: Stein, Jonathan P.. The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe: State-building, Democracy, and Ethnic Mobilization. 9780765605283. 2000. 65–66. M.E. Sharpe.
  6. Book: Skya, Walter. Japan's Holy War: The Ideology of Radical Shinto Ultranationalism. Duke University Press. 2009. 9780822392460.
  7. News: Viktor Orbán's Unsettling Similarity to Romania's Deposed, Executed Dictator. Haaretz. Zoltán. Tibori-Szabó. 18 August 2022. 16 August 2022.
  8. News: A discomfort with Western liberalism is growing in Eastern Europe. NPR. Joanna. Kakissis. 4 December 2021. 24 August 2022.
  9. News: Jaweed. Kaleem. 28 March 2022. 16 June 2022. A Russian empire 'from Dublin to Vladivostok'? The roots of Putin's ultranationalism. The Los Angeles Times.
  10. News: China's Rising Ultra-Nationalism Complicates Xi's Climate Ambitions. Bloomberg News. 24 August 2022. 29 November 2021.
  11. Book: al-Rasheed, Madawi. The Son King: Reform and Repression in Saudi Arabia. Oxford University Press. 2021. The New Populist Nationalism. 139–182.
  12. News: Financial Times. Nationalism on the rise as Saudi Arabia seeks sense of identity. The attacks on the 10-second video, which was posted on Snapchat, were the latest example of a wave of ultranationalism that has swept across the kingdom in the three years since Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman consolidated his power.. 7 May 2019. 23 February 2024.
  13. News: France 24. Glittery party spotlights Saudi era of 'extreme openness'. 23 February 2024. 24 December 2019.
  14. Book: Foley, Conor. Verso. 2020. The Thin Blue Line. A key part of the Taliban's ideology was based on Pashtun ultra-nationalism.
  15. Anti-Muslim hate speech and displacement narratives: Case studies from Sri Lanka and Australia. Stewart. James. Australian Journal of Social Issues. 2 November 2019. 54. 4. 418–435. 10.1002/ajs4.83. 211418443.
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  25. Web site: Euronews. Partido oposto a reforma conduzirá processo de revisão constitucional. Ultranacionalistas do Partido Republicano venceram eleições deste domingo no Chile. 8 May 2023.
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  38. News: The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history. A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning .... The Washington Post. 20 August 2019.
  39. News: Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition. A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel's party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor.. The Times. 23 July 2019. Berlin. Oliver Moody.
  40. News: a previously little-known ultranationalist group called the Spartans. Vice News. The Far-Right Just Made a Shock Comeback in Greece. 27 June 2023.
  41. Web site: Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party. Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks.. The Guardian. 7 July 2019.
  42. News: Deutsche Welle. Germany's AfD reflects Europe's shift to the right. 26 June 2023. the ultranationalist and ultrareligious Niki (Victory).
  43. Web site: Horthy Commemoration Revives Political Debate over His Regentship . 18 November 2019 . 3 June 2022 . 19 November 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191119031633/https://hungarytoday.hu/horthy-commemoration-revives-political-debate-over-his-regentship/ . dead .
  44. Web site: 8 March 2012 . Mark . Magnier . Los Angeles Times . In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes . 2015-12-02.
  45. News: Axios. U.S. slams Israeli ultranationalist lawmaker's remarks at Kahane memorial. 11 November 2022.
  46. News: Jewish Chronicle. Smotrich and Ben-Gvir threaten to topple coalition if Netanyahu backs hostage-ceasefire deal. The heads of the two ultranationalist parties, Finance Minister Bezalel Smotrich of Religious Zionism. 2 June 2024.
  47. News: 2019-08-21 . Political turmoil in Italy as far-right reaches for the reins . Christian Science Monitor . 2022-03-02 . 0882-7729.
  48. Web site: 2022-02-02 . In Italy, sighs of relief as Mattarella stays put . 2022-03-02 . EUobserver . en.
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  50. News: Far-right Buddhist nationalist candidates among biggest losers in 2020 election . Khin Moh Moh Lwin and Myo Set Pai. 20 November 2020. Myanmar Now. 23 November 2020.
  51. Internal Crisis Group. 5 September 2017. Buddhism and State Power in Myanmar .
  52. Book: Kaspar de Ploeg, Chris. SCB Distributors. 2017. Ukraine in the Crossfire. ultranationalist PVV party.
  53. News: Leidsch Dagblad. Promoting internship at Forum for Democracy causes a stir at Leiden University: 'Too weird for words'. 1 November 2022. De ideologie is ultraconservatief, ultranationalistisch.
  54. News: Comparison Between Hamas and Likud Disingenuous. 10 February 2006. The Harvard Crimson. Hamas combines ultra-nationalism with fundamentalist Islamism..
  55. News: Perspectives on the Past and Future of Israel and Palestine Conflict. 29 December 2023. Quest Journals. The ideologies of Fatah and Hamas are completely different. Hamas supports extreme nationalism..
  56. News: The Hijacking of Democracy in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict. Palestine–Israel Journal. Hamas, a radical nationalist-religious party.
  57. News: Amid Israel-Hamas War, Revisit 'Shattered Dreams of Peace'. 20 October 2023. PBS. radical nationalist factions among both Jews and Palestinians — groups, including Hamas, that opposed all compromise between the two peoples..
  58. News: Poland election race too close to call as voters prepare to go to polls. 14 October 2023. The Guardian. Ultranationalist Confederation party candidate Sławomir Mentzen.
  59. News: The Algemeiner. Polish Interior Minister Issues Last-Minute Ban on Neo-Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw. 31 January 2018.
  60. News: Times of Israel. Ukraine features prominently as far-right Poles stage Independence Day march. 12 November 2022. Some activists from a small ultra-nationalist party, the Confederation of the Polish Crown.
  61. News: GZERO. Malaysian PM hopeful, Mozambique needs EU help vs ISIS, Polish fur politics. 23 September 2020. The leader of United Poland, the ultranationalist Zbigniew Ziobro.
  62. Web site: Green European Journal. Poland’s High-Stakes Parliamentary Elections. 15 February 2023. PiS’ junior coalition partner is the ultra-nationalist and anti-EU party United Poland.
  63. News: SBS. Maioria no parlamento português reprova protesto de partido ultranacionalista durante discurso de Lula. 26 April 2023. the ultranationalist Chega party.
  64. News: Far-right party changes political landscape in Romania . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/040ab76c-cbef-4f2d-9b88-9f2d9ae7acfd . 2022-12-10 . subscription . live . . 14 December 2020. Hopkins . Valerie .
  65. Web site: Record low turnout brings extremist party into Romania's Parliament. 7 December 2020. Transylvania Now. transylvanianow.com.
  66. Web site: Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words. 21 February 2013.
  67. Book: Van Herpen, Marcel H.. Rowman & Littlefield. Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy. 34. 2015.
  68. Web site: March 12, 2018 . Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box . RFE/RL.
  69. Web site: 15 March 2020 . Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota . voice.org.rs . VOICE . Serbian.
  70. News: Balkan Insight. As expected, Milica Djurdjevic Stamenkovski, the leader of far-right party Zavetnici (Oathkeepers), which did not make it into parliament in December’s elections, was given a post in the government, leading the Ministry for Demography and Family Care.. 30 April 2024. Serbia Names US-Sanctioned, Pro-Russian Politicians as Ministers.
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  80. Book: Relativism and post-truth in contemporary society : possibilities and challenges . 2018 . Mikael Stenmark . Steve Fuller . Ulf Zackariasson . 978-3-319-96559-8 . Cham, Switzerland . Palgrave Macmillan . 169 . 1052796925.
  81. Gardell . Mattias . 2014 . Crusader Dreams: Oslo 22/7, Islamophobia, and the Quest for a Monocultural Europe . Terrorism and Political Violence . en . 26 . 1 . 130 . 10.1080/09546553.2014.849930 . 144489939 . 0954-6553.
  82. Book: Estrin, Barbara L.. Shakespeare and Contemporary Fiction: Theorizing Foundling and Lyric Plots. 17. 978-1611493702. 2012. Lexington Books .
  83. News: Assad, like Saddam Hussein of Iraq, is a member of a wing of the Ba’ath Party, an ultra-nationalist, Arab supremacist party that calls for an Arab-led dictatorship. Between Erdogan and Assad, Kurds remain reliable ally. 24 March 2020. Washington Kurdish Institute.
  84. Web site: 19 September 2023. Establishment Wins, People Lose in Thai Political Compromise. Focus on the Global South. The Palang Pracharath Party was formed in 2018 as a civil-military and ultra-nationalist party.
  85. News: Inkl. Thai army needs to march to a new tune. 12 May 2023.
  86. Arman, Murat Necip. The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism. CEU Political Science Journal. 2. 2007 . 133–151.
  87. Eissenstat, Howard. . Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism. Middle East Studies Association Conference. Washington, D.C.. November 2002.
  88. News: Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists . BBC . 25 December 2012 . 1 March 2015.
  89. Book: Black . J. L. . Johns . Michael . Theriault . Alanda . The new world disorder: challenges and threats in an uncertain world . 2019 . Rowman & Littlefield . Lanham, Maryland . 9781498576376 . 14 .
  90. Book: Hahn . Gordon M. . Ukraine over the edge: Russia, the West and the "new Cold War" . 2018 . McFarland . Jefferson, North Carolina . 9781476628752 . 191 .
  91. News: Europa Press. Vox felicita a Milei por el resultado en las elecciones de Argentina y le traslada su "apoyo" para la segunda vuelta. 23 October 2023. El ultranacionalista Milei, candidato de La Libertad Avanza.
  92. News: El Confidencial. Resultados elecciones en Argentina 2023: quién ha ganado el escrutinio y última hora de Sergio Massa y Javier Milei. 23 October 2023. Milei, representante de La Libertad Avanza y conocido por su enfoque ultranacionalista.
  93. Book: Cupples, Julie. 2022. Taylor & Francis. Development and Decolonization in Latin America. election of right-wing ultranationalist populist, Jair Bolsonaro.
  94. News: ThinkChina. Class struggle and extreme nationalism have become CCP's ideological weapons . 10 August 2022.
  95. News: The Diplomat. The Great Translation Movement Shines a Spotlight on China’s Propaganda . With this “name and shame” tactic, the movement also became a tool to fight against extreme nationalism in China and the government’s propaganda efforts to promote those messages. . April 5, 2022 .
  96. Book: History and Nationalist Legitimacy in Contemporary China: A Double-Edged Sword . Robert Weatherley . Qiang Zhang . ... ultranationalism of the Chinese public is exclusively attributable to the farreaching propaganda campaigns implemented by the CCP since the early 1990s which serve as constant reminders of the Century of Humiliation. . August 30, 2017 . . 2 .
  97. Book: Minkenberg, Michael. the rightward shift of Fidesz is noticeable by their growing co-optation of ultranationalist narratives. Transforming the Transformation?. 2015. Taylor & Francis. 126.
  98. Book: Rosenfeld, Alvin. Indiana University Press. 2021. Contending with Antisemitism in a Rapidly Changing Political Climate. With its ultranationalist policy, Orban's Fidesz party managed to take over the positions of the far-right Jobbik party. 255.
  99. Book: deSouza, Peter Ronald. India's Political Parties. 19. The other major national party of today, the Bharatiya Janata Party, does not quite fit the religious fundamentalist, the ethnicity-based or the fascist/ultra nationalist categories although it shares, to a large degree, elements of all three. 2006. SAGE.
  100. Web site: Reformasi Reloaded? Implications of Indonesia's 2014 Elections. 9 September 2014. Prabowo’s coalition consisted of his own ultra nationalist Gerindra. Center for Security Studies.
  101. Book: Krieg, Andreas. it has maintained connections with anti-EU, ultranationalist radical elements of ... Lega Nord. Subversion: The Strategic Weaponization of Narratives. 2023. Georgetown University Press.
  102. Web site: Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis. The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.. 16 July 2019. eurasia review.
  103. Book: Frenchy . Lunning . Mechademia 4: War/Time . The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ... . 2013 . 291 . U of Minnesota Press. 9781452942650 .
  104. Web site: Why Steve Bannon Admires Japan. In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.. The Diplomat. 22 June 2018.
  105. Book: Maki Kimura . Unfolding the 'Comfort Women' Debates: Modernity, Violence, Women's Voices . ... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). . 2016 . Springer . 9781137392510 .
  106. Book: Masanori Nakamura . The Japanese Monarchy: Ambassador Joseph Grew and the Making of the "Symbol Emperor System," 1931-1991 . On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ... . 2016 . 1992 . M.E. Sharpe . 9781563241093 .
  107. Book: Minkenberg, Michael. 2023. Manchester University Press. Depleting Democracies. PiS adopted LPR's identity politics both regarding minorities and the ultranationalist interpretation of Polish history and continued its ideological trajectory.
  108. Book: Baybars Hawks, Banu. 43. 2018. In Poland, the ultranationalist Law and Justice Party (PiS) has significantly increased its vote share. Non-state actors in conflicts.
  109. Book: Sabri Kiçmari . History Continues: Three Models of the Continuation of History . Putinism is not consistent as an ideology and political system. Public political attitudes have changed according to the circumstances. From a kind of cautious system to an open society, Putinism has moved significantly in the direction of the authoritarian system. His political party United Russia started as the conservative party of the former communists has moved towards ultranationalist and neo-imperialist ideology (Van Herpen 2013: 7). Van Harpen even qualifies Putinism as an unstable system of a slight variant of fascism-fascism lite. According to him, this system combines elements of proto-fascism, fascism and post-fascism, with a nucleus of ultra-nationalism, militarism and neo-imperialism (Van Herpen 2013: 8). . 2022 . 59 . Springer Nature . 9789811984020.
  110. Book: Chuck Stewart . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of LGBT Issues Worldwide . In particular, Putin's efforts are attributed to the burgeoning growth of Russian ultranationalist sociopolitical organizations, such as United Russia (Yedinaya Rossiya) and Ours (Nashi, or Youth Movement - Ours!). . 2010 . 360 . Greenwood Press . 9780313342356 .
  111. News: Reuters. 1997-07-21. Bosnia Serbs Oust Leader From Her Party. en-US. The New York Times. 2021-06-19. 0362-4331.
  112. News: Holbooke to seek removal of Bosnian Serb leader. 2021-06-19. The Irish Times. en.
  113. Book: De Riencourt, Amauary. 1950. Roof of the World, Tibet. 176. Rinehart. Chiang Kai-Shek shook off the Soviet supervision and transmuted the Kuomintang into an ultranationalist movement.
  114. Web site: Ultranationalist discourses of exclusion: a comparison between the Hungarian Jobbik and the Greek Golden Dawn. April 2016. Kyriazi. Anna. University of Milan.
  115. Web site: Migrants finding little sympathy in Hungary for their plight. 9 September 2015. AP News.
  116. News: Ultra-Nationalist Party Surges In Hungary. NPR.org. 24 May 2014. National Public Radio.
  117. Comparing Indonesia's Party Systems of the 1950s and the Post-Suharto Era: From Centrifugal to Centripetal Inter-Party Competition . 27751535 . Mietzner . Marcus . Journal of Southeast Asian Studies . 2008 . 39 . 3 . 431–453 . 10.1017/S0022463408000337 . 143374343 .
  118. Book: Gleis, Joshua. 19. Hezbollah and Hamas. It emphasized internal discipline, paramilitary organization and ultranationalist ideals. Johns Hopkins University Press. 2012.
  119. Book: Sakai, Robert. 1966. 102. Studies on Asia. University of Nebraska Press. the ultranationalist faction within UMNO.
  120. Piacentini A., Make Macedonia Great Again! The New Face of Skopje and the Macedonians’ identity dilemma edited by Evinç Doğan in Reinventing Eastern Europe: Imaginaries, Identities and Transformations; Place and space series; Transnational Press London, 2019;, p. 87.
  121. Web site: New Europe. North Macedonia takes a small step forward and one backwards this week. 13 February 2020. 2 July 2023. 2 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211102182038/https://www.neweurope.eu/article/north-macedonia-takes-a-small-step-forward-and-one-backwards-this-week/. dead.
  122. Web site: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. The Radical Right in Macedonia. VMRO-DPMNE succeeded in bringing many ultranationalist views into the mainstream. December 2012.
  123. Web site: Stojarová. Věra. Emerson. Peter. Political parties in Serbia. bochsler.eu. Bochsler, Center for Comparative and International Studies, University of Zurich.
  124. Web site: Escaping Ethnocentrism: The Radical Right in the Middle East and Africa. Centre for Analysis of the Radical Right. 6 April 2018. Moreover, the rise of fascism in interwar Europe was an inspirational source for variety of ultranationalist movements and parties that emerged in the Middle East and Africa. Take the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP), founded in 1932 by Antun Sa’adih, who had a specific mission: to lead the Lebanese people to their destiny.. 10 June 2023. 12 July 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230712095551/https://www.radicalrightanalysis.com/2018/04/06/escaping-ethnocentrism-the-radical-right-in-the-middle-east-and-africa/. dead.
  125. News: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Avigdor Lieberman: Moldova's Mr. Nice Guy. 11 February 2009.
  126. News: Mainland to set up special economic zone to favour closer cooperation with Taiwan . 2023-02-10 . AsiaNews . 2009-05-05.
  127. Book: Xiaokun Song . Between Civic and Ethnic: The Transformation of Taiwanese Nationalist Ideologies (1895-2000) . 2009 . VUBPRESS . 199 . 978-90-5487-575-8 . After the defeat in the 1996's presidential election, the ideological difference between the extreme nationalist and the moderate eventually led to the split of the DPP.
  128. Book: Presidents, Parliaments, and Policy . Matthew D. McCubbins . Stephan Haggard . The extreme nationalist stance of the radical wing of the DPP, which called for Taiwan's independence, also tended to alienate middle-class and business voters. . January 15, 2001 . . 202. 978-0-521-77485-7 .
  129. News: Middle East Eye. 'Our bodies are Turkish, our souls Islamic!' The rise of Turkey's ultra-nationalists. 21 July 2018.
  130. News: Deutsche Welle. Turkish nationalists form new party challenging Erdogan. 25 October 2017.
  131. Book: Arblaster, Paul. A History of the Low Countries. 229. The ultranationalist Vlaams Blok. 2018.
  132. Book: Katsikas, Stefanos . Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria . I.B. Tauris . 2011 . 64.
  133. News: 20 May 2021 . Ultra-nationalists, populists form 'Bulgarian Patriots' alliance for July elections . The Sofia Globe . 17 June 2021 . Ultra-nationalist parties VMRO and the National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria, along with populists Volya, have agreed to stand together in Bulgaria's July 11, 2021 parliamentary elections under the name "Bulgarian Patriots", the parties announced on May 20..
  134. News: Vacuum at the top threatens to hinder Bulgaria's progress . Financial Times (FT) . 17 June 2021.
  135. Web site: 2018-11-16 . Khmer Rouge leaders convicted of genocide in landmark court ruling . 2023-01-18 . South China Morning Post . en.
  136. Book: Ruzicic-Kessler, Karlo. 194. Lit. From the Industrial Revolution to World War II in East Central Europe. 2011. the ultra-nationalist Ustase of Ante Pavelic.
  137. Book: Davies . Peter . Lynch . Derek . The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right . 2002 . Routledge . 978-1-13460-952-9 .
  138. Book: Cengiz, Firat. 105. the ultranationalist Coalition for Republic-Republican Party of Czechoslovakia. Taylor & Francis. 2013. Turkey and the European Union.
  139. Book: Political Parties of Europe: Albania-Norway. 1983. Greenwood Press. 149.
  140. Book: Nissen, Henrik. Scandinavia during the Second World War. 25. The fascist-inspired, ultranationalist IKL (the Patriotic People's Movement). Universitetsforlaget. 1983.
  141. Book: Zander, Patrick. Fascism Through History: Culture, Ideology, and Daily Life. 2020. ABC-CLIO. 314. In Germany, the pressures of the depression helped the ultranationalist Nazi Party come to power by 1933.
  142. Book: Payne, Stanley. 163. The chief political party of the ultranationalist right was the DNVP. A History of Fascism, 1914–1945. 1996. University of Wisconsin Press.
  143. Book: The German Reich Party (conservative ultra-nationalist), which sent five members to the Federal Parliament in 1949. 1952. 17. Germany's New Nazis. Philosophical Library.
  144. Book: Nunez, Xose. Sites of the Dictators. 2021. Taylor & Francis.
  145. http://world.time.com/2012/10/31/on-the-road-with-golden-dawn-greeces-ultra-nationalist-party/ On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece's Ultra-Nationalist Party
  146. News: Ekathimerini. LAOS chief accuses PASOK, ND of betraying the country. 9 April 2012.
  147. Book: Ramet, Sabrina. Protestantism and Politics in Eastern Europe and Russia. 113. 1992. Duke University Press. the ultranationalist Arrow Cross Party.
  148. Book: Nair, MB. Journey through the Ages. 2019. Notion Press.
  149. Book: Esbenshade, Richard. Benchmark Books. Hungary. 2005. 37. A new ultranationalist, extremist party, the Hungarian Justice and Life Party.
  150. Book: Moses, A. Dirk. The Problems of Genocide. 367. 2021. the ultranationalist Hindu Mahasabha revivalist movement. Cambridge University Press.
  151. Book: Boroujerdi . Mehrzad . Rahimkhani . Kourosh . Postrevolutionary Iran: A Political Handbook . 2018 . Syracuse University Press . 344.
  152. Book: Faath, Sigrid. Anti-Americanism in the Islamic World. Considering the ultra-nationalist, anti-American rhetoric of the ruling Baath Party. 156. Hurst. 2006.
  153. Book: Weinblum, Sharon. Security and Defensive Democracy in Israel: A Critical Approach to Political Discourse. 2015. Routledge. 978-1-317-58450-6. 10.
  154. https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/296180 Religious Zionism, Otzma Yehudit parties to run together
  155. Book: Reich, Bernard. the ultranationalist Tehiya Party. 447. 2008. Historical Dictionary of Israel. Scarecrow Press.
  156. Book: Aronoff, Myron. Taylor & Francis. Power and Ritual in the Israel Labor Party. 2015. Rehavim Zeevi, leader of the Ultranationalist Moledet (Homeland) Party.
  157. Book: Vossen, Koen. The Power of Populism. the ultranationalist Aryeh Eldad's Hatikva party. 2016. 81. Taylor & Francis.
  158. Book: Khalfa, David. 50. Civil Organizations and Protest Movements in Israel. 2009. The ultranationalist Right is represented by little political parties that compose the "orange camp," dedicated to retaining all parts of the “remained Land of Israel” at any cost: Benny Elon's HaIchud Haleumi, Baruch Marzel's Jewish National Front, and Mikael Kleiner's Herut party.. Palgrave Macmillan.
  159. Book: Todd, Allan. 2015. Mussolini later formed the far-right ultra-nationalist Fascist Party. European States in the Interwar Years (1918-1939). 19. Cambridge University Press.
  160. Book: Moss, Bernhard. the ultranationalist traditions of the old MSI. 2004. Monetary Union in Crisis. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  161. Book: James R. . Brandon . Kabuki's Forgotten War: 1931-1945 . .2 All existing political parties "voluntarily" dissolved themselves, replaced by a single authorized political body, the ultranationalist Imperial Rule Assistance Association. . 2009 . 113 . University of Hawaii Press. 9780824832001 .
  162. The União Nacional in Cabo Verde, 1937-1945: Local Politics in an Imperial Political Party. Portuguese Literary & Cultural Studies . The União Nacional was initially founded as a “patriotic league,” tasked with buttressing support for the military regime. Upon assuming power in 1932, Salazar reengineered the party to his ideological and political image to stand on the twin pillars of ultranationalism and corporativism. Abel. Djassi Amado. 132.
  163. Villegas . Bernardo M. . Bernardo Villegas . 1958-02-01 . The Philippines in 1986: Democratic Reconstruction in the Post-Marcos Era . Asian Survey . en . 27 . 2 . 194–205 . 10.2307/2644614 . 2644614 . 0004-4687 . "Finally, at the extreme right is the reorganized Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) under Nicanor Yniguez, which remains loyal to Marcos.".
  164. Book: Zelinska, Elisabeta. Liverpool University Press. 42. The Iron Guard was the ultra-nationalist, anti-Semitic, fascist movement and political party in Romania. 2013. Racism Postcolonialism Europe.
  165. Book: Cercel, Cosmin. King Carol II appointed a government from one of the wings of the ultranationalist movement, namely the National Christian Party led by Octavian Goga. Fascism and Criminal Law. 2015. 112. Bloomsbury.
  166. Roland. Clark. From Elite Pamphleteers to Social Movement Protagonists: Antisemitic Activism in 1920s Romania. 2019. Studies on National Movements. 4 . 4. 10.21825/snm.85386 . 197814926 . free.
  167. Book: 2001. 169. Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe. Romania also witnessed cooperation between the ex-Communist PDSR and the ultra-nationalist National Unity Party.
  168. Book: Coleman, Edmond. Sexuality and Gender in Postcommunist Eastern Europe and Russia. 63. 2014. Taylor & Francis. the ultranationalist Greater Romania Party.
  169. 51–54. Rwanda. CovertAction Quarterly. The CDR is an ultranationalist Hutu party. 1994. 12.
  170. Web site: Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform. Christian Science Monitor. Peter. Ford. 2018. 17 December 2018.
  171. Web site: Warlord's party hopeful of winning seats. 24 December 2020. CNN. edition.cnn.com.
  172. Web site: Željko Ražnatović. Britannica. britannica.com. 12 January 2024 .
  173. The Continuing Presence of the Extreme Right in Post-Milošević Serbia. December 2008. Wiesinger. Barbara. Balkanologie. 11. 1–2. 10.4000/balkanologie.1363. free.
  174. News: Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. The Far-Right Parties Keeping The Serbian President In Check Over Ukraine. 5 June 2022.
  175. Web site: 2011-05-31. Mladic on his way to UN war crimes tribunal. 2021-06-19. France 24. en.
  176. Web site: Serbia's pro-EU populists win vote, initial projections show. 2021-06-19. AP NEWS. 24 April 2016 .
  177. Web site: Armakolas. Ioannis. Maksimović. Maja. May 2013. The Beginning of the End for the Kosovo Problem? The Agreement on Normalisation of Relations between Belgrade and Pristina and its Aftermath. 19 June 2021. ETH Zürich.
  178. Web site: March 12, 2018 . Serbian Ultranationalists Making Mark Despite Failure At The Ballot Box . RFE/RL.
  179. Web site: 15 March 2020 . Digitalni šovinizam na Fejsbuku: Dani srpskih nacionalističkih mrmota . voice.org.rs . VOICE . Serbian.
  180. Book: 244. Genocide and Fascism. The SLS was an ultranationalist, socially conservative, strongly anticommunist and anti-Semitic (albeit in the rather conventional 'anti-Jewish/Bolshevik' form) Catholic political movement. 2008. Taylor & Francis.
  181. News: New York Times. 17 December 2016. Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U..
  182. News: Atlantic Council. Slovakia risks becoming another Hungary-style EU spoiler. How should the West respond?. 23 December 2022.
  183. Book: Krabill, Ron. Starring Mandela and Cosby: Media and the End(s) of Apartheid. limited. 2010. 51. University of Chicago Press.
  184. Web site: 이범석 . Naver Knowledge Encyclopedia. ko. Lee Bum Suk. 2019-05-17.
  185. Web site: The Extreme Right in Spain - Surviving in the Shadow of Franco. Hedda Samdahl Weltz. 2014. core.ac.uk.
  186. Book: Dafydd Fell . Government and Politics in Taiwan . January 22, 2018 . . 978-1-317-28506-9 . The NP's shift to extreme nationalist positions after the late 1990s was also a reaction to the widespread departure of party moderates and subsequent domination by extremists. In the case of the NP, it appears that defeats no longer have any effect; instead, it operates consistently..
  187. Book: Gunter Schubert . Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Taiwan . May 20, 2016 . Taylor & Francis . 978-1-317-66969-2 . ... the rise of Chinese nationalist radicals in the NP after 1997 meant the party continued its move towards more extreme positions even after electoral setbacks (Fell 2006b: 47-67).
  188. Book: American Journal of Chinese Studies . 2005 . American Association for Chinese Studies . 12 . ... Taiwan Solidarity Union (an ultranationalist pro-independence party created by former president Lee Teng-hui) won ....
  189. Book: Burris, Gregory. Indiana University. Taming the Gray Wolf. Türkeş reorganized the CKMP with an ultranationalist agenda. 10. 2007.
  190. Web site: 2023-03-28 . Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections . 2023-05-16 . Balkan Insights . tr-TR.
  191. Web site: 2023-03-28 . Four candidates officially running in Turkey's 2023 presidential elections . 2023-05-16 . Duvar English . tr-TR.
  192. Book: Göçek . Fatma Müge . Fatma Müge Göçek . Denial of Violence: Ottoman Past, Turkish Present and Collective Violence Against the Armenians, 1789-2009 . 2015 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-933420-9 . en. 402. Denial of Violence .
  193. News: 28 April 2014. Profile: Ukraine's ultra-nationalist Right Sector. BBC. 1 March 2015.
  194. Web site: Nordsieck. Wolfram. 2014. Ukraine. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20180612211142/http://parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html. 12 June 2018. 6 September 2018. Parties and Elections in Europe.
  195. News: Far-Right Leader To Advise Ukraine Army . 2022-05-22 . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 6 April 2015 . en.
  196. Book: Kuromiya, Hiroaki. Stalin, Japan, and the Struggle for Supremacy Over China, 1894–1945. Taylor & Francis. 2022. Blue-Shirt society, an ultranationalist secret society.
  197. Book: Campani, Giovanna. Understanding the Populist Shift. 10. 2016. Taylor & Francis.
  198. Book: Neiberg, Michael. Warfare & Society in Europe. Several ultra - nationalist groups such as Action française and the veterans' group Croix de Feu. 2004. 96. Routledge.
  199. Book: Nilsson, Per-Erik. Brill. Unveiling the French Republic: National Identity, Secularism, and Islam in Contemporary France. 2017. 70. Ultra-nationalist groups and parties like the Bloc identitaire.
  200. Book: Kumar, M.. Sankalp Publication. Historical And Political Economy Of Education In India. 2020. 323. RSS was itself an ultra-nationalist organization.
  201. Book: Haleem, Irm. The Essence of Islamist Extremism. 2011. Taylor & Francis. 213.
  202. Book: Ulla . Fionna . Watching the Indonesian Elections 2014 . 2015. 106. Prabowo has accepted support from and declared his willingness to work with such organizations as the (notorious) radical Islamic group Front Pembela Islam (Defenders of Islam Front) and the ultra-nationalist Pemuda Pancasila. ISEAS Publishing. 9789814620833 .
  203. Book: The German Side of the War in the Middle East 1939-1942. 41. Stanford University. 1962. the notorious "Golden Square", four young ultra-nationalist colonels.
  204. News: Israeli human rights groups alarmed by Zionist video attack. Sydney Morning Herald. An ultra-nationalist Israeli group has published a video accusing the heads of four of Israel's leading human rights organisations of being foreign agents funded by Europe and supporting Palestinians "involved in terrorism". The widely-viewed 68-second video, made by radical Zionist group Im Tirtzu. 1 January 2016.
  205. News: BBC. Jerusalem Jewish group on anti-Arab patrol. an ultra-nationalist Jewish group called Lehava has been organising patrols aimed at stopping Jewish Israelis from even talking to Arabs.. 9 February 2016.
  206. Book: Pedahzur, Ami. The Israeli Response to Jewish Extremism and Violence. Manchester University Press. 2013. Of the movements associated with ultranationalist right-wing notions, the Etzel and the Lehi were the most noteworthy in their use of violence and terrorism.
  207. Book: Sprinzak, Ehud. The Ascendance of Israel's Radical Right. 23. It was the ultranationalist wing of Revisionism, and was articulated by organizations such as Brit Habirionim and Lehi. 1991. OUP.
  208. Book: O'Connor . Eimear . Sean Keating in Context: Responses to Culture and Politics in Post-civil War Ireland . 2009 . Carysfort Press . 978-1904505419 . 36.
  209. Web site: CNBC. The dark side of Italian politics — Italy's swing to the right could see a more extremist agenda. 1 March 2018.
  210. http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-02/nippon-kaigi-and-the-rise-of-nationalism-in-japan/6994560 Nippon Kaigi: The ultra-nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire
  211. Web site: Abe's cabinet reshuffle. East Asia Forum . Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government's policy leader on national education.. 14 September 2019.
  212. Web site: Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine . Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the "national consciousness" surrounding the prosecution of Japan's war criminals and to change the nation's pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes "patriotic education".. 17 October 2019. 5 June 2020. South China Morning Post.
  213. Book: Michal . Kolmas . National Identity and Japanese Revisionism . 2019. ... and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi .... Routledge. 9781351334396 .
  214. Book: Ugo . Dessì . Japanese Religions and Globalization . 2013. 146. Routledge. 9780415811705 .
  215. News: Japan combats rise in hate speech. 5 June 2020. Al Jazeera. 30 November 2015. ... and many don't speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan's very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously..
  216. News: Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down . Japan Times. 30 November 2015 . 5 June 2020 . The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization's influence..
  217. Web site: Is there a need for more interfaith dialogue in Malaysia? Part 1. newmandala.org. Dina. Zaman. 23 June 2012. 26 April 2021. "Perkasa (an all Malay ultranationalist group) ready to crusade against ungrateful Christians,".
  218. Web site: La nueva ultraderecha latinoamericana (1992-2018). The New Latin American Far-right (1992-2018). Marxismo Critico. 26 June 2018. Spanish.
  219. Flores. González. Gustavo. José. June 2015. The reasons for the sinarquista: The organization and ideology of the National Union Synarchists. Culturales. en. 3. 1. 49–76. 1870-1191.
  220. News: Buddhist nationalism threatens Myanmar's democratic transition. Nilsen. Marte. 12 March 2015. East Asia Forum. 28 May 2021.
  221. News: Buddhist Authorities Ban Myanmar's Ultranationalist Ma Ba Tha Group. 23 May 2017. Radio Free Asia. 28 May 2021.
  222. News: Bloomberg News. Brawling Myanmar Monks Show Buddhist Nationalists Backing Coup. 28 May 2021. 10 March 2021.
  223. News: The Palestinian Islamic Jihad's US Cell. December 2009. Foreign Policy Research Institute. a central feature of the PIJ platform combines Islamic fanaticism and extreme nationalism.
  224. News: מילון ארגוני טרור. Shabak. בהשפעת הענף המצרי הוקם בעזה, בשנת 1981, "הג'האד האסלאמי בפלסטין", המשלב אידיאולוגיה לאומית קיצונית עם התפיסות האסלאמיות: השמדת מדינת ישראל והחלפתה במדינה פלסטינית אסלאמית, שתוקם על כל שטחי פלסטין..
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