| Ultramarathon | |
| Union: | World Athletics, International Association of Ultrarunners, and the Global Organization of Multi-Day Ultramarathoners |
| World: | 1987–present |
An ultramarathon is a footrace longer than the traditional marathon distance of 42.195km (26.219miles). The sport of running ultramarathons is called ultra running or ultra distance running.
Various distances, surfaces, and formats are raced competitively, from the shortest common ultramarathon of 31miles and up to 3100 miles.[1] Around 100miles is typically the longest course distance raced in under 24 hours, but there are also longer multiday races commonly held as 48 hours, 200miles, or more, sometimes raced in stages with breaks for sleep.
The oldest and largest ultramarathons are on road, including the Comrades Marathon (over 10,000 finishers annually) and Two Oceans Marathon (over 6,000 finishers annually).[2] The world's longest certified footrace is the Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race. Many ultras have historical significance, including the Spartathlon, based on the 246 km run of Greek messenger Pheidippides from Athens to Sparta during the Battle of Marathon in a day and a half to seek aid against the Persians.[3] [4] [5]
Ultra running World Championships are held by the International Association of Ultrarunners (IAU) for 50 km, 100 km and 24 hours. The Global Organization of Multi-Day Ultramarathoners (GOMU) holds World Championships for 48 hours and six days.[6] World records are ratified and recognized by World Athletics (50 km and 100 km), the IAU (50 km up to six days), and by GOMU (48 hours up to 5000 km).[7] [8] [9]
There is also overlap with the sports of trail running and mountain running. Some 100miles races are among the oldest and most prestigious events, especially in North America.[10] The oldest and also the largest trail race is the SainteLyon 78km (48miles) in France (over 5,000 finishers annually).[11] Many ultramarathon organizers are members of the International Trail Running Association (ITRA), an organization that evaluates the difficulty of specific ultramarathon routes according to a number of criteria, such as the distance, the cumulative elevation gain, and the number of loops and stages.
There are two main types of ultramarathon events: those that cover a specified distance or route, and those that last for a predetermined period (with the winner covering the most distance in that time). The most common distances are 50km (30miles), 50 miles (80.47 km), 100km (100miles), 100miles, and continue up to the longest certified race distance of 3100 miles. Timed events range from 6, 12, and 24 hours to 3, 6, and 10 days (known as Multiday races). Timed events are generally run on a track or a short road course, often one mile (1.6 km) or less.[12]
The format of ultramarathons and the courses vary, ranging from single loops (some as short as a 400m (1,300feet) track),[13]
There are some self-supported ultramarathon stage races in which each competitor has to carry all their supplies including food to survive the length of the race, typically a week long. The Marathon des Sables 6-day stage race in Morocco and the Grand to Grand Ultra in the US are examples.[13] [14]
The International Association of Ultrarunners (IAU) organises the World Championships for various ultramarathon distances, including,, 24 hours, and ultra trail running, which are also recognized by World Athletics. Many countries around the world have their own ultrarunning organizations, often the national athletics federation of the country, or are sanctioned by such national athletics organizations.
50-kilometer and 100-kilometer races are recognized as World Records by World Athletics, the world governing body of track and field.[15] The International Association of Ultrarunners recognizes IAU World Records for 50-kilometers, 100-kilometers, 6 hours, 12 hours, 100 miles, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 6 days.[16]
There are ultramarathon racewalking events that are usually 50 km, although 100 km and 100-mile (160 km) "Centurion" races are also organized. Furthermore, the non-competitive International Marching League event Nijmegen Four Days March has a regulation distance of 4 × 50 km over four days for those aged 19 to 49.[17]
In 2021, concerns were raised about planning and medical care available for ultramarathons in China, after dozens of racers died from hypothermia and at least one from a heart attack while competing in an ultramarathon in the Yellow River Stone Forest. The government later announced a ban on "extreme" competitions.[18]
In August 2023, a partnership between Ultra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB) and Ironman Triathlon was announced and the new formation of the UTMB World Series, an ultra-distance circuit that culminates with UTMB held in August. Concerns have been raised about rising entry fees, homogenization of racing experiences, and bulldozing of smaller events.[19] [20]
Until 2014, the IAU maintained lists of the world best performances on different surfaces (road, track, and indoor). Starting in 2015, the distinction between the surfaces was removed and the records were combined into a single category.[21] Some governing bodies continue to keep separate ultramarathon track and road records for their jurisdictions.[22]
Starting in January 2022, the IAU began to recognize and ratify performances as IAU World Records. World Athletics also began to ratify the 50k distance as a World Record for both mixed and women, respectively, along with 100k. The events considered IAU World Records are: 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours along with 50 and 100 miles. Records in the 6 day event are called World Best Performances by the IAU.[23]
Performances exceeding the current IAU records but which have not yet been ratified include the following:
The IAU World Records and World Best Performances as of January 2025 are as follows.[28]
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Place | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 km | 2:38:43 | 8 October 2022 |  San Francisco, US | ||
| 50 miles | 4:48:21 | 11 November 2023 | Vienna, IL, US | ||
| 100 km | 6:05:35 | 14 May 2023 |  Vilnius, Lithuania | ||
| 100 miles | 10:51:39 | 7 January 2022 |  Tel Aviv, Israel | ||
| 6 hours | 98.496 km | 23 April 2022 | Bedford, UK | ||
| 12 hours | 177.410 km | 7 January 2022 | Tel Aviv, Israel | ||
| 24 hours | 319.614 km | 17 September 2022 |  Verona, Italy | ||
| 48 hours | 473.495 km | 3–5 May 1996 |  Surgères, France | ||
| 6 days | 1045.519 km | 5–11 September 2024 |  Balatonfüred, Hungary |
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Place | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 50 km | 2:59:54 | 13 April 2021 | Dorena, Oregon, United States | ||
| 50 miles | 5:40:18 | 23 February 1991 | Houston, US | ||
| 100 km | 6:33:11 | 25 June 2000 |  Yubetsu-Saroma-Tokoro, Japan | ||
| 100 miles | 12:42:40 | 11 November 2017 | Vienna, IL, US | ||
| 6 hours | 85.492 km | 11 March 2017 | Münster, Germany | ||
| 12 hours | 153.600 km | 20 May 2023 |  Kokkola, Finland | ||
| 24 hours | 270.363 km | 2 December 2023 | Taipei, Taiwan | ||
| 48 hours | 435.336 km | 24–26 March 2023 |  Bruce, Australia | ||
| 6 days | 901.768 km | 6–12 March 2024 | California, USA |
Until 2021, the IAU also kept records for 1000 km and 1000 miles. The final records were:[29]
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Place | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 km | 5d 16:17:00 | 26 November–2 December 1984 | Colac, Australia | ||
| 1000 miles | 10d 10:30:36 | 20–30 May 1988 | New York City, US |
| Event | Record | Athlete | Date | Place | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1000 km | 7d 16:08:37 | 29 September-6 October 2002 | New York City, US | ||
| 1000 miles | 12d 14:38:40 | 16–28 October 1991 | New York City, US |
There are four IAU World Championships: the IAU 100 km World Championships, IAU 50 km World Championships, IAU 24 Hour World Championship, and the IAU Trail World Championships.[30]
The following is a selected list of world or international-record-holding, or world-championship-winning, ultramarathon runners.
Ultramarathons are run around the world with more than 600,000 people completing them every year.[106]
Ultrarunning has become popular in Asia, and countries such as Japan, Taiwan, and South Korea have hosted IAU World Championships.
Australia and New Zealand are hosts to some 100 organized ultramarathons each year. Additionally, a handful of runners have run the entire length of New Zealand, a distance of around .[120]
In Australia, the Westfield Ultra Marathon was an annual race between Sydney and Melbourne contested between 1983 and 1991. Greek runner Yiannis Kouros won the event five times during that period. Australia is also the home of one of the oldest six-day races in the world, the Cliff Young Australian 6-day race, held in Colac, Victoria. The race is held on a 400-meter circuit at the Memorial Square in the centre of Colac and has seen many close races since its inception in 1984. The 20th Cliff Young Australian six-day race was held between 20 and 26 November 2005. During that event, Kouros beat his existing world record six-day track mark and set a new mark of . The Coast to Kosciuszko inaugurated in 2004, is a 246km (153miles) marathon from the coast to the top of Mount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest mountain.
Australia has seen a steep growth in ultrarunning events and participants in recent years. Many new races have come into inception, covering a range of ultramarathon distances from 50 km right through to multi-day events. The cornerstone of Australian Ultra events is such races as Ultra-Trail Australia 100, The Great North Walk Ultras, Surf Coast Century, Bogong to Hotham, Alpine Challenge, GC50 Run Festival, and the Cradle Mountain Run.[121] [122] The Australian Ultra Runners Association (AURA) has a comprehensive list and links of events and their respective results.[123]
In New Zealand, the Kepler Challenge is held on a trail through Fiordland National Park. It has been running since 1988 and is one of the country's most popular races. The Tarawera Ultramarathon is currently one of the most competitive ultras in New Zealand and part of the Ultra-Trail World Tour.[124]
The European Ultramarathon Cup is an annual cup event covering some of the biggest ultramarathon races in Europe.[125] The CajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail is the highest race in Spain and second highest in Europe.[126] Besides trail ultramarathons, Europe features large road ultramarathons such as Spartathlon and the Millau 100K, which have gathered thousands of runners for the past 50 years.
The UTMB, through France, Italy, and Switzerland has been considered the world's most competitive trail ultra.[127] The other races in the UTMB festival, including the CCC, TDS, and OCC, are also significant events in the ultrarunning calendar.[128]
The oldest existing ultramarathon in North America is the JFK 50 Mile,[129] which began in 1963 as a push by President John F. Kennedy to bring the country back to physical fitness.[130]
There are several 100-mile ultramarathons held annually in North America. The Western States Endurance Run is the oldest 100-mile trail run in North America. The race began in 1977, founded by Wendell Robie, of Auburn California.[131]
The first mountain trail ultramarathon held in the United States was the 1911 Mount Baker Race (50K), in Bellingham, Washington. Runners raced by car or train to the trailheads, ran up and down Mount Baker 10,000 feet, and then returned to the city.[132]
An early ultramarathon was held in Mexico in 1926, and at the time was part of the Central American Games. Tomas Zafiro and Leoncio San Miguel, both Tarahumara Indians, ran 100 km from Pachuca to Mexico City in 9 hours and 37 minutes. At the time, the Mexican government petitioned to include a 100 km race in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.[133]
In 1928, sports agent C. C. Pyle organized the first of two editions of the 3,455-mile-long Bunion Derby (the first went along U.S. Route 66 from Los Angeles to Chicago before heading toward New York; the 1929 Derby reversed the route). Neither the race nor the accompanying vaudeville show was a financial success.[134]
In the 1980s, Gary "Lazarus Lake" Cantrell and Karl "Raw Dog" Henn conceived the Barkley Marathons, an annual trail race held in March or April in Frozen Head State Park, Tennessee. The course is approximately 20 miles long with approximately 11,000 feet of vertical climb, and runners have 60 hours to complete five laps. The run is notorious not only for its difficulty but also for its secretive nature; entrants must undergo a selection process and entry dates and requirements are not announced, meaning entrants rely on word-of-mouth for details on how to enter. The first Barkley Marathons took place in 1986, and as of 2022, only fifteen runners have ever completed the 100-mile course.
Since 1997, runners have been competing in the Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race, which is billed as the longest official footrace in the world. They run 100 laps a day for up to 50 days around a single block in Queens, NY, for a total distance of 3100miles.[135] The current record holder is Ashprihanal Pekka Aalto, at 40 days 09:06:21 for a daily average of 76.776miles in 2015.
Several 10-day races are also regularly available in the US at venues that hold 6-day races: Across the Years (in Arizona), Sri Chinmoy (in New York) and 6 Days in the Dome (Wisconsin).[136]
In April 2006, the American Ultrarunning Hall of Fame was established by the American Ultrarunning Association (AUA). Candidates for the Hall of Fame are chosen from the 'modern era' of American ultras, beginning with the New York Road Runners Club 30 Mile race held in 1958. The Inaugural inductees were Ted Corbitt, a former US Olympian, winner of the aforementioned race in 3:04:13, and co-founder of the Road Runners Club of America, and Sandra Kiddy, who began her ultra career at age 42 with a world record at 50 kilometers, 3:36:56, and who went on to set a number of US and world ultra records.[137]
The Yukon Arctic Ultra is described as the coldest and toughest ultra in the world, requiring racers to start from Whitehorse to Dawson City, Yukon, a distance of 430 miles (692 km) in 13 days under the territory's extremely cold conditions in February.[138] [139]