Two-step floating catchment area method explained

The two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method is a method for combining a number of related types of information into a single, immediately meaningful, index that allows comparisons to be made across different locations. Its importance lies in the improvement over considering the individual sources of information separately, where none on its own provides an adequate summary.

Background

The two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method is a special case of a gravity model of spatial interaction that was developed to measure spatial accessibility to primary care physicians.^{[1] [2]} 2SFCA is based on the accessibility measure developed by Shen (1998), who used it to compare accessibility to jobs among workers residing in different locations and traveling by different transportation means, and more generally, to measure accessibility to spatially distributed opportunities that have capacity limitations (i.e., rival goods). 2SFCA was inspired by the spatial decomposition idea first proposed by Radke and Mu (2000).

The 2SFCA method not only has most of the advantages of a gravity model, but is also intuitive to interpret, as it uses essentially a special form of physician-to-population ratio. It is easy to implement in a GIS environment.^{[3] [4]} In essence, applying the accessibility measure formulated by Shen (1998) the 2SFCA method is an automated procedure for measuring spatial accessibility as a ratio of primary-care physicians to population, combining two steps:

1. it first assesses “physician availability” at the physicians' (supply) locations as the ratio of physicians to their surrounding population (i.e., within a threshold travel time from the physicians)
2. it sums up the ratios (i.e., physician availability derived in the first step) around (i.e., within the same threshold travel time from) each residential (demand) location.

It has been recently enhanced by considering distance decay within catchments^[5] and called the enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method.

Furthermore, the use of capping certain services according to nearby population size, can improve the accuracy when analyzing across areas of different environments^[6] (i.e. rural and urban).

The method has been applied to other related public health issues, such as access to healthy food retailers.^[7]

See also

• Primary care service area
• Gravity model of migration

References

• Luo, W., Wang, F., 2003a. Spatial accessibility to primary care and physician shortage area designation: a case study in Illinois with GIS approaches. In: Skinner, R., Khan, O. (Eds.), Geographic Information Systems and Health Applications. Idea Group Publishing, Hershey, PA, pp. 260–278.
• Shen . Q.. 1998 . Location characteristics of inner-city neighborhoods and employment accessibility of low-wage workers. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design . 25 . 3. 345–365 . 10.1068/b250345 .
• Luo . W. . Wang . F. . 2003b . Measures of spatial accessibility to health care in a GIS environment: synthesis and a case study in the Chicago region . Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design . 30 . 6. 865–884 . 10.1068/b29120 . 34188345 . 8238135 .
• Luo . W. . Qi . Y. . 2009 . An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians . Health & Place . 15 . 4. 1100–1107 . 10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.002 . 19576837 .
• Radke . J. . Mu . L. . 2000 . Spatial decomposition, modeling and mapping service regions to predict access to social programs . Geographic Information Sciences . 6 . 2. 105–112 . 10.1080/10824000009480538. 33286600 . free .
• Wang . F. . Luo . W. . 2005 . Assessing spatial and nonspatial factors for healthcare access: towards an integrated approach to defining health professional shortage areas . Health and Place . 11 . 2. 131–146 . 10.1016/j.healthplace.2004.02.003. 15629681 .
• Wang, F. 2006. Quantitative Methods and Applications in GIS. London: CRC Press.
• McGrail . Matthew R. . Humphreys . John S. . 2009 . Measuring spatial accessibility to primary care in rural areas: Improving the effectiveness of the two-step floating catchment area method . Applied Geography . 29 . 4. 533–541 . 10.1016/j.apgeog.2008.12.003 .
• Chen . X. . 2017 . Take the edge off: A hybrid geographic food access measure . Applied Geography . 87 . 149–159 . 10.1016/j.apgeog.2017.07.013 .

Notes and References

1. Luo and Wang 2003a
2. Luo and Wang 2003b
3. Wang and Luo, 2005
4. Wang, 2006: 80-95
5. Luo and Qi, 2009
6. McGrail and Humphreys, 2009
7. Chen, 2017