Turning the light around (Ch. fǎn zhào 返照, J. henshō; K. panjo), also translated as “tracing back the radiance,” or “counter-illumination,” is a Zen Buddhist expression referring to turning attention from outward phenomena to awareness itself. In Mahayana Buddhism, the true nature of awareness is related to concepts such as luminous mind, Buddha-nature, and emptiness (śūnyatā).
The term fǎn zhào is derived from the following Chinese characters:
A longer variation of the phrase in Chinese is 回光返照 (pinyin: huí guāng fǎn zhào, Japanese: ekō henshō), "turning the light around and shining back." The additional characters, huí guāng, mean:
The phrase huí guāng fǎn zhào can also mean "final radiance of setting sun," as when the sun sets but still lights up the clouds from beneath; and "dying flash (of lucidity or activity, prior to demise),"[5] the moment shortly before dying when the life-force is fully expressed and one glows.
The idea that the mind is "luminous" and "shines" goes back to a famous passage in an early Buddhist scriptural collection called the Aṅguttara-nikāya, in which the Buddha declares, "Luminous, monks, is the mind."[6] In Chan Buddhism, this idea is related to the concept of numinous awareness[7] (Ch. lingzhi 靈知) which refers to the ground of sentience, or the mind-ground.[8] As Buswell observes, numinous awareness, as the fundamental quality of sentience, "not so figuratively, 'shines' on sense-objects, illuminating them and allowing them to be cognized." As one turns the mind away from attachment to sense-objects and back toward its fundamental source, one "traces back the radiance" or "turns the light around", as the Korean Sŏn adept Yŏndam Yuil (1720–1799) says:
By tracing back the radiance, one uncovers one's fundamental nature as numinous awareness, which, as the inherent capacity for enlightenment, is both the fundamental quality of mind realized in meditation, as well as the faculty which makes meditation through tracing back the radiance possible. What's more, Buswell says this natural luminosity doesn't merely shine on sense-objects, but with meditation, "it comes virtually to shine through sense-objects, rendering them transparent and exposing their inherent voidness (śūnyatā)."
Turning one's light around is mentioned in many Chan sources. The Xinxin Ming, attributed to the third Chan patriarch Sengcan, says:
One moment of reversing the light
Is greater than the previous emptiness.
The previous emptiness is transformed;
It was all a product of deluded views.[9]
Similarly, the Jueguan lun of the Oxhead School contains a dialogue in which the student, called Conditionality, experiences awakening at the hands of his teacher, Enlightenment. Where Enlightenment's teaching relies extensively on negation, Conditionality's awakening is described in positive terms as the counter-illumination of the "mysterious brilliance" of pure wisdom.[10]
The Platform Sutra, a key Zen scripture attributed to the semi-legendary Huineng (638–713), connects it with seeing one's "original face". The Chan master Shitou Xiqian (700–790) also says:
In his sermons, Mazu Daoyi (709–788) says, "When within a single thought one reflects and illuminates within (若能一念返照), then everything is the Holy Mind."[11]
The phrase "turning the luminosity [of the mind] towards the mind's source" (fanzhao xinyuan) appears in the Dunhuang text, the Dunwu dacheng zhenglijue [Ratification of the True Principle of the Mahayana Teaching of Sudden Enlightenment], a text said to record the teachings of Heshang Moheyan (Hva shang Mahāyāna), a Chinese Chan master active in Tibet during the late 8th century. According to Carmen Meinert, "this method is meant to be an immediate return to mind's source itself and might even be seen as a face-to-face recognition of the nature of mind." Meinert points out that the term fan yuan, "return to the source," also appears in the Dunwu dacheng zhenglijue, in a quotation from the Śūraṅgama Sūtra.[12]
The term 返照 (fǎn zhào) occurs in Zongmi's (780–841) Sub-commentary to the Sutra of Perfect Enlightenment, where it refers to recognizing original enlightenment.
Linji Yixuan (died 866 CE), a key figure in the Linji school of Zen, states that all that is needed to obtain the Dharma is to "turn your own light in upon yourselves and never seek elsewhere." Linji further connects this "turning one's light around" (fǎn zhào 返照) with non-doing. When one stops seeking and turns one's own light in upon oneself, Linji tells us, on that very instant one will have "nothing to do" (wú shì, 無事). However, "turning one's light around" does not necessarily imply anything like staring at the mind or concentrating within. Linji quotes Shenhui's well-known criticism of such things as arresting the mind, staring at silence, summoning the mind to focus it on externals, controlling the mind to make it clear within, and concentrating the mind to enter into meditation.[13] Moreover, Linji says that looking for something within is just as wrong as seeking externally, since there's nothing within that can be grasped. He says: "Outside the mind there is no Dharma, and even inside the mind it can't be grasped. So what is there to seek for?"[14]
Yuanwu Keqin (1063-1135) said: "The most important thing is for people of great faculties and sharp wisdom to turn the light of mind around and shine back and clearly awaken to this mind before a single thought is born."[15]
Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091–1157), the famous master of the Caodong school, well known for his practice of silent illumination (Ch. mòzhào), says, "...you must take the backward step and directly reach the middle of the circle from where light issues forth."[16]
Chinul's (1158–1210) Secrets of Cultivating the Mind states:
The Japanese Zen master Dōgen (1200–1253) describes it as follows: “You should stop the intellectual practice of pursuing words and learn the ‘stepping back’ of ‘turning the light around and shining back’ (Jp: ekō henshō); mind and body will naturally ‘drop off,’ and the ‘original face’ will appear.”[17] According to Joseph Markowski, quoting, for Dōgen, directing our awareness upon “awareness” itself reveals a “mirroring” of phenomena "which reflects things as they show themselves without distortion" (Davis 2016, 223). Thus, the practice of mirroring via non-thinking is to be "totally engaged in the vicissitudes of life with all its ups and downs [...] on the basis of impartial compassion, rather than on the basis of egoistic craving and loathing" (Davis 2016, 223).
Lanxi Daolong (1213-1279) says: "The knowing mind is the light, errant thoughts are shadows; the light illumining things is called shining, and when the mind and thoughts do not range over things but are turned toward the original nature, this is called 'turning the light around to shine back.' It is also called 'panoramic illumination'; illumining the whole of the immediate substance, it is where neither delusion nor enlightenment have ever appeared."[18]
Bassui Tokushō (1327–1387) said: "When you turn the light directly within and see clearly, the pure magnificent Dharma body of the self will manifest, and there will be nothing other than you."[19]
According to contemporary teacher Jeff Shore, the phrase "describes the essence of Zen practice."[20] According to Shore, it "jump[s] directly into the heart of the matter [...] short circuit[ing], in one fell swoop, the endless regression of ordinary consciousness."[20]
Regarding the meaning of biguan, or "wall contemplation," a practice famously attributed to Bodhidharma, Yanagida Seizan writes, "At the same time, 'wall contemplation' includes the idea of 'turning back the brilliance in counter illumination' (ekō henshō 廻向返照, or huixiang fanzhao in Chinese), the wonderfully bright radiance of the setting sun. Or the inconceivable function of the mirror, which illuminates each and every thing in existence."[21] Jeffrey Broughton also points out that where Bodhidharma's teachings appear in Tibetan translation among the Dunhuang manuscripts, the Chinese phrase "in a coagulated state abides in wall-examining" (ning chu pi-kuan) is replaced in Tibetan with "rejects discrimination and abides in brightness" (rtogs pa spangs te | lham mer gnas na).[22]