Transforming growth factor explained

Transforming growth factor (or TGF) is used to describe two classes of polypeptide growth factors, TGFα and TGFβ.

The name "Transforming Growth Factor" is somewhat arbitrary, since the two classes of TGFs are not structurally or genetically related to one another, and they act through different receptor mechanisms. Furthermore, they do not always induce cellular transformation, and are not the only growth factors that induce cellular transformation.

Types

• TGFα is upregulated in some human cancers. It is produced in macrophages, brain cells, and keratinocytes, and induces epithelial development. It belongs to the EGF family.
• TGFβ exists in three known subtypes in humans, TGFβ1, TGFβ2, and TGFβ3. These are upregulated in Marfan's syndrome^{[1] [2]} and some human cancers, and play crucial roles in tissue regeneration, cell differentiation, embryonic development, and regulation of the immune system.^{[3] [4]} Isoforms of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) are also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia.^[5] They belong to the transforming growth factor beta family. TGFβ receptors are single pass serine/threonine kinase receptors.

Function

These proteins were originally characterized by their capacity to induce oncogenic transformation in a specific cell culture system, rat kidney fibroblasts. Application of the transforming growth factors to normal rat kidney fibroblasts induces the cultured cells to proliferate and overgrow, no longer subject to the normal inhibition caused by contact between cells.^{[6] [7]}

See also

• Bone morphogenetic protein
• TGF beta signaling pathway
• Tubuloglomerular feedback

External links

• Tumor growth factor (TGF) citations
• Hoffmann . R. . Valencia . A. . 2004 . A gene network for navigating the literature . Nature Genetics . 36 . 7 . 664 . 10.1038/ng0704-664 . 15226743. free .

Notes and References

1. Matt . P . Schoenhoff . F . Habashi . J . Holm . T . Van Erp . C . Loch . D . Carlson . OD . Griswold . BF . Fu . Q . De Backer . J . Loeys . B . Huso . DL . McDonnell . NB . Van Eyk . JE . Dietz . HC . Aug 2009 . Circulating transforming growth factor- in Marfan syndrome . Circulation . 120 . 6. 526–32 . 19635970 . 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.841981 . 2779568.
2. Web site: Inhibiting TGF to help Marfan . 2008-06-29 . 2020-05-29 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200529050917/https://www.sciencemag.org/news?etoc . dead .
3. Xu . Xin . Zheng . Liwei . Yuan . Quan . Zhen . Gehua . Crane . Janet L. . Zhou . Xuedong . Cao . Xu . 2018-01-31 . Transforming growth factor-β in stem cells and tissue homeostasis . Bone Research . 6 . 2 . 10.1038/s41413-017-0005-4 . 2095-4700 . 5802812 . 29423331.
4. Grande . J. P. . 1997-01-01 . Role of Transforming Growth Factor- in Tissue Injury and Repair . Experimental Biology and Medicine . en . 214 . 1 . 27–40 . 10.3181/00379727-214-44066 . 9012358 . 84255552 . 1535-3702.
5. Zhang . Jianhong . Dunk . Caroline E. . Shynlova . Oksana . Caniggia . Isabella . Lye . Stephen J. . 2018-12-19 . TGFb1 suppresses the activation of distinct dNK subpopulations in preeclampsia . eBioMedicine . 39 . 531–539 . 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.12.015 . 2352-3964 . 6355656 . 30579870.
6. Roberts . A B . Anzano . M A . Lamb . L C . Smith . J M . Sporn . M B . 1981 . New class of transforming growth factors potentiated by epidermal growth factor: isolation from non-neoplastic tissues. . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . en . 78 . 9 . 5339–5343 . 10.1073/pnas.78.9.5339 . free . 0027-8424 . 348740 . 6975480. 1981PNAS...78.5339R .
7. Strutz . Frank . Zeisberg . Michael . Renziehausen . Anja . Raschke . Birgit . Becker . Volker . Van Kooten . Cees . Müller . Gerhard A. . 2001-02-01 . TGF-β1 induces proliferation in human renal fibroblasts via induction of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2) . Kidney International . 59 . 2 . 579–592 . 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.059002579.x . 11168939 . 0085-2538. free .