Trogulidae Explained

Trogulidae is a family of harvestmen comprising 65 extant species (plus 1 extinct) in five genera.

Members of this species have short legs and live in soil. They have dirt attached to their bodies, to escape predators. Their body length ranges from 2 to 22 mm. In most genera the body is somewhat flattened and leathery. Adults have a small hood which hides their short chelicerae and pedipalps.^[1]

Distribution

Members of this family occur in western and southern Europe, up to western North Africa and the Levant, the Caucasus and northern Iran. Trogulus tricarinatus, a predator of terrestrial snails, has been introduced to eastern North America.^[1]

Name

The derivation of the name of the type genus, Trogulus, is not fully understood. The describer Latreille wrote that he named it because it looks like a monkshood. Perrier (1929) however derived the name from Ancient Greek trogein "gnawing", because of the rough, "gnawed-upon" appearance.^[1]

Species

See main article: List of Dyspnoi species.

The known genera and species in Trogulidae as of 2023 are:^{[2] [3] [4]}

• Anarthrotarsus Šilhavý, 1967

• Anarthrotarsus martensi Šilhavý, 1967Greece

• Anarthrotarsus trichasi Kontos & Martens, 2022Greece
• Anelasmocephalus Simon, 1879

• Anelasmocephalus balearicus Martens & Chemini, 1988Spain (Baleares)

• Anelasmocephalus brignolii Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy (Sardinia)

• Anelasmocephalus calcaneatus Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy (Sicily)

• Anelasmocephalus cambridgei (Westwood, 1874)UK to Balkans (Europe)

• Anelasmocephalus cazorla Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain

• Anelasmocephalus crassipes (H. Lucas, 1846)Algeria, Tunisia

• Anelasmocephalus gadirrif Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain, Morocco

• Anelasmocephalus hadzii Martens, 1978Austria, Italy, Serbia, etc Balkans

• Anelasmocephalus lycosinus (Sørensen, 1873)Italy

• Anelasmocephalus ortunioi Prieto & Las Heras, 2020Spain

• Anelasmocephalus osellai Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy

• Anelasmocephalus pusillus Simon, 1879Italy, France (Corsica)

• Anelasmocephalus pyrenaicus Martens, 1978Spain

• Anelasmocephalus rufitarsis Simon, 1879Italy, France, Switzerland

• Anelasmocephalus tenuiglandis Martens & Chemini, 1988France

• Anelasmocephalus tuscus Martens & Chemini, 1988Italy
• Calathocratus Simon, 1879

• Calathocratus africanus (H. Lucas, 1846)Algeria, Tunisia, Italy

• Calathocratus beieri Gruber, 1968Turkey

• Calathocratus caucasicus (Šilhavý, 1966)Turkey, Azerbaijan, Russia, Georgia, Iran.

• Calathocratus hirsutus Snegovaya, 2011Russia

• Calathocratus intermedius Roewer, 1940Greece (Crete)

• Calathocratus kyrghyzicus (Chemeris, 2013)Kyrgyzstan

• Calathocratus minutus Snegovaya, 2011Russia

• Calathocratus rhodiensis (Gruber, 1963)Greece (Rhodes)

• Calathocratus singularis (Roewer, 1940)Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey

• Calathocratus sinuosus (Sørensen, 1873)Italy
• Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940

• Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940Greece (Crete)
• Trogulus Latreille, 1802

• Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879France (Corsica)

• Trogulus balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain (Baleares)

• Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971Romania, North Macedonia, Serbia, etc.

• Trogulus cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988Italy

• Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971Romania, Germany, Bulgaria etc

• Trogulus coreiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839(Unknown locality) [''Nomen dubium'' per Schönhofer 2013]

• Trogulus coriziformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 Italy (contra reports of widespread)

• Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879France, Italy

• Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 1999Austria, Italy, Croatia, Slovenia

• Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903Greece, Albania, etc (Balkans)

• Trogulus gypseus Simon, 1879 Israel, Egypt, Turkey, Greece.

• Trogulus hirtus Dahl, 1903 Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia

• Trogulus huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Portugal

• Trogulus karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Macedonia, Albania etc (Balkans)

• Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1932 Portugal

• Trogulus lygaeiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839 Greece [''Nomen dubium'' per Schönhofer 2013]

• Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983 Italy, France, etc

• Trogulus megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013Greece (Corfu)

• Trogulus melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia

• Trogulus nepaeformis (Scopoli, 1763)Italy, France, etc (Southern Europe)

• Trogulus oltenicus Avram, 1971Romania

• Trogulus ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013Croatia

• Trogulus pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia

• Trogulus prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain

• Trogulus pulverulentus C. L. Koch, 1856Spain [''Nomen dubium'' per Schönhofer 2013]

• Trogulus pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008Spain

• Trogulus rossicus Šilhavý, 1968Russia, Azerbaijan, Georgia

• Trogulus setosissmus Roewer, 1940Croatia

• Trogulus squamatus C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839Montenegro, Croatia (Dalmatia)

• Trogulus templetonii Westwood, 1833Spain [''Nomen dubium'' per Schönhofer 2013]

• Trogulus tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013Macedonia

• Trogulus thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009Croatia

• Trogulus tingiformis C. L. Koch, in Hahn & Koch, 1839Germany, etc (Central Europe)

• Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885Montenegro, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia (Dalmatia)

• Trogulus tricarinatus (Linnaeus, 1758)Germany, etc (Widespread Western, Central Europe)

• Trogulus uncinatus Gruber, 1973Turkey

See also extinct:

• †Trogulus longipes Haupt, 1956 (fossil: Eocene)

Plus see unknown:

• †Amphitrogulus Gourret, 1887

• †Amphitrogulus sternalis Gourret, 1887

Further reading

• Joel Hallan's Biology Catalog: Trogulidae
• (eds.) (2007): Harvestmen - The Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press

Notes and References

1. (2007): Trogulidae Sundevall, 1833. In: Pinto-da-Rocha et al. 2007: 157ff
2. Web site: A taxonomic catalogue of the Dyspnoi Hansen and Sørensen, 1904 (Arachnida: Opiliones). ResearchGate. en . 2019-04-28.
3. Chemeris, A.N. (2013) Two new harvestman species (Arachnida: Opiliones) from the collection of Siberian Zoological Museum. Arthropoda Selecta
4. 3253446 . Trogulidae . 2023-12-15.