Trioecy Explained

Trioecy is a sexual system characterized by the coexistence of males, females, and hermaphrodites. It has been found in both plants and animals.[1] [2] Trioecy, androdioecy and gynodioecy may be described as mixed mating systems.[3]

Terminology

Trioecy is also called tridioecy, subdioecy, or triecy.

The term trioecy comes from the Neo-Latin word Trioecia.[4]

Evolution of trioecy

Trioecy may be an unstable transient state associated with evolutionary transitioning from gynodioecy to dioecy.[5] [6] In brachiopod species, trioecy usually breaks into androdioecy or gynodioecy.[7] Other studies show that trioecious populations originated from gonochoristic ancestors which were invaded by a mutant selfing hermaphrodite, creating a trioecious population.[1] It has been suggested that chromosomal duplication plays an important part in the evolution of trioecy.[8]

But one study found that trioecy can be stable under nucleocytoplasmic sex determination.[9] Another theoretical analysis indicates that trioecy could be evolutionary stable in plant species if a large amount of pollinators vary geographically.[10]

Occurrence

Trioecy is a relatively common sexual system in plants,[11] estimated to occur in about 3.6% of flowering plant species,[9] although most reports of trioecy could be misinterpretations of gynodioecy.[12] It is rare as well as poorly understood in animals.

Species that exhibit trioecy

The following species have been observed to exhibit a trioecious breeding system.

Plants

Animals

See also

Notes and References

  1. Mating dynamics in a nematode with three sexes and its evolutionary implications. Jyotiska. Chaudhuri. Neelanjan. Bose. Sophie. Tandonnet. Sally. Adams. Giusy. Zuco. Vikas. Kache. Manish. Parihar. Stephan H.. von Reuss. Frank C.. Schroeder. Andre. Pires-daSilva. December 3, 2015. Scientific Reports. 5. 1. 17676. 10.1038/srep17676. 26631423. 4668576. 2015NatSR...517676C. free.
  2. Book: Choe, Jae. Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. 2019-01-21. Academic Press. 978-0-12-813252-4. Leonard. Janet. 4. 584–589. en. Hermaphrodite Mating Systems.
  3. Book: Fusco. Giuseppe. The Biology of Reproduction. Minelli. Alessandro. 2019-10-10. Cambridge University Press. 978-1-108-49985-9. 134–135. en.
  4. Web site: Definition of TRIOECIOUS . 2024-06-09 . www.merriam-webster.com . en.
  5. Book: Kliman, Richard. Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology. 2016. Academic Press. 978-0-12-800426-5. 2. 476. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofevolutionarybiology. July 1, 2016.
  6. Kanzaki. Natsumi. Kiontke. Karin. Tanaka. Ryusei. Hirooka. Yuuri. Schwarz. Anna. Müller-Reichert. Thomas. Chaudhuri. Jyotiska. Pires-daSilva. Andre. 2017-09-11. Description of two three-gendered nematode species in the new genus Auanema (Rhabditina) that are models for reproductive mode evolution. Scientific Reports. 7. 1. 11135. 10.1038/s41598-017-09871-1. 28894108. 5593846. 2017NatSR...711135K.
  7. Book: Subramoniam, Thanumalaya. Sexual Biology and Reproduction in Crustaceans. 2016-09-27. Academic Press. 978-0-12-809606-2. 15. en.
  8. Book: Fleming. Theodore H.. Columnar Cacti and Their Mutualists: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Valiente-Banuet. Alfonso. 2002. University of Arizona Press. 978-0-8165-2204-0. 215. en.
  9. Albert. Béatrice. Morand-Prieur. Marie-Élise. Brachet. Stéphanie. Gouyon. Pierre-Henri. Frascaria-Lacoste. Nathalie. Raquin. Christian. 2013-10-01. Sex expression and reproductive biology in a tree species, Fraxinus excelsior L. Comptes Rendus Biologies. en. 336. 10. 479–485. 10.1016/j.crvi.2013.08.004. 1631-0691. 24246889.
  10. Book: Fleming. Theodore H.. Columnar Cacti and Their Mutualists: Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation. Valiente-Banuet. Alfonso. 2002. University of Arizona Press. 978-0-8165-2204-0. 214. en.
  11. Oyarzún P, Nuñez J, Toro JE, Gardner J. 2020. Trioecy in the Marine Mussel Semimytilus algosus (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Stable Sex Ratios Across 22 Degrees of a Latitudinal Gradient. Frontiers in Marine Science. 7. 348. 1–10. 10.3389/fmars.2020.00348. free.
  12. Book: Geber. Monica A.. Gender and Sexual Dimorphism in Flowering Plants. Dawson. Todd E.. Delph. Lynda F.. 2012-12-06. Springer Science & Business Media. 978-3-662-03908-3. 74. en. Lynda Delph.
  13. Silva. C. A.. Oliva. M.. Vieira. M. F.. Fernandes. G. W.. October 27, 2008. Trioecy in Coccoloba cereifera Schwacke (Polygonaceae), a narrow endemic and threatened tropical species. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology. 51. 5. 1003–1010. 10.1590/S1516-89132008000500017. 85673074. free.
  14. Joseph KS, Murthy HN . Sexual system of Garcinia indica Choisy: geographic variation in trioecy and sexual dimorphism in floral traits . Plant Systematics and Evolution . 301 . 1065–1071 . 2015 . 3 . 10.1007/s00606-014-1120-y . 15926083 .
  15. Book: Husaini . Amjad M. . Neri . Davide . Strawberry: growth, development and diseases . 2016 . CAB International . Boston, MA.
  16. Godley, E. J. (1955). "Breeding Systems in New Zealand Plants: I. Fuchsia." Annals of botany, 19(4), 549-559.
  17. Perry. Laura E.. Pannell. John R.. Dorken. Marcel E.. 2012-04-19. Two's Company, Three's a Crowd: Experimental Evaluation of the Evolutionary Maintenance of Trioecy in Mercurialis annua (Euphorbiaceae). PLOS ONE. en. 7. 4. e35597. 10.1371/journal.pone.0035597. 1932-6203. 3330815. 22532862. 2012PLoSO...735597P. free.
  18. Book: Avise, John C.. Hermaphroditism: A Primer on the Biology, Ecology, and Evolution of Dual Sexuality. 2011-03-18. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-52715-6. 55. en. John Avise.
  19. Fleming. Theodore H.. Pollination of Cacti in the Sonoran Desert: When closely related species vie for scarce resources, necessity is the mother of some pretty unusual evolutionary inventions. September 2000. American Scientist. en. 88. 5. 432–439. 10.1511/2000.5.432. 27858091. 122244912 .
  20. Web site: Roy . Scott . 1 November 2021 . Digest: Three sexes from two loci in one genome: A haploid alga expands the diversity of trioecious species . 2023-05-12 . academic.oup.com.
  21. Armoza-Zvuloni. Rachel. Kramarsky-Winter. Esti. Loya. Yossi. Schlesinger. Ami. Rosenfeld. Hanna. 2014-06-01. Trioecy, a Unique Breeding Strategy in the Sea Anemone Aiptasia diaphana and Its Association with Sex Steroids. Biology of Reproduction. en. 90. 6. 122. 10.1095/biolreprod.113.114116. 24790160. 0006-3363. free.
  22. Leonard. Janet L.. 2013-10-01. Williams' Paradox and the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Sexual Systems. Integrative and Comparative Biology. 53. 4. 671–688. 10.1093/icb/ict088. 23970358. 1540-7063. free.

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