Triethylenetetramine Explained

Triethylenetetramine (TETA and trien), also known as trientine (INN) when used medically, is an organic compound with the formula [CH<sub>2</sub>NHCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NH<sub>2</sub>]2. The pure freebase is a colorless oily liquid, but, like many amines, older samples assume a yellowish color due to impurities resulting from air-oxidation. It is soluble in polar solvents. The branched isomer tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and piperazine derivatives may also be present in commercial samples of TETA.[1] The hydrochloride salts are used medically as a treatment for copper toxicity.

Uses

Epoxy uses

The reactivity and uses of TETA are similar to those for the related polyamines ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine. It is primarily used as a crosslinker ("hardener") in epoxy curing.[2] TETA, like other aliphatic amines, react quicker and at lower temperatures than aromatic amines due to less negative steric effects since the linear nature of the molecule provides it the ability to rotate and twist.

Medical uses

Drug Name:Trientine
Tradename:Syprine, Cuprior, Cufence, others
Dailymedid:Trientine
Atc Prefix:A16
Atc Suffix:AX12
Legal Au:S4
Legal Au Comment:[3] [4]
Legal Ca:Rx-only
Legal Ca Comment:[5]
Legal Uk:POM
Legal Uk Comment:[6] [7]
Legal Us:Rx-only
Legal Us Comment:[8] [9] [10]
Legal Eu:Rx-only
Pregnancy Au:D
Routes Of Administration:By mouth
Drugbank:DB06824
Drugbank2:DBSALT001269
Pdb Ligand:104
Iupac Name:(2-aminoethyl)amine

The hydrochloride salt of TETA, referred to as trientine hydrochloride, is a chelating agent that is used to bind and remove copper in the body to treat Wilson's disease, particularly in those who are intolerant to penicillamine. Some recommend trientine as first-line treatment, but experience with penicillamine is more extensive.[11]

Trientine hydrochloride (brand name Syprine) was approved for medical use in the United States in November 1985.

Trientine tetrahydrochloride (brand name Cuprior) was approved for medical use in the European Union in September 2017.[12] It is indicated for the treatment of Wilson's disease in adults, adolescents and children five years of age or older who are intolerant to D-penicillamine therapy.

Trientine dihydrochloride (brand name Cufence) was approved for medical use in the European Union in July 2019.[13] It is indicated for the treatment of Wilson's disease in adults, adolescents and children five years of age or older who are intolerant to D-penicillamine therapy.

The most common side effects include nausea, especially when starting treatment, skin rash, duodenitis (inflammation of the duodenum, the part of the gut leading out of the stomach), and severe colitis (inflammation in the large bowel causing pain and diarrhea).

Society and culture

Controversies

In the United States, Valeant Pharmaceuticals International raised the price of its Syprine brand of TETA from $625 to $21,267 for 100 pills over five years. The New York Times said that this "egregious" price increase caused public outrage. Teva Pharmaceuticals developed a generic, which patients and doctors expected to be cheaper, but when it was introduced in February 2018, Teva's price was $18,375 for 100 pills. Aaron Kesselheim, who studies drug pricing at Harvard Medical School, said that drug companies price the product at what they think the market will bear.[14]

Production

TETA is prepared by heating ethylenediamine or ethanolamine/ammonia mixtures over an oxide catalyst. This process gives a variety of amines, especially ethylene amines which are separated by distillation and sublimation.[15] [16]

Coordination chemistry

TETA is a tetradentate ligand in coordination chemistry, where it is referred to as trien.[17] Octahedral complexes of the type M(trien)L2 can adopt several diastereomeric structures.[18]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Ethyleneamines . Huntsman . 2007 . 2016-07-10 . 2019-03-06 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111337/http://www.huntsman.com/performance_products/Media%20Library/a_MC348531CFA3EA9A2E040EBCD2B6B7B06/Products_MC348531D0B9FA9A2E040EBCD2B6B7B06/Amines_MC348531D0BECA9A2E040EBCD2B6B7B06/Ethyleneamines_MC348531D0CD3A9A2E040EBCD2B6B7B06/files/ethyleneamines_brochure_huntsman_ethyleneamines.pdf . dead .
  2. Web site: Triethylenetetramine . 2022-07-20 . webbook.nist.gov . en.
  3. Web site: Trientine Waymade . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 25 January 2021 . 8 September 2021.
  4. Web site: AusPAR: Trientine dihydrochloride . Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) . 3 May 2021 . 8 September 2021.
  5. Web site: Summary Basis of Decision (SBD) for Mar-Trientine . Health Canada . 23 October 2014 . 29 May 2022.
  6. Web site: Cuprior 150 mg film-coated tablets - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) . (emc) . 21 September 2020.
  7. Web site: Trientine dihydrochloride Tillomed 250 mg capsules, hard - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) . (emc) . 21 September 2020.
  8. Web site: Syprine- trientine hydrochloride capsule . DailyMed . 22 December 2016 . 21 September 2020.
  9. Web site: Trientine hydrochloride capsule . DailyMed . 28 February 2020 . 21 September 2020.
  10. Web site: Cuvrior- trientine tetrahydrochloride tablet, film coated . DailyMed . 20 May 2022 . 21 January 2023.
  11. Roberts EA, Schilsky ML . A practice guideline on Wilson disease . Hepatology . 37 . 6 . 1475–92 . June 2003 . 12774027 . 10.1053/jhep.2003.50252 . pdf . 263620 . free .
  12. Web site: Cuprior EPAR . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 17 September 2018 . 21 September 2020. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  13. Web site: Cufence EPAR . European Medicines Agency (EMA) . 24 May 2019 . 21 September 2020. Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged.
  14. News: Katie . Thomas . Patients Eagerly Awaited a Generic Drug. Then They Saw the Price. . . 23 February 2018 . 21 September 2020 . vanc .
  15. Encyclopedia: Eller K, Henkes E, Rossbacher R, Höke H . Amines, Aliphatic . Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . 2005 . Wiley-VCH . Weinheim . 10.1002/14356007.a02_001 . 3527306730 .
  16. Book: Brydson JA . Plastics Materials. limited. 744–777. Epoxide Resins. Brydson JA . 1999. Butterworth-Heinemann . Oxford. 10.1016/B978-075064132-6/50067-X. 9780750641326. Seventh.
  17. Book: von Zelewsky A . Stereochemistry of Coordination Compounds . John Wiley . Chichester . 1995 . 047195599X . registration .
  18. Book: Utsuno S, Sakai Y, Yoshikawa Y, Yamatera H . Three Isomers of the trans-Diammine-[''N'',''N''′-bis(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-Ethanediamine]-Cobalt(III) Complex Cation . Three Isomers of the Trans -Diammine-[N,N′-bis(2-Aminoethyl)-1,2-Ethanediamine]-Cobalt(III) Complex Cation . Inorganic Syntheses . 1985 . 23 . 79–82 . 10.1002/9780470132548.ch16 . 9780470132548 .