Tree sitting explained

Tree sitting is a form of environmentalist civil disobedience in which a protester sits in a tree, usually on a small platform built for the purpose, to protect it from being cut down (speculating that loggers will not endanger human lives by cutting an occupied tree). Supporters usually provide the tree sitters with food and other supplies.

About

Tree sitting is a strategy that provides a high level of public attention since it is considered to be very dangerous and requires highly skilled police officers to evict the sitters. Tree sitting is often used as a stalling tactic, to prevent the cutting of trees while lawyers fight in the courts to secure the long-term victories.

Tree-sitting was once a children's pastime. In the early 1930s, when endurance contests raged across the U.S., it became a child's contest for kids to climb into their backyard trees and, serviced by siblings and local businesses, attempt to win prizes for the longest sit.^[1]

Extractions

Tree-sitters in trees claimed by Pacific Lumber in Humboldt County have been subject to forced removal by hired extractors. The practice started with a single extractor in the late 1990s but in 2003 Pacific Lumber hired teams of climbers to remove dozens of tree-sitters, particularly in the Freshwater area East of Eureka, California.^{[2] [3]}

Most of the extractions in Northern California are done under the leadership of Eric Schatz of Schatz Tree Service, a well known professional arborist.^[4]

In May 2021, RCMP forces in Canada extracted treesitters on Vancouver Island by flying a helicopter dangerously low above the trees and dropping ERT officers in the canopies or down on long lines to forcibly remove those occupying the sits. There was no communication, safety precautions taken, or research done into the stability of the sits prior to the helicopter landing. Until this point in time treesits had been extracted by girth hitching, shooting lines into trees, or waiting for those occupying the trees to come down.

List of tree sits

Some of the more notable tree sittings include:

US

• Waller Creek Tree-sit, October 22, 1969, Austin, Texas.^[5]
• Mikal Jakubal was an early American tree sitter. On May 20, 1985, he ascended a Douglas Fir in an area of the Middle Santiam region of Willamette National Forest that was in the process of being clearcut.^[6] While short-lived, his tree sitting action inspired a group tree sitting event by Earth First! activists that lasted from June 23 to July 20, 1985, when two Linn County, Oregon sheriff's deputies wrestled Marylander Ron Huber from his tree after a day-long stand-off.
• In 1986 a treesitter preventing logging at Four Notch, Texas suffered a leg injury after the tree he was in was cut down.
• In 1989 a National Tree Sit Week series of actions was held at logging sites from August 13 onwards. This involved 12 tree sits in 7 states. A 3 day sit was held in Washington and a 4 day sit in Montana. Other states included Colorado, New Mexico, Oregon, California and Massachusetts.
• 1993 Fall, central wilderness of Idaho, the Cove/Mallard Timber Sale (the largest timber sale in USFS history), where vastly outnumbered Earth First activists attempted two tree-sits along proposed route actively being logged site of the Noble Road Logging Road, first of seven new roads to be built into untouched wild mountains. Loggers cut down around these first two tree-sits, laughing at and insulting the activists, a sight repeated later at another attempted cluster of tree-sits actions in 1994 in a Clear-Cut off Noble Road.^[7]
• In 2002, two US environmental activists involved in tree-sitting protests died in separate accidents.^{[8] [9]}
• In 2006, 2007, and 2008, protesters in Berkeley, California sat in coast live oak trees to prevent the construction of a new sports facility by the University of California, Berkeley. On September 5, 2008, the university began logging the grove, after winning court agreement. Four days later, after a little more than 21 months, the final four tree sitters surrendered to authorities, ending the longest running urban tree-sit in history.^{[10] [11] [12]}
• In 2009, there were ongoing tree-sits in Humboldt County, Ca. to prevent logging of 100+ year old redwoods by Green Diamond (formerly known as Simpson). One of the tree-villages was defending the territory of an active Spotted Owl mating pair.^[13]
• In 2009, on August 25 two protesters with Climate Ground Zero halted blasting above Pettry Bottom in Raleigh County, West Virginia. Laura Steepleton and Nick Stocks climbed 80 feet in two trees in direct protest of Massey Energy's mountaintop removal mine. The trees were located within 30 feet of the Edwight mine, and within the 300 feet of blasting. Kim Ellis and Zoe Beavers were arrested for providing direct support, only to return later that afternoon at the behest of state police to serve as liaisons for the sitters. Kim Ellis and Zoe Beavers were then asked to leave the site at 5:30pm by mine security, only to refuse and get arrested again by state police at 7:30pm. The tree sit halted blasting for six days while facing harassment from miners including threats of rape, trees being felled in close proximity, and chainsaws partially cutting the trees the sitters occupied.^{[14] [15] [16]}
• In 2010, on January 20 three protesters associated with Climate Ground Zero and Mountain Justice halted blasting on a portion of Massey Energy's Bee Tree mountaintop removal mine on Coal River Mountain, West Virginia by ascending three trees, two tulip poplars and an oak tree. David Aaron Smith, 23 Amber Nitchman, 19 and Eric Blevins, 28 were on platforms approximately 60 feet up in direct protest of mountaintop removal mining and blasting near the Brushy Fork Coal Impoundment. Joshua Graupera, Isabelle Rozendaal, and Bernard Fiorillo were also arrested for providing ground support. The tree sit halted blasting for nine days. A federal judge granted a permanent injunction to Marfork Coal Co. Inc., a subsidiary of Massey Energy, ordering the defendants to keep off all company property.^{[17] [18] [19]}
• On July 20, 2011, two protesters associated with the RAMPS Campaign halted blasting on a portion of Alpha Natural Resources Bee Tree mountaintop removal mine on Coal River Mountain, West Virginia by ascending two trees, a tulip poplar and a northern red oak tree. Catherine-Ann MacDougal, 24, and Becks Kolins, 21, were on platforms approximately 80 feet off the ground within 300 feet of active blasting on the mine in direct protest of mountaintop removal mining. Becks Kolins stayed on their platform for 14 days while Catherine-Ann MacDougal remained for a total of 30 days making this the longest tree sit east of the Mississippi River. Elias Schewel and Junior Walk were arrested immediately for providing direct support on the ground. Criminal cases are still pending for the two sitters, while a civil suit seeking compensatory and punitive damages is pending for all four activists.^{[20] [21]}
• In September 2018, the Yellow Finch tree sit was erected to block construction of the Mountain Valley Pipeline and endured 932 days until March 2021 making it one of the longest-running aerial blockades in US history. Protestors were eventually extracted, arrested, and jailed.^{[22] [23]}
• In May 2021 6 tree sits were set up in the Caycuse Valley on Vancouver Island in British Columbia to protect a patch of old growth cedar's estimated to be about 1200 years old. The longest sit lasted 9 days before being extracted by helicopter.
• Julia Butterfly Hill, an activist in Humboldt County, California, became known for her 738-day sit (from December 10, 1997, until December 18, 1999) in a 180feet, 600-year-old Coast Redwood tree she named Luna. Eventually, Hill and other activists raised $50,000 to spare her tree and place a 200feet buffer around it. Hill's 2000 book The Legacy of Luna and the 2000 film Butterfly detail the Luna tree sit.
• In 2000, after spending two years in a thousand-year-old tree he had named "Mariah", Nate Madsen descended. Both Pacific Lumber (PL) and the California Department of Forestry (CDF) signed off on the timber harvest plan, ensuring protection for Mariah for the time being.^[24]
• Manuel Esteban Paez Terán, also known as Tortuguita, was shot 13 times and killed by a Georgia State Patrol trooper during a raid of the Stop Cop City encampment on January 18, 2023.^[25]

Sweden

• During the Elm Conflict in Kungsträdgården in Stockholm, Sweden, in May 1971, many protesters sat in the nearby elm trees.^[26]

Australia

• In December 1983, the Nomadic Action Group (NAG) climbed trees to block work on the controversial Cape Tribulation to Bloomfield Road in North Queensland, Australia.^[27] When work resumed in August 1984, obstruction of road construction continued over a two-week period. Making use of hammocks, protesters were able to remain aloft, some for as long as a week at a time.^[28]
• In 1995, tree sitting took place during a blockade of logging at Jane Block in Western Australia before litigation protected the area.
• In 1986 and 1987, the Tasmanian Wilderness Society (TWS) obstructed logging operations at Farmhouse Creek in the Tasmanian South West Wilderness with tree sitters on wooden platforms.^[29] Tree platforms were later used on the Australian mainland during the South East Forests New South Wales campaign in Nullica State Forest (April–August 1989). Later in this campaign tree platforms in Coolangubra State Forest were erected to impede construction of the Wog Way and Kanoonah logging roads; those at Wog Way were occupied in continuous shifts from the beginning of September 1989 until October 1990.
• In 2004, at least six tree sits were erected in Tuart trees at Ludlow Tuart Forest near Busselton in South Western, Western Australia.^[30]
• In 2004, activists from Greenpeace and the Australian environmental organization The Wilderness Society held the record for the world's highest tree-sit at 65m, in the Styx Valley, Tasmania. Peter (Peck) Firth spent 51 days up a giant Eucalyptus tree nicknamed Gandalf's Staff.^{[31] [32]}
• In 2006, two sits were built in Jarrah (Eucalyptus) trees at "Arcadia" Jarrah Forest near Collie in South Western, Western Australia. Two activists were removed and arrested but one had his charges dropped and the other went to court and was acquitted.^[33]
• In 2008, a tree sit was constructed in College Grove (remnant bushland), Bunbury, Western Australia, and was removed after being occupied for three months. Another was promptly constructed nearby in the next stage that was threatened by housing development; it included a functional trampoline.^[34]
• In 2009, environmental activists from the Still Wild Still Threatened group in Tasmania, Australia, were forced down from tree sits in the Upper Florentine Valley by police acting in conjunction with Forestry Tasmania in two separate busts in January and May.^[35]
• On December 14, 2011, Miranda Gibson climbed up a 60m old-growth Eucalyptus delegatensis tree in the heart of Tasmania's southern virgin rainforest.^[36] Gibson vowed to stay until the forest is protected. The area was imminently due to be logged, despite being part of the area supposed to be protected under the fraught Forests Intergovernmental Agreement (IGA). She was forced down from the tree 15 months later due to a bushfire.^[37]

New Zealand (Aotearoa)

• Native Forest Action used tree sitting during its campaign to save the West Coast, New Zealand native forests.^[38] In April 1997, the logging company, Timberlands West Coast Limited destroyed one of the sites by deliberately swinging a tree from a helicopter into it without ensuring that it was fully clear of protesters.^[39] The Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand (CAA) cleared the helicopter pilot of wrongdoing in a controversial judgment that appeared to have been interfered with, according to leaked internal documents.
• Tree sitting in 1978 (the first tree sitting action) led to the protection of what is now the Pureora Forest Park in New Zealand.^[40] Following a 100 person anti-logging protest in the Pureora Forest, a group stayed on to climb and occupy trees on January 18, 1978. Three days later more treesitters arrived and logging was suspended for safety reasons before an indefinite hold was placed on January 24. A full logging ban was introduced three years later.

UK

• In December 1993, an important moment in the campaign against the M11 link road in London was the occupation of The chestnut tree on George Green.^[41]
• "During the 1994-1995 campaign against construction of the M65 the UK's first tree village, including more than 40 treehouses, was built in the upper canopy of forest in Stamworth valley.
• Protestors took to the trees to resist the building of the Newbury bypass in England in 1995.^[42]
• In May 2006, protesters at Titnore Wood began a tree-sitting campaign against a major urban extension to the town of Worthing in West Sussex. Around 25 protesters created tree-houses and a network of tunnels. In March 2010, after nearly four years of tree-sitting, the local council voted unanimously to turn down the application for development.^[43]

Canada

• In 2001, two men lived in the 800-year-old Eik Cedar in Tofino on Vancouver Island's west coast for 35 days during negotiations between the community, who wanted the tree saved, and the municipal council, plus the owner of the land adjacent to the cedar. Eventually, the tree was saved.
• In 1988 a treesitter set up a hammock to stop logging in British Columbia's Sulphur Passage. Loggers shot him with pellets and cut the tree down, but he narrowly avoided major injury
• During Clayoquot Summer in 1994 treesitters held up logging for 25 days.

Germany

• From 1993 and 1998 tree sits and other forms of obstructive direct action were used to disrupt clearing and road construction at Dissen.
• During blockading against roadbuilding in Thuringen during September 1996 five separate tree sitting actions took place before the tactic was used again the following year.
• From 2012 onwards, various sections of the Hambach Forest in Germany have been occupied to prevent the construction of the Hambach surface mine.^[44]
• October 2019 "Dannenröder Wald" was squatted by around 100 activists opposing planned logging of the old growth for construction of the A49 highway.^[45] The activists were democratically self-organized, without hierarchical leadership. They built more than 100 treehouses in several villages,^[46] so-called barrios, all over the forest, trying to prevent the destruction of the water protection area that provides water for 500,000 people in Frankfurt. They were evicted in October 2020, after more than a year of occupation.^{[47] [48]}

Ireland

• In 1997 a six-month long occupation of a forest valley in Glen of the Downs, Wicklow saw Ireland’s first tree sits and tree huts set up to prevent clearing for road construction.

Netherlands

• In 1997 the Greenoord Free State was declared in Ruigoord to prevent clearing, and tree sits were established before the blockade was evicted by 850 people over a two day period.

Tree villages

A tree village is an extension of the tree sitting protest, involving several tree houses. The "Fern Gully" in Northern California lasted over 20 years, ending in 2008 with agreement not to fell the stand of old growth redwood trees.^[49]

Tree houses

In the United Kingdom tree houses have sometimes been occupied for a year or longer. One treehouse, BattleStar Galactica at the Manchester International Airport, held 12 people.^[50] Such tree houses often have lock-on points for protesters to chain themselves to during evictions. Such tree houses have been used at Newbury bypass, Crystal Palace^[51] and Epsom.^[52]

See also

• Hambach Forest (occupied by tree villages of environmentalists since 2012 to protect it from being cut down for lignite surface mining)
• Flagpole sitting
• Green anarchism
• Tree spiking
• Direct action
• David Chain, activist who was killed during a tree sitting in the Redwood Forest of Northern California.
• Chipko movement

External links

• Audio recording of first EF! tree sitter making first climb 5/20/85
• Movies of tree-sitters living in 'Tree Village' at Fall Creek Oregon
• July 23, 1985 group treesit coverage in Oregon newspaper
• Review of 1985 Earth First! – treesitting actions in Oregon.
• Greenpeace – Styx Valley: Global Rescue Station
• Timber firm begins bringing down tree sitter – Article from when Wren and Remedy were extracted.
• Hung Jury in Tree Sit Case – Information Wren's trial after her extraction
• Earth First! Humboldt – Current Tree-sits 2009
• Web site: Tree-Sitting, Since 1930. By Hank Chapot Special to the Planet. Chapot, Hank. 2015-09-24 . 2008-06-26. The Berkeley Daily Planet.

Notes and References

1. Web site: Chapot. Hank. Tree-Sitting, Since 1930. The Berkeley Daily Planet. 26 June 2008. 2008-09-06. 2008-10-04. https://web.archive.org/web/20081004081806/http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2008-06-26/article/30396?headline=Tree-Sitting-Since-1930. live.
2. Web site: Tree-Sitters Forcibly Removed . Gurnon . Emily . March 18, 2003 . Los Angeles Times . April 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200502010347/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-mar-18-me-tree18-story.html . May 2, 2020.
3. Web site: Tree Sitter Coming Down . December 10, 1999 . CBS News . April 3, 2021 . August 1, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220801081236/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/tree-sitter-coming-down/ . live .
4. News: Walters. Heidi. Eric Schatz: Tree-trimmer? Monster? Gentleman? Fall guy?. 13 December 2011. North Coast Journal. 20 April 2006. 23 May 2010. https://web.archive.org/web/20100523061129/http://www.northcoastjournal.com/042006/cover0420.html. live.
5. Web site: The Battle of Waller Creek . University of Texas at Austin . Architecture Department . 20 September 2022 . 20 September 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920174129/https://soa.utexas.edu/work/battle-waller-creek . live .
6. News: Rising Above the Environmental Debate . Fountain, Henry . The New York Times . June 18, 2006 . February 23, 2017 . July 1, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170701103735/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/18/weekinreview/18basic.html?_r=0 . live .
7. Web site: Logging protesters say they won't give up . Freeman . Ross . March 6, 1995 . High Country News . April 3, 2021 . August 13, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200813205154/https://www.hcn.org/issues/30/857 . live .
8. Web site: A new fight for old growth . Portlandtribune.com . 2009-11-09 . 2006-02-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20060226225415/http://www.portlandtribune.com/archview.cgi?id=18908 . live .
9. Web site: Identity of Tree Sitter Killed in Fall a Mystery . White . Dan . https://web.archive.org/web/20040217020216/http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/archive/2002/October/11/local/stories/01local.htm . February 17, 2004 . . October 11, 2002.
10. News: Trott . Ashley . 19 June 2008 . Tree-Sitters' Supplies Removed From Oaks by University-Hired Arborists . . . Independent Berkeley Students Publishing Company, Inc. . 13 December 2011 . 14 April 2013 . https://archive.today/20130414145943/http://archive.dailycal.org/article/101931/tree-sitters_supplies_removed_from_oaks_by_univers . live .
11. News: Taylor . Matthew . Reader Report: Grandmothers Break Oak Grove Siege . The Berkeley Daily Planet . 27 November 2007 . 13 December 2011 . 6 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120406174724/http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2007-11-27/article/28556?status=3 . live .
12. News: Bulwa. Demian. Tree-sitters act to save oaks at stadium site. 13 December 2011. San Francisco Chronicle. 4 December 2006. 7 July 2012. https://archive.today/20120707211411/http://articles.sfgate.com/2006-12-04/bay-area/17324020_1_third-tree-berkeley-law-balancing-act. live.
13. Web site: Earth First! Humboldt . Efhumboldt.org . 2009-11-09 . 2009-08-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090802182538/http://efhumboldt.org/ . live .
14. Web site: West Virginia Tree Sitters Halt Mountaintop Removal Blasting. 30 January 2012. 2010-12-28. https://web.archive.org/web/20101228063342/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2009/2009-08-28-091.html. live.
15. Web site: Treesit stopping blasts in West Virginia . Demotix . 30 January 2012 . 2 January 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150102025312/http://www.demotix.com/news/treesit-stopping-blasts-west-virginia . live .
16. Web site: Suggs. Charles. Treesitters descend, threatened with chainsaw, $50,000 bail. Climate Ground Zero. 30 January 2012. 4 September 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090904162410/http://climategroundzero.net/2009/08/pettry-chainsaw/. live.
17. Web site: Guttata. Clem. Tree Sit Halts the Blasting on Coal River Mountain (YES, AGAIN). West Virginia Blue. 30 January 2012. 8 June 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130608072735/http://www.wvablue.com/diary/5490/tree-sit-halts-the-blasting-on-coal-river-mountain-yes-again. live.
18. Web site: Lannom . Andrea . Marfork Coal Co. Granted Permanent Injunction . WBOY Channel 12 . 30 January 2012 . dead . https://archive.today/20120701103334/http://66.118.80.206/story.cfm?func=viewstory&storyid=101446 . 1 July 2012 .
19. Web site: MARFORK COAL COMPANY, Plaintiff, v. CIVIL ACTION NO. 5:10-cv-00069 DAVID AARON SMITH, et al., Defendant. In The United States District Court For The Southern District Of West Virginia Beckley Division. 30 January 2012. 14 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140514025152/http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/west-virginia/wvsdce/5:2010cv00069/64422/44/0.pdf. live.
20. Web site: Moore . Catherine . 'Tree-sitters' take up residence to fight strip mining . The Register Herald . 30 July 2011 . 30 January 2012 . 17 January 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120117073950/http://www.register-herald.com/local/x1452096081/-Tree-sitters-take-up-residence-to-fight-strip-mining . live .
21. Web site: Associated Press. Marfork Coal sues tree-sitters over state protest. The Charleston Gazette. 15 September 2011 . 30 January 2012. 22 November 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20111122183603/http://www.wvgazette.com/News/201109152136. live.
22. News: Dhillon. Matt. April 16, 2021. Last Tree-sitters Removed from Path of Mountain Valley Pipeline. The Appalachian Voice. September 15, 2021. September 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210915045144/https://appvoices.org/2021/04/16/tree-sitters-removed-mvp/. live.
23. News: Hammack. Laurence. May 5, 2021. Pipeline opponents sentenced to spend day in jail for each day in tree-sit protest. The Roanoke Times. September 15, 2021. September 15, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210915045127/https://roanoke.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/pipeline-opponents-sentenced-to-spend-day-in-jail-for-each-day-in-tree-sit-protest/article_e946e87e-adbe-11eb-8380-bb77cccf83c9.html. live.
24. Web site: Madsen Descends After Two Years in Mariah . Madsen . Nate . October 1, 2000 . Trees Foundation . April 3, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100504010048/http://www.treesfoundation.org/publications/article-49 . May 4, 2010.
25. News: Yang . Maya . 2023-02-04 . 'Cop City' protester Manuel Terán shot at least 13 times by police – autopsy . en-GB . The Guardian . live . 2023-02-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230218154729/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/feb/03/cop-city-protester-manuel-teran-shot-13-times-autopsy . 2023-02-18 . 0261-3077.
26. Abstract in English of Daniel Helldén, Demokratin utmanas: almstriden och det politiska etablissemanget. Stockholm Studies in Politics. Stockholm. 2005. 2 June 2014. 9 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181209140227/http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:197665. live.
27. Web site: McIntyre . Iain . 2020-11-04 . Environmental Blockading in Australia and Around the World - Timeline 1974-1997 . 2024-04-06 . The Commons Social Change Library . en-AU.
28. Web site: Daintree Blockade, Cape Tribulation to Bloomfield . 2022-09-20 . www.daintreeblockade.com.au . 2022-09-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172411/https://www.daintreeblockade.com.au/daintree-blockade-1983-blockade.html . live .
29. Web site: Commons Librarian . 2023-12-22 . Campaigns that Changed Tasmania . 2024-04-06 . The Commons Social Change Library . en-AU.
30. Web site: Perth Independent Media Centre . Perth.indymedia.org . 2009-09-10 . 2009-11-09 . 2011-07-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726180937/http://perth.indymedia.org/?action=default&featureview=89 . live .
31. Web site: 2011 . Still Wild Still Threatened – Styx Valley . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20111227090546/http://www.stillwildstillthreatened.org/styx/styx-valley . 2011-12-27 . 2011-10-21.
32. Web site: 2011 . Styx Valley Global Rescue Station . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20040803010908/http://weblog.greenpeace.org/tasmania/ . 2004-08-03 . 2004-07-24 . Greenpeace.
33. Web site: Perth Independent Media Centre . Perth.indymedia.org . 2009-11-09 . 2011-07-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726181317/http://perth.indymedia.org/?action=default&featureview=423 . live .
34. Web site: Jerome . Perth Independent Media Centre . Perth.indymedia.org . 2009-11-09 . 2011-07-26 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110726181017/http://perth.indymedia.org/?action=newswire&parentview=122628 . live .
35. Web site: Camp Florentine: About Camp . Still Wild Still Threatened . 13 December 2011 . 27 December 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111227024913/http://www.stillwildstillthreatened.org/camp-florentine/about-camp . live .
36. http://observertree.org/ Miranda Gibson
37. News: Australian tree-sitter ends 15-month protest after bushfire . BBC News . 2013-06-02 . 2013-03-07 . 2017-10-14 . https://archive.today/20171014042637/http://www.bbc.com/news/21698875 . live .
38. Web site: McIntyre . Iain . Environmental blockading timeline, 1974-1997 . 6 April 2024 . Commons Social Change Library.
39. Web site: Rampton, Sheldon . Sheldon Rampton . 2000-08-12 . When Helicopters Attack: A Near Accident Leads To Coverup . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20111016070631/http://prwatch.org/files/pdfs/prwatch/prwv7n1.pdf . 2011-10-16 . 2009-11-09 . Center for Media and Democracy: Prwatch.org.
40. Web site: Copyright NZ Native Forests Restoration Trust . NZ Native Forests Restoration Trust :: Our history . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100125004104/http://www.nznfrt.org.nz/index.php?page_id=111 . 2010-01-25 . 2009-11-09 . Nznfrt.org.nz.
41. Web site: M11 Link Road. Harry Cohen. 11 March 1994. 18 December 2012. Hansard of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. 27 December 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121227175001/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1994/mar/11/m11-link-road. live.
42. Web site: BBC On This Day - 1996: Green groups join bypass battle. 18 January 2004. 13 May 2019. 6 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190506223316/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/18/newsid_2530000/2530307.stm. live.
43. News: Plans for homes next to Worthing's Titnore Woods voted down. 16 March 2010. BBC News. 17 March 2010. 11 February 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230211131340/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/sussex/8570425.stm. live.
44. Is Germany's Hambach Forest Doomed by Coal? . . 2019-05-13 . 2019-05-13 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190513203522/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2018/04/hambach-forest-germany-logging-coal-conservation-science/ . dead .
45. Web site: Solidarity with the Dannenröder Forest Greenwire Deutschland . 2022-09-20 . greenwire.greenpeace.de . 2022-09-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172547/https://greenwire.greenpeace.de/solidarity-with-danni-forest . live .
46. Web site: Mueller-Ruchholtz . Joachim . Meet the guardians of an old growth forest in Germany . 2022-09-20 . i-d.vice.com . 2022-09-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173136/https://i-d.vice.com/en/article/n7vaqk/joachim-mueller-ruchholtz-photographs-dannenroder-forest . live .
47. Web site: EJOLT . Dannenrod forest occupation against highway construction, Germany EJAtlas . 2022-09-20 . . en . 2022-09-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220920172937/https://ejatlas.org/conflict/dannenrod-forest-occupation-against-highway-construction . live .
48. Web site: German police clear forest protesters for autobahn extension – DW – 11/10/2020 . 2023-02-11 . dw.com . en . 2022-09-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220922041602/https://www.dw.com/en/germany-police-begin-clearing-forest-protesters-for-autobahn-extension/a-55557033 . live .
49. Web site: Nieves . Evelyn . Last tree-sitters come down from Calif. redwoods . USA Today . 9 November 2014 . 23 September 2008 . 9 November 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141109160739/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-09-23-2743010178_x.htm . live .
50. Web site: Life on the Battle Star (Do or Die) . Eco-action.org . 2009-11-09 . 2010-06-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100620082640/http://eco-action.org/dod/no6/battle_star.htm . live .
51. Web site: Wiedel. Janine. Janine Wiedel. Eco Warriors. 22 December 2014. 22 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141222094642/http://wiedel.photoshelter.com/gallery-image/Eco-Warriors/G0000ubmY9aKe.NM/I0000g.jzcqhQDjk/P0000sEQ5h1p56G0. live.
52. Web site: Blamires. Diana. Judge allows eco-warrior, 11, to carry on living in protesters' tree house. The Independent. 22 December 2014. 27 August 1998. 25 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141225112020/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/judge-allows-ecowarrior-11-to-carry-on-living-in-protesters-tree-house-1174290.html. live.