Timeline of historic inventions explained
The timeline of historic inventions is a chronological list of particularly important or significant technological inventions and their inventors, where known.
Paleolithic
The dates listed in this section refer to the earliest evidence of an invention found and dated by archaeologists (or in a few cases, suggested by indirect evidence). Dates are often approximate and change as more research is done, reported and seen. Older examples of any given technology are often found. The locations listed are for the site where the earliest solid evidence has been found, but especially for the earlier inventions, there is little certainty how close that may be to where the invention took place.
Lower Paleolithic
The Lower Paleolithic period lasted over 3 million years, during which there many human-like species evolved including toward the end of this period, Homo sapiens. The original divergence between humans and chimpanzees occurred 13 (Mya), however interbreeding continued until as recently as 4 Ma, with the first species clearly belonging to the human (and not chimpanzee) lineage being Australopithecus anamensis. Some species are controversial among paleoanthropologists, who disagree whether they are species on their own or not. Here Homo ergaster is included under Homo erectus, while Homo rhodesiensis is included under Homo heidelbergensis.
During this period the Quaternary glaciation began (about 2.58 million years ago), and continues to today. It has been an ice age, with cycles of 40–100,000 years alternating between long, cold, more glaciated periods, and shorter warmer periods – interglacial episodes.
Middle Paleolithic
The dawn of Homo sapiens around 300 kya coincides with the start of the Middle Paleolithic period. Towards the middle of this 250,000-year period, humans begin to migrate out of Africa, and the later part of the period shows the beginning of long-distance trade, religious rites and other behavior associated with Behavioral modernity.
Upper Paleolithic to Early Mesolithic
50 kya was long regarded as the beginning of behavioral modernity, which defined the Upper Paleolithic period. The upper Paleolithic lasted nearly 40,000 years, while research continues to push the beginnings of behavioral modernity earlier into the Middle Paleolithic. Behavioral modernity is characterized by the widespread observation of religious rites, artistic expression and the appearance of tools made for purely intellectual or artistic pursuits.
- 49 kya – 30 kya: Ground stone tools – fragments of an axe in Australia date to 49–45 ka, more appear in Japan closer to 30 ka, and elsewhere closer to the Neolithic.[45] [46]
- 47 kya: The oldest-known mines in the world are from Eswatini, and extracted hematite for the production of the red pigment ochre.[47] [48]
- 45 kya – 9 kya: Earliest evidence of shoes, suggested by changes in foot bone morphology in China by Tianyuan man.[49] The earliest physical shoes found so far are bark sandals dated to 10 to 9 kya in Fort Rock Cave, United States.[50]
- 44 kya – 42 kya: Tally sticks (see Lebombo bone) in Eswatini[51]
- 42 kya: Flute in Germany[52] [53]
- 37 kya: Mortar and pestle in Southwest Asia[54]
- 32-28 kya: Rope and Cords for "hafting stone tools, weaving baskets, or sewing garments," according to Elis Kvavadze et al.[55] [56]
- 31 kya: Amputation and surgery.[57] Medicine in a meaningful sense likely predates the human-chimpanzee split, as, for example, herbal medicine has been observed in other primates.[58]
- 28 kya: Ceramics (direct evidence) and weaving (impressions left in the ceramics) in Moravia[59] [60] (Czech Republic) and Georgia. (The oldest piece of woven cloth found so far was in Çatalhöyük, Turkey and dated to about 9,000 years ago.[61])
- 24 kya: Oldest known ceramic sculpture[62]
- 23 kya: Domestication of the dog in Siberia.[63]
- 22 – 17 kya Bullroarer[64] [65] [66]
- 22 kya: Fish hook in Okinawa Island, modern day Japan.[67] [68]
- 21 – 3.7 kya: Star chart in France,[69] [70] and later Spain,[71] Kashmir,[72] Germany,[73] [74] and Egypt.[75]
- 17.5 kya: Spear-thrower (atlatl), found in France.[76]
- 16 kya: Pottery in China[77]
- 14.5 kya: Bread in Jordan[78] [79]
Agricultural and proto-agricultural eras
The end of the Last Glacial Period ("ice age") and the beginning of the Holocene around 11.7 ka coincide with the Agricultural Revolution, marking the beginning of the agricultural era, which persisted there until the industrial revolution.[80]
Neolithic and Late Mesolithic
During the Neolithic period, lasting 8400 years, stone began to be used for construction, and remained a predominant hard material for toolmaking. Copper and arsenic bronze were developed towards the end of this period, and of course the use of many softer materials such as wood, bone, and fibers continued. Domestication spread both in the sense of how many species were domesticated, and how widespread the practice became.
- 10,000 BC – 9000 BC: Agriculture in the Fertile Crescent[81] [82]
- 10,000 BC – 9000 BC: Domestication of sheep in Southwest Asia[83] [84] (followed shortly by pigs, goats and cattle)
- 9500 BC – 9000 BC: Oldest known surviving building – Göbekli Tepe, in Turkey[85] [86]
- 9000 BC – 6000 BC: Domestication of rice in China[87]
- 9000 BC: Mudbricks (unfired bricks), and clay mortar in Jericho.[88] [89] [90]
- 8400 BC: Oldest known water well in Cyprus.[91]
- 8000 BC – 7500 BC: Proto-city – large permanent settlements, such as Tell es-Sultan (Jericho) and Çatalhöyük, Turkey.[92]
- 7000 BC: Alcohol fermentation – specifically mead, in China[93]
- 7000 BC: Sled dog and Dog sled, in Siberia.[94]
- 7000 BC – 3300 BC: Tanned leather in Mehrgarh, Pakistan.[95]
- 6500 BC: Evidence of lead smelting in Çatalhöyük, Turkey[96]
- 6000 BC: Kiln in Mesopotamia (Iraq)[97]
- 6th millennium BC: Irrigation in Khuzistan, Iran[98] [99]
- 6000 BC – 3200 BC: Proto-writing in present-day Egypt, Iraq, Romania, China, India and Pakistan.[100]
- 5500 – 5200 BC: Oldest evidence of cheese found, in Poland and Croatia.[101] [102]
- 5500 BC: Sailing - pottery depictions of sail boats, in Mesopotamia,[103] and later ancient Egypt[104] [105]
- 5000 BC: Copper smelting in Serbia.[106] [107]
- 5000 BC: Seawall in Tel Hreiz.[108]
- 5th millennium BC: Lacquer in China[109] [110]
- 5000 BC: Cotton thread, in Mehrgarh, Pakistan, connecting the copper beads of a bracelet.[111] [112]
- 5000 BC – 4500 BC: Rowing oars in China[113] [114]
- 4650 BC: Copper-tin bronze found at the Pločnik (Serbia) site, and belonging to the Vinča culture, believed to be produced from smelting a natural tin baring copper ore, Stannite.[115]
- 4500 BC – 3500 BC: Lost-wax casting in Israel[116] or the Indus Valley[117]
- 4400 BC: Fired bricks in China.[118]
- 4000 BC: Probable time period of the first diamond-mines in the world, in Southern India.[119]
- 4000 BC: Paved roads, in and around the Mesopotamian city of Ur, Iraq.[120]
- 4000 BC: Plumbing. The earliest pipes were made of clay, and are found at the Temple of Bel at Nippur in Babylonia.[121]
- 4000 BC: Oldest evidence of locks, the earliest example discovered in the ruins of Nineveh, the capital of ancient Assyria.[122]
- 4000 BC – 3400 BC: Oldest evidence of wheels, found in the countries of Ukraine, Poland, and Germany.[123] [124]
- 3630 BC: Silk garments (sericulture) in China[125]
- 3500 BC: Probable first domestication of the horse in the Eurasian Steppes.[126] [127] [128]
- 3500 BC: Wine as general anaesthesia in Sumer.[129]
- 3500 BC: Seal (emblem) invented around in the Near East, at the contemporary sites of Uruk in southern Mesopotamia and slightly later at Susa in south-western Iran during the Proto-Elamite period, and they follow the development of stamp seals in the Halaf culture or slightly earlier.[130]
- 3500 BC: Ploughing, on a site in Bubeneč, Czech Republic.[131] Evidence, c. 2800 BC, has also been found at Kalibangan, Indus Valley (modern-day India).[132]
- 3400 BC – 3100 BC: Tattoos in southern Europe[133]
Bronze Age
The beginning of bronze-smelting coincides with the emergence of the first cities and of writing in the Ancient Near East and the Indus Valley. The Bronze Age starting in Eurasia in the 4th millennia BC and ended, in Eurasia, c.1200 BC.
- Late 4th millennium BC: Writing – in Sumer and Egypt.[134] [135] [136] [137]
- 3300 BC: The first documented swords. They have been found in Arslantepe, Turkey, are made from arsenical bronze, and are about 60cm (20inches) long.[138] [139] Some of them are inlaid with silver.[139]
- 3300 BC: City in Uruk, Sumer, Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq).[140]
- 3250 BC: One of the earliest known confirmed hats was worn by a man (nicknamed Ötzi) whose body (including his hat) was found frozen in a mountain between Austria and Italy. He was found wearing a bearskin cap with a chin strap, made of several hides stitched together, essentially resembling a Russian fur hat without the flaps.[141] [142] [143]
- 3200 BC: Dry Latrines in the city of Uruk, Iraq, with later dry squat Toilets, that added raised fired brick foot platforms, and pedestal toilets, all over clay pipe constructed drains.[144] [145] [146]
- 3200 BC: Earliest actual wheel ever found, the Ljubljana Marshes Wheel, made of wood, in Slovenia.
- 3000 BC: Devices functionally equivalent to dice, in the form of flat two-sided throwsticks, are seen in the Egyptian game of Senet.[147] Perhaps the oldest known dice, resembling modern ones, were excavated as part of a backgammon-like game set at the Burnt City, an archeological site in south-eastern Iran, estimated to be from between 2800 and 2500 BC.[148] [149] Later, terracotta dice were used at the Indus Valley site of Mohenjo-daro (modern-day Pakistan).[150]
- 3000 BC: Tin extraction in Central Asia[151]
- 3000 BC – 2560 BC: Papyrus in Egypt[152] [153] [154] [155]
- 3000 BC: Reservoir in Girnar, Indus Valley (modern-day India).[156]
- 3000 BC: Receipt in Ancient Mesopotamia (Iraq)[157]
- 3000 BC – 2800 BC: Prosthesis first documented in the Ancient Near East, in ancient Egypt and Iran, specifically for an eye prosthetics, the eye found in Iran was likely made of bitumen paste that was covered with a thin layer of gold.[158]
- 3000 BC – 2500 BC: Rhinoplasty in Egypt.[159] [160]
- 2650 BC: The Ruler, or Measuring rod, in the subdivided Nippur, copper rod, of the Sumerian Civilisation (modern-day Iraq).
- 2600 BC: Planned city in Indus Valley (modern-day: India, Pakistan).[161] [162]
- 2600 BC: Public sewage and sanitation systems in Indus Valley sites such as Mohenjo-daro and Rakhigarhi (modern-day: India, Pakistan).[163]
- 2600 BC: Public bath in Mohenjo-daro, Indus Valley (modern-day Pakistan).[164]
- 2600 BC: Levee in Indus Valley.[165]
- 2600 BC: Balance weights and scales, from the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt; examples of Deben (unit) balance weights, from reign of Sneferu (c. 2600 BC) have been attributed.[166]
- 2556 BC: Docks structure in Wadi al-Jarf, Egypt, which was developed by the reign of the Pharaoh Khufu.[167]
- 2500 BC: Puppetry in the Indus Valley.[168] [169]
- 2400 BC: Fork in Bronze Age Qijia culture in China[170]
- 2400 BC: Copper pipes, the Pyramid of Sahure, an adjoining temple complex at Abusir, was discovered to have a network of copper drainage pipes.
- 2400 BC: Touchstone in the Indus Valley site of Banawali (modern-day India).[171]
- 2300 BC: Dictionary in Mesopotamia.[172]
- 2200 BC – 2000 BC: Iron smelting in Kaman-Kalehöyük.[173]
- 2200 BC: Protractor, Phase IV, Lothal, Indus Valley (modern-day India), a Xancus shell cylinder with sawn grooves, at right angles, in its top and bottom surfaces, has been proposed as an angle marking tool.[174] [175]
- 2000 BC: Water clock by at least the old Babylonian period (c. 2000 – c. 1600 BC),[176] but possibly earlier from Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus Valley.[177]
- 2000 BC: Chariot in Russia and Kazakhstan[178]
- 2000 BC: Fountain in Lagash, Sumer.
- 2000 BC: Scissors, in Mesopotamia.[179]
- 1850 BC: Proto-alphabet (Proto-Sinaitic script) in Egypt.[180]
- 1600 BC: Surgical treatise appeared in Egypt.[181]
- 1500 BC: Sundial in Ancient Egypt[182] or Babylonia (modern-day Iraq).
- 1500 BC: Glass manufacture in either Mesopotamia or Ancient Egypt.[183]
- 1500 BC: Seed drill in Babylonia.[184]
- 1500 BC: Prosthetic limb in india mentioned in vedas (warrior queen vishpala).
- 1400 BC: Rubber, Mesoamerican ballgame.[185] [186]
- 1400 BC – 1200 BC: Concrete in Tiryns (Mycenaean Greece),[187] [188] though it was not yet waterproof.
- 1300 BC: Lathe in Ancient Egypt.[189]
- 1200 BC: Distillation is described on Akkadian tablets documenting perfumery operations.[190]
Iron Age
The Late Bronze Age collapse occurs around 1200 BC,[191] extinguishing most Bronze-Age Near Eastern cultures, and significantly weakening the rest. This is coincident with the complete collapse of the Indus Valley Civilisation. This event is followed by the beginning of the Iron Age. We define the Iron Age as ending in 510 BC for the purposes of this article, even though the typical definition is region-dependent (e.g. 510 BC in Greece, 322 BC in India, 200 BC in China), thus being an 800-year period.
Classical antiquity and medieval era
5th century BC
4th century BC
3rd century BC
2nd century BC
1st century BC
- 1st century BC: Segmental arch bridge (e.g. Pont-Saint-Martin or Ponte San Lorenzo) in Italy, Roman Republic[246] [247]
- 1st century BC: News bulletin during the reign of Julius Caesar. A paper form, i.e. the earliest newspaper, later appeared during the late Han dynasty in the form of the Dibao.[248] [249] [250]
- 1st century BC: Arch dam (Glanum Dam) in Gallia Narbonensis, Roman Republic (see also List of Roman dams)[251] [252] [253] [254] [255]
- Before 40 BC: Trip hammer in China[256]
- 38 BC: An empty shell Glyph for zero, is found on a Maya numerals Stela, from Chiapa de Corzo, Chiapas. Independently invented by Claudius Ptolemy, in the second century CE Egypt, and appearing in the calculations of the Almagest.
- 37 BC – 14 BC: Glass blowing developed in Jerusalem.[257] [258] [259]
- Before 25 BC: Reverse overshot water wheel by Roman engineers in Rio Tinto, Spain[260]
- 25 BC: Noodle in Lajia in China[261]
1st century AD
2nd century
3rd century
4th century
- 280 – 550: Chaturanga, a precursor of Chess was invented in India during the Gupta Empire.[274] [275] [276]
- 4th century: Roman Dichroic glass, which displays one of two different colors depending on lighting conditions.
- 4th century: Mariner's compass in Tamil Southern India: the first mention of the use of a compass for navigational purposes is found in Tamil nautical texts as the macchayantra.[277] [278] However, the theoretical notion of magnets pointing North predates the device by several centuries.
- 4th century: Simple suspension bridge, independently invented in Pre-Columbian South America, and the Hindu Kush range, of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan. With Han dynasty travelers noting bridges being constructed from 3 or more vines or 3 ropes.[279] Later bridges constructed utilizing cables of iron chains appeared in Tibet.[280] [281]
- 4th century: Fishing reel in Ancient China: In literary records, the earliest evidence of the fishing reel comes from a 4th-century AD[282] work entitled Lives of Famous Immortals.[283]
- 347: Oil Wells and Borehole drilling in China. Such wells could reach depths of up to 240 m (790 ft).[284]
- 4th century – 5th century: Paddle wheel boat (in De rebus bellicis) in Roman Empire[285]
5th century
6th century
7th century
- 619: Toothbrush in China during the Tang dynasty[298]
- 672: Greek fire in Constantinople, Byzantine Empire: Greek fire, an incendiary weapon likely based on petroleum or naphtha, is invented by Kallinikos, a Lebanese Greek refugee from Baalbek, as described by Theophanes. However, the historicity and exact chronology of this account is dubious, and it could be that Kallinikos merely introduced an improved version of an established weapon.
- 7th century: Banknote in Tang dynasty China: The banknote is first developed in China during the Tang and Song dynasties, starting in the 7th century. Its roots are in merchant receipts of deposit during the Tang dynasty (618–907), as merchants and wholesalers desire to avoid the heavy bulk of copper coinage in large commercial transactions.[299] [300] [301]
- 7th century: Porcelain in Tang dynasty China: True porcelain is manufactured in northern China from roughly the beginning of the Tang dynasty in the 7th century, while true porcelain was not manufactured in southern China until about 300 years later, during the early 10th century.[302]
9th century
10th century
11th century
13th century
- 13th century: Rocket for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China.[323]
- 13th century: The earliest form of mechanical escapement, the verge escapement in Europe.[324]
- 13th century: Buttons (combined with buttonholes) as a functional fastening for closing clothes appear first in Germany.[325]
- 13th century: Explosive bomb in Jin dynasty Manchuria: Explosive bombs are used in 1221 by the Jin dynasty against a Song dynasty city.[326] The first accounts of bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder are documented in the 13th century in China and are called "thunder-crash bombs",[327] coined during a Jin dynasty naval battle in 1231.[328]
- 13th century: Hand cannon in Yuan dynasty China: The earliest hand cannon dates to the 13th century based on archaeological evidence from a Heilongjiang excavation. There is also written evidence in the Yuanshi (1370) on Li Tang, an ethnic Jurchen commander under the Yuan dynasty who in 1288 suppresses the rebellion of the Christian prince Nayan with his "gun-soldiers" or chongzu, this being the earliest known event where this phrase is used.[329]
- 13th century: Earliest documented snow goggles, a type of sunglasses, made of flattened walrus or caribou ivory are used by the Inuit peoples in the arctic regions of North America.[330] [331] In China, the first sunglasses consisting of flat panes of smoky quartz are documented.[332] [333]
- 13th century - 14th century: Worm gear cotton gin in India.[334]
- 1277: Land mine in Song dynasty China: Textual evidence suggests that the first use of a land mine in history is by a Song dynasty brigadier general known as Lou Qianxia, who uses an 'enormous bomb' (huo pao) to kill Mongol soldiers invading Guangxi in 1277.[335]
- 1286: Eyeglasses in Italy[336]
14th century
15th century
Early modern era
16th century
[348] [349]
17th century
18th century
1700s
1710s
1730s
1740s
1750s
1760s
1770s
1780s
1790s
Late modern period
19th century
1800s
1810s
1820s
1830s
1840s
1850s
- 1850: William Armstrong invents the hydraulic accumulator.
- 1851: George Jennings offers the first public flush toilets, accessible for a penny per visit, and in 1852 receives a UK patent for the single piece, free standing, earthenware, trap plumed, flushing, water-closet.[390]
- 1852: Robert Bunsen is the first to use a chemical vapor deposition technique.
- 1852: Elisha Otis invents the safety brake elevator.[391]
- 1852: Henri Giffard becomes the first person to make a manned, controlled and powered flight using a dirigible.
- 1853: François Coignet invents reinforced concrete.
- 1855: James Clerk Maxwell invents the first practical method for color photography, whether chemical or electronic.
- 1855:Henry Bessemer patents the Bessemer process for making steel, with improvements made by others over the following years.
- 1856: Alexander Parkes invents parkesine, also known as celluloid, the first man-made plastic.
- 1856: James Harrison produces the world's first practical ice making machine and refrigerator using the principle of vapour compression in Geelong, Australia.[392]
- 1856: William Henry Perkin invents mauveine, the first synthetic dye.
- 1857: Heinrich Geissler invents the Geissler tube.
- 1857: The phonautograph, the earliest known device for recording sound, is patented and invented by Frenchman Édouard-Léon Scott de Martinville.
- 1859: Gaston Planté invents the lead acid battery, the first rechargeable battery.
1860s
1870s
1880s
1890s
20th century
1900s
1910s
1920s
1930s
- 1930: The Supersonic combusting ramjet — Frank Whittle.
- 1930: The Phase-contrast microscopy is invented by Frits Zernike.
- 1931: The electron microscope is invented by Ernst Ruska.
- 1933: FM radio is patented by inventor Edwin H. Armstrong.
- 1933: Harry C. Jennings Sr. and his disabled friend Herbert Everest, both mechanical engineers, invented the first lightweight, steel, folding, portable wheelchair with their "X-brace" design.[434] [435]
- 1935: Nylon, the first fully synthetic fiber is produced by Wallace Carothers while working at DuPont.[436]
- 1938: Z1, built by Konrad Zuse, is the first freely programmable computer in the world.
- 1938: Nuclear fission discovered in experiment by chemists Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann and physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch. The German nuclear energy project was based on this research. The Tube Alloys project and, subsequently, the Manhattan Project and the Soviet atomic bomb project were influenced by this research.
- 1939: G. S. Yunyev or Naum Gurvich invented the electric current defibrillator
1940-1944
Contemporary history
1945-1950
1950s
- 1950: Bertie the Brain, debatably the first video game, is displayed to the public at the Canadian National Exhibition.
- 1950: The Toroidal chamber with axial magnetic fields (the Tokamak) is developed by Igor E. Tamm and Andrei D. Sakharov.[452]
- 1952: The float glass process is developed by Alastair Pilkington.[453]
- 1952: The first thermonuclear weapon is developed.
- 1953: The first video tape recorder, a helical scan recorder, is invented by Norikazu Sawazaki.
- 1954: Invention of the solar battery by Bell Telephone scientists, Calvin Souther Fuller, Daryl Chapin and Gerald Pearson capturing the Sun's power. First practical means of collecting energy from the Sun and turning it into a current of electricity.
- 1955: The hovercraft is patented by Christopher Cockerell.
- 1955: The intermodal container is developed by Malcom McLean.
- 1956: The hard disk drive is invented by IBM.[454]
- 1956: The Logic Theorist computer program, the first "artificial intelligence program", was written and invented by Allen Newell, Herbert A. Simon, and Cliff Shaw.[455]
- 1957: The laser and optical amplifier are invented and named by Gordon Gould and Charles Townes. The laser and optical amplifier are foundational to powering the Internet.[456]
- 1957: The first personal computer used by one person and controlled by a keyboard, the IBM 610, is invented by IBM.
- 1957: The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, is launched.
- 1958 – 1959: The integrated circuit is independently invented by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce.
- 1959: The MOSFET (MOS transistor) is invented by the Egyptian Mohamed Atalla and the Korean Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs. It is used in almost all modern electronic products. It was smaller, faster, more reliable and cheaper to manufacture than earlier bipolar transistors, leading to a revolution in computers, controls and communication.[457] [458] [459]
1960s
1970s
- 1970s: Public-key cryptography is invented and developed by James H. Ellis, Clifford Cocks, Malcolm J. Williamson, Whitfield Diffie, Martin Hellman, Ralph Merkle, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, Leonard Adleman, et al.
- 1970: The pocket calculator is invented.
- 1971: The first single-chip microprocessor, the Intel 4004, is invented. Its development was led by Federico Faggin, using his silicon-gate MOS technology. This led to the personal computer (PC) revolution.[466]
- 1971: The first space station, Salyut 1, is launched.
- 1971: IBM developed and released the world's first floppy disk and disk drive.[467]
- 1972: The first video game console, used primarily for playing video games on a TV, is the Magnavox Odyssey.[468]
- 1973: The first fiber optic communication systems were developed by Optelecom.[469]
- 1973: The first commercial graphical user interface is introduced in 1973 on the Xerox Alto. The modern GUI is later popularized by the Xerox Star and Apple Lisa.
- 1973: The first capacitive touchscreen is developed at CERN.
- 1974: The Transmission Control Program is proposed by Vinton Cerf and Robert E. Kahn, building on the work of Louis Pouzin and other Internet pioneers, creating the basis for the modern Internet.[470] [471]
- 1974: The lithium-ion battery is invented by M. Stanley Whittingham, and further developed in the 1980s and 1990s by John B. Goodenough, Rachid Yazami and Akira Yoshino. It has impacted modern consumer electronics and electric vehicles.[472]
- 1974: The Rubik's cube is invented by Ernő Rubik which went on the be the best selling puzzle ever.[473]
- 1977: Dr Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger invented a new DNA sequencing method for which they won the Nobel Prize.[474]
- 1977: The first self-driving car that did not rely upon rails or wires under the road is designed by the Tsukuba Mechanical Engineering Laboratory.[475]
- 1978: The Global Positioning System (GPS) enters service. While not the first Satellite navigation system, it is the first to enter widespread civilian use.
- 1979: The first handheld game console with interchangeable game cartridges, the Microvision is released.
- 1979: Public dialup information, messaging and e-commerce services, were pioneered through CompuServe and RadioShack's MicroNET, and the UK's Post Office Telecommunications Prestel services.[476] [477]
1980s
- 1980: Flash memory (both NOR and NAND types) is invented by Fujio Masuoka while working for Toshiba. It is formally introduced to the public in 1984.
- 1981: The first reusable spacecraft, the Space Shuttle undergoes test flights ahead of full operation in 1982.
- 1981: Kane Kramer develops the credit card sized, IXI digital media player.[478]
- 1982: A CD-ROM contains data accessible to, but not writable by, a computer for data storage and music playback. The 1985 Yellow Book standard developed by Sony and Philips adapted the format to hold any form of binary data.
- 1982: Direct to home satellite television transmission, with the launch of Sky One service.[479]
- 1982: The first laptop computer is launched, the 8/16-bit Epson HX-20.[480]
- 1983: Stereolithography is invented by Chuck Hull.[481]
- 1984: The first commercially available cell phone, the DynaTAC 8000X, is created by Motorola.
- 1984: DNA profiling is pioneered by Alec Jeffreys.[482] [483]
- 1989: Karlheinz Brandenburg would publish the audio compression algorithms that would be standardised as the: MPEG-1, layer 3 (mp3), and later the MPEG-2, layer 7 Advanced Audio Compression (AAC).[484]
- 1989: The World Wide Web is invented by computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee.[485] [486]
1990s
- 1990: The Neo Geo AES becomes the first video game system to launch that used Memory Cards.
- 1990: The first search engine invented was “Archie”, created by Alan Emtage a student at McGill University in Montreal.
- 1991: The first commercial flash-based solid-state drive is launched by SunDisk.[487]
- 1991: The first sim card is developed by Munich smart-card maker Giesecke & Devrient.
- 1993: IBM created the first mobile app with SIMON; it had 10 built-in apps from Email to Calendar.
- 1994: IBM Simon, the world's first smartphone, is developed by IBM.
- 1994: First generation of Bluetooth is developed by Ericsson Mobile. A form of data communication on short distances between electronic devices.
- 1994: A Tetris variant on the Hagenuk MT-2000 device becomes the first mobile game.
- 1995: DVD is an optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and Panasonic in 1995. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same dimensions.
- 1995: Match.com launches as the first dating site ever and is the number 1 most visited dating site in the US.
- 1995: Waiter.com launches as the first online food ordering service.
- 1996: Ciena deploys the first commercial wave division multiplexing system in partnership with Sprint. This created the massive capacity of the internet.[488]
- 1996: Mobile web was first commercially offered in Finland on the Nokia 9000 Communicator phone, and it was also the first phone with texting.
- 1996: Bolt and Six Degrees (1997) both become the first social media sites.
- 1997: The first weblog, a discussion or informational website, is created by Jorn Barger, later shortened to "blog" in 1999 by Peter Merholz.
- 1998: The first portable MP3 player is released by SaeHan Information Systems.
- 1999: The first digital video recorder (DVR), the TiVo, is launched by Xperi.
- 1999: NTT DoCoMo launches i-mode, the first integrated Online App store for mobile phones.
21st century
2000s
- 2000: Sony develops the first prototypes for the Blu-ray optical disc format. The first prototype player was released in 2004.
- 2000: First documented placement of Geocaching, an outdoor recreational activity, in which participants use a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver or mobile device and other navigational techniques to hide and seek containers, took place on May 3, 2000, by Dave Ulmer of Beavercreek, Oregon.
- 2001: The Xbox Launches and is the first game console with internal storage
- 2004: First podcast, invented by Adam Curry and Dave Winer, is a program made available in digital format for download over the Internet and it usually features one or more recurring hosts engaged in a discussion about a particular topic or current event.[489] [490] [491]
- 2005: YouTube, the first popular video-streaming site, was founded
- 2007: Netflix debuted the first popular video-on-demand service
- 2007: Apple Inc. released the iPhone
- 2007: The Bank of Scotland develops the world's first banking app
- 2007: SoundCloud, the first on-demand service to focus on music is debuted
- 2007: First Kindle introduced by Amazon (company) founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, who instructed the company's employees to build the world's best e-reader before Amazon's competitors could. Amazon originally used the codename Fiona for the device. This hardware evolved from the original Kindle introduced in 2007 and the Kindle DX (with its larger 9.7" screen) introduced in 2009.[492]
- 2008: Satoshi Nakamoto develops the first blockchain.[493]
2010s
2020s
See also
- By type
References
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External links
Notes and References
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- JIA. Yinhua. PAN. Zhaoe. HE. Shoupu. GONG. Wenfang. GENG. Xiaoli. PANG. Baoyin. WANG. Liru. DU. Xiongming. Genetic diversity and population structure of Gossypium arboreum L. collected in China. Journal of Cotton Research. 1. 1. 2018. 11 . 2523-3254. 10.1186/s42397-018-0011-0. free. 2018JCotR...1...11J .
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. The Book of Diamonds . Hearthside Press . New York . 1940 . 22–28 . 978-1-4179-7715-4.
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- "The world's earliest known writing systems emerged at more or less the same time, around 3300 bc, in Egypt and Mesopotamia (today's Iraq)."Book: Teeter, Emily. Before the Pyramids: The Origins of Egyptian Civilization . Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. 2011 . 99.
- "Although it was once thought that the idea of writing came to Egypt from Mesopotamia, recent discoveries indicate that writing arose first in Egypt."Book: Allen, James P. . Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs. Cambridge University Press . 2010 . 2. 9781139486354 .
- "and examples of writing in Egypt have been found that very well may pre-date the earliest writing from Mesopotamia."Book: Boudreau . Vincent . The First Writing: Script Invention as History and Process . 2004 . Cambridge University Press . 9780521838610 . 71 . en.
- Frangipane, M. et.al. (2010). "The collapse of the 4th millennium centralised system at Arslantepe and the far-reaching changes in 3rd millennium societies". ORIGINI XXXIV, 2012: 237–60.
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- O’Sullivan. Niall J.. Teasdale. Matthew D.. Mattiangeli. Valeria. Maixner. Frank. Pinhasi. Ron. Bradley. Daniel G.. Zink. Albert. 18 August 2016. A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing. Scientific Reports. en. 6. 31279. 10.1038/srep31279. 27537861. 2045-2322. dmy-all. 4989873. 2016NatSR...631279O .
- Book: Mitchell, Piers D.. Sanitation, Latrines and Intestinal Parasites in Past Populations. 3 March 2016. Routledge. 978-1-317-05953-0. 22. en.
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- Possehl, Gregory. "Meluhha". In: J. Reade (ed.) The Indian Ocean in Antiquity. London: Kegan Paul Intl. 1996a, 133–208
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The Basis of Civilization – Water Science?
]. International Association of Hydrological Science. 978-1-901502-57-2. 224463869. 161.
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- Davreu, Robert (1978). "Cities of Mystery: The Lost Empire of the Indus Valley". The World's Last Mysteries. (second edition). Sydney: Reader's Digest. pp. 121-129. .
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- Web site: Khan . Dr Saifullah . Chapter 2 Sanitation and wastewater technologies in Harappa/Indus valley civilization (ca. 2600-1900 BC) .
- Web site: Harappa. com. 'Great Bath' Mohenjadaro. Slide show with description by J. M. Kenoyer. Harappa.com. 2 July 2012.
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- News: Pulling the strings to resuscitate a dying art. The Hindu. 17 August 2012. Thanjavur, India.
- Book: Needham . Joseph . Science and Civilisation in China. Volume 6: Biology and biological technology. Part V: Fermentations and food science . 22 January 2001 . Cambridge University Press . 0521652707.
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- Akanuma . Hideo . 2008 . The significance of Early Bronze Age iron objects from Kaman-Kalehöyük, Turkey . Anatolian Archaeological Studies . Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology . 17 . 313–320 . Tokyo.
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- Rao . July 1992 . A Navigational Instrument of the Harappan Sailors . Marine Archaeology . 3 . 61–66. Notes: protractor described as "compass" in article.
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- N. Kameswara . Rao . December 2005 . Aspects of prehistoric astronomy in India . Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India . 33 . 4 . 499–511 . 11 May 2007 . It appears that two artifacts from Mohenjadaro and Harappa might correspond to these two instruments. Joshi and Parpola (1987) lists a few pots tapered at the bottom and having a hole on the side from the excavations at Mohenjadaro (Figure 3). A pot with a small hole to drain the water is very similar to clepsydras described by Ohashi to measure the time (similar to the utensil used over the lingum in Shiva temple for abhishekam). . 2005BASI...33..499R.
- David S. Anthony, The Horse, The Wheel and Language: How bronze age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world (2007), pp. 397-405.
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- Book: Wilkins, Robert H. . Neurosurgical Classics . 1992 . . 978-1-879284-09-8 . 2nd . . 2011293270 . First published 1965.
- Web site: Lienhard . John H. . No. 993: SUNDIALS . The Engines of Our Ingenuity . Huston Public Media . 1 March 2022.
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- History Channel, Where Did It Come From? Episode: "Ancient China: Agriculture"
- Web site: Rubber balls used in Mesoamerican game 3,500 years ago. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/rubber-balls-used-in-mesoamerican-game-3500-years-ago-1988439.html . 7 May 2022 . subscription . live. 1 June 2010. The Independent. en. 14 May 2020.
- [#Shelton|Shelton]
- Book: Heinrich Schliemann . Tiryns: The Prehistoric Palace of the Kings of Tiryns, the Results of the Latest Excavations . Wilhelm Dörpfeld . Felix Adler . Charles Scribner's Sons . 1885 . New York . 190, 203–04, 215.
- 1110.5230 . physics.pop-ph . Amelia Carolina . Sparavigna . Ancient concrete works . 2011.
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- Book: Levey, Martin . Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia . 1959 . . 36 . As already mentioned, the textual evidence for Sumero-Babylonian distillation is disclosed in a group of Akkadian tablets describing perfumery operations, dated ca. 1200 B.C..
- Millek . Jesse . 2021 . Why Did the World End in 1200 BCE . Ancient Near East Today . 9 . 8.
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- http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page11-4.html History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.4: Sumerian constellations and star names?
- http://members.westnet.com.au/gary-david-thompson/page11-5.html History of the Constellations and Star Names — D.5: Elamite lion-bull iconography as constellations?
- https://books.google.com/books?id=lKYZy8dq8qMC&dq=saddle&pg=PA18 Beatie, Russel H. Saddles, University of Oklahoma Press, 1981
- Book: Murray. Stuart . The Library: An Illustrated History. 2009 . Skyhorse Publishing. New York . 978-1-61608-453-0. 9.
- Jacobsen T and Lloyd S, (1935) "Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan", Oriental Institute Publications 24, Chicago University Press
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- Web site: The History of Concrete . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121127052951/http://matse1.matse.illinois.edu/concrete/hist.html . 27 November 2012 . 8 January 2013 . Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.
- M. Kroll, review of G. Le Rider's La naissance de la monnaie, Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 80 (2001), p. 526. D. Sear, Greek Coins and Their Values Vol. 2, Seaby, London, 1979, p. 317.
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- Hoernle, A. F. Rudolf (1907). Studies in the Medicine of Ancient India: Osteology or the Bones of the Human Body. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
- Wendy Doniger (2014), On Hinduism, Oxford University Press,, page 79;
Sarah Boslaugh (2007), Encyclopedia of Epidemiology, Volume 1, SAGE Publications,, page 547, Quote: "The Hindu text known as Sushruta Samhita is possibly the earliest effort to classify diseases and injuries"
- Meulenbeld, Gerrit Jan (1999). A History of Indian Medical Literature. Groningen: Brill (all volumes, 1999-2002). .
- Ascaso. Francisco J.. Lizana. Joaquín. Cristóbal. José A.. 1 March 2009. Cataract surgery in ancient Egypt. Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery. en-US. 35. 3. 607–608. 10.1016/j.jcrs.2008.11.052. 19251160. 0886-3350.
- Singh . Vibha . January–June 2017 . Sushruta: The father of surgery . National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery . 8 . 1 . 1–3 . 10.4103/njms.NJMS_33_17 . 5512402 . 28761269 . free .
- Dwivedi, Girish & Dwivedi, Shridhar (2007). History of Medicine: Sushruta – the Clinician – Teacher par Excellence . National Informatics Centre (Government of India).
- Frankel, Rafael (2003): "The Olynthus Mill, Its Origin, and Diffusion: Typology and Distribution", American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 107, No. 1, pp. 1–21 (17–19)
- Ritti, Tullia; Grewe, Klaus; Kessener, Paul (2007): "A Relief of a Water-powered Stone Saw Mill on a Sarcophagus at Hierapolis and its Implications", Journal of Roman Archaeology, Vol. 20, pp. 138–163 (159)
- Web site: Reserve Bank of India - Publications . In ancient India, loan deed forms called rnapatra or rnalekhya were in use. These contained details such as the name of the debtor and the creditor, the amount of loan, the rate of interest, the condition of repayment and the time of repayment. The deed was witnessed by a person of respectable means and endorsed by the loan-deed writer. Execution of loan deeds continued during the Buddhist period, when they were called inapanna..
- Elinor Dewire and Dolores Reyes-Pergioudakis (2010). The Lighthouses of Greece. Sarasota: Pineapple Press., pp 1-5.
- https://archive.org/details/saddles00beat/page/28 Saddles, Author Russel H. Beatie, Publisher University of Oklahoma Press, 1981
- https://books.google.com/books?id=xa7zPNkxswQC&pg=PA14 White, Lynn Townsend. Medieval Technology and Social Change, Publisher Oxford University Press, 1964
- Chamberlin, J. Edward (2007). Horse: How the Horse Has Shaped Civilizations. Moscow: Olma Media Group. .
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- Vikramaditya S. Khanna (2005). The Economic History of the Corporate Form in Ancient India. University of Michigan.
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