Timeline of Korean history explained

This is a timeline of Korean history.

Early history

See also: Prehistoric Korea.

• 8000 BC: Beginning of the Jeulmun pottery period.^[1]
• 2337 BC: Legendary establishment of Tamna by Go, Yang, and Bu on Jeju Island.^{[2] [3]}
• 2333 BC: Legendary establishment of Gojoseon by Dangun.^[4]
• 1500 BC: Beginning of the Mumun pottery period.^{[5] [6] [7]}
• 700 BC: Beginning of the Liaoning bronze dagger culture.^[8]
• 323 BC: Estimated beginning of the Gojoseon-Yan War that eventually ends in Gojoseon's loss of the Liaodong peninsula to Yan.^[9]
• 300 BC: Beginning of the Iron Age.^[10]
• 300 BC: Establishment of Jin in southern Korean peninsula.^[11]

Proto-Three Kingdoms

See also: Proto–Three Kingdoms period.

• 195 BC: Establishment of Wiman Joseon.^[12]
• 108 BC: Han dynasty destroys Wiman Joseon, establishing four commanderies in northern Korean Peninsula.^[13]
• 100 BC: Buyeo, which Goguryeo and Baekje claim descent from, is established sometime around the 1st century BC.
• 57 BC: Traditional date for the founding of Silla by Bak Hyeokgeose, who is elected leader.^[14]
• 37 BC: Traditional date for the founding of Goguryeo by Jumong, a Prince of Buyeo.^[14]
• 18 BC: Traditional date for the founding of Baekje by Onjo, a Buyeo Nobleman or the third son of Jumong according to different sources.^{[14] [15]}
• 17 BC: The oldest known Korean song, Song of the Yellow Bird is written by Yuri of Goguryeo.^[16]

Three Kingdoms

See also: Three Kingdoms of Korea.

• 42 AD: Traditional date for the founding of Gaya by Suro.^[17]
• 53: Goguryeo begins to become a centralized kingdom under Taejo's reign.^[18]
• 234: Baekje begins to become a centralized kingdom under Goi's reign.^[19]
• 244: Goguryeo is defeated by Cao Wei in the Goguryeo–Wei War.^[20]
• 313: Goguryeo destroys Lelang Commandery, ending the last of the four Han Chinese commanderies established by the Han Dynasty.^[21]
• 356: Silla becomes a centralized kingdom under Naemul's reign.
• 371: Baekje's King Geunchogo invades Goguryeo and kills King Gogugwon.^[22]
• 372: Under Sosurim, Goguryeo imports Buddhism from Former Qin of China and adopts it as state sponsored religion.^[14]
• 372: Sosurim also establishes Korea's first National Confucian Academy.^[14]
• 384: Chimnyu of Baekje officially adopts Buddhism.^[23]
• 392: Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo begins his reign, expanding Goguryeo into a major regional power.^[24]
• 413: Jangsu of Goguryeo erects the Gwanggaeto Stele.^[25]
• 433: Baekje and Silla form an alliance against Goguryeo's aggression.^[26]
• 475: Goguryeo attacks Baekje and captures Hanseong (modern day Seoul).^[27] Baekje moves its capital south to Ungjin (modern-day Gongju) due to Goguryeo's pressure.
• 494: Last remains of Buyeo absorbed by Goguryeo.^[28]
• 498: Baekje attacks Tamna (modern-day Jeju Province), which enters into a tributary relationship with Baekje as a result.
• 512: Silla vassalizes Usan (modern-day Ulleungdo).^[29]
• 520: Silla formalizes the Bone-rank system, an aristocratic rank system that acted as a caste system under the reign of Beopheung of Silla.
• 527: Silla formally adopts Buddhism after Beopheung of Silla executes Ichadon, a Buddhist convert who had tried to persuade the king to adopt Buddhism.^[30] Before he was executed, Ichadon predicted that milk colored blood would spill from his body after his death.^[31] This supposed miracle allegedly occurred according to the Samguk Yusa and convinced Silla's royal court to adopt Buddhism as its state religion.
• 538: Baekje moves its capital to Sabi (modern-day Buyeo).^[27]
• 553: Silla attacks Baekje, breaking the alliance.^[32]
• 562: Silla completes annexation of Gaya.^[33]
• 598: First of a series of major Sui dynasty attacks in the Goguryeo–Sui War, which ends in 614 in a costly defeat for Sui.^[34]
• 612: Goguryeo repulses second Sui invasion at the Salsu.^[35]
• 631: Goguryeo builds the first Cheolli Jangseong following Tang incursions into Goguryeo's northwestern border.^[36]
• 645: First campaign in the Goguryeo–Tang War.^[37]
• 648: Silla establishes alliance with Tang.
• 660: Baekje falls to the Silla-Tang forces.
• 662: As a result of the fall of Baekje, Tamna enters into a tributary relationship with Silla.
• 663: Battle of Baekgang, the remnants of Baekje allied with Japanese expeditionary forces are defeated by the Silla-Tang alliance, ending all hopes for the restoration of the kingdom.
• 668: Goguryeo falls to the Silla-Tang forces.

North–South States period and Later Three Kingdoms

See also: Northern and Southern States period and Later Three Kingdoms.

• 676: Silla repels Chinese alliance forces from Korean peninsula, completes unification of much of the Three Kingdoms.
• 698: The founding of Balhae by former Goguryeo general Dae Joyeong.
• 751: Silla, at its cultural peak, constructs Seokguram and Bulguksa.
• 828: Jang Bogo establishes Cheonghaejin, a major center of trade with China, Japan, and Vietnam.
• 892: Silla begins to lose control of parts of the peninsula as the brief Later Three Kingdoms period begins.
• 897: Queen Jinseong of Silla dies. She was the third and last queen regnant in Korean history.
• 900: Hubaekje ("Later Baekje") established in the southwest of the peninsula.
• 901: Taebong ("Later Goguryeo") established in the northwest of the peninsula.
• 918: Founding of Goryeo by Taejo of Goryeo.
• 926: Balhae falls to Khitan forces.
• 935: Silla formally surrenders to Goryeo.
• 936: Hubaekje formally surrenders to Goryeo.

Goryeo

See also: Goryeo.

• 936: Goryeo completes the reunification of the Later Three Kingdoms, absorbing the entirety of Hubaekje and parts of former Balhae territory.
• 938: Goryeo subjugates Tamna
• 956: Emperor Gwangjong forces major land and slavery reforms, and in 958 implements civil service examinations.
• 979: According to Goryeosa, tens of thousands of Balhae refugees from Jeongan flee to Goryeo, marking the largest Balhae migration since the 936 exodus.^[38]
• 986: Jeongan falls to the Liao Dynasty.
• 993: The first of three Goryeo–Khitan Wars.
• 1010: The second ravages the northern border.
• 1018: The third, Khitan successfully repelled.
• 1033: Goryeo builds the second Cheolli Jangseong (lit. "Thousand Li Wall"), also known as the Goryeo Jangseong, a massive wall running along the northern border.
  • 1135: Buddhist monk and geomancer Myocheong rebels in a failed attempt to move the capital to Pyongyang and pursue aggressive expansion against the Jin Dynasty 1145: Kim Bu-sik compiles the Samguk Sagi, Korea's oldest extant history text.
• 1170: Yi Ŭi-bang overthrows Uijong of Goryeo, beginning a century of military rule known as the Goryeo military regime
• 1231: The Mongol invasions of Korea begin
• 1234: Ch'oe Yun-ŭi's Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun is published, world's first metal-block printed text.
• 1251: Goryeo completes the Tripitaka Koreana, the most comprehensive and oldest intact version of the Buddhist canon in Chinese script
• 1268: Mongol peace treaty is signed which Mongols agree to protect them the best they can.
• 1270: Goryeo signs a peace treaty with the Mongols, beginning an 80-year period of Yuan overlordship. The Sambyeolcho Rebellion lasts for three more years.
• 1274: Goryeo helps the Mongol Empire during the Mongol invasions of Japan
• 1285: Il-yeon compiles the Samguk Yusa, record of history and legends
• 1356: Goryeo regains its independence under the reign of King Gongmin of Goryeo and momentarily conquers Liaoyang
• 1388: General Yi Sŏng-gye, ordered to engage China in a border dispute, turns his troops against the Goryeo court.

Joseon

• 1392: Yi Sŏng-gye is crowned King Taejo, officially beginning the Joseon dynasty.
• 1394: Capital moved to Hanyang (modern-day Seoul)
• 1402: Paper currency initiated
• 1408: High military service examination system created
• 1412–1414: Namdaemun Market, the oldest extant market in Korea, is established.
• 1420: Hall of Worthies established
• 1424: History of Goryeo compiled
• 1446: The Hangul alphabet, created 3 years earlier, is promulgated by King Sejong the Great.
• 1586: Local nobleman Lee Eung-tae dies, leaving a pregnant widow and a child named Won behind. His widow leaves a grief-stricken letter in his tomb that is later discovered in 1998 and becomes famous internationally.^{[39] [40]}
• 1592: The Japanese invasion of Korea begins under the command of Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Admiral Yi Sun-sin employs the Turtle ship to repel Japanese naval forces.
• 1597: António Corea, a Korean slave kidnapped and taken to Japan, is sold to an Italian master. He is then taken to Italy at latest by 1600, and becomes possibly the first Korean to set foot in Europe.^[41]
• 1627: The Later Jin invasion of Joseon
• 1636: The Qing invasion of Joseon ends in Joseon's defeat, and Korea is made a tributary of the Qing Dynasty.
• 1653: Dutch mariner Hendrick Hamel crashes on Jeju Island. The isolationist Joseon government prevents him from leaving, although he is given relative freedom to live normally on the peninsula.^{[42] [43]}
• 1666: Hamel and some of his crew escape Korea to Japan, then back to the Netherlands. Hamel then publishes the first eyewitness description of Korea by a Westerner.
• 1762: Crown Prince Sado is ordered to commit suicide by his father Yeongjo of Joseon.^{[44] [45]}
• 1791: Persecution of Catholicism begins.
• 1810: A 7.3 earthquake strikes present-day North Hamgyong Province, damaging towns and killing residents.^[46]
• 1863: Koreans are photographed for the first time.
• 1864: Gojong ascends the throne with his father, Daewongun, as Regent.
• 1866: 11 October – 22 November. The French conduct a punitive campaign in Korea, but eventually retreat without concessions from the Korean government.^[47]
• 1871: United States expedition to Korea.
• 1876: Korean ports are formally opened under the Treaty of Ganghwa with Imperial Japan.
• 1881: 10 December. Japanese newspaper Chōsen Shinpō becomes the first newspaper to be published in Korea.^[48]
• 1882: Imo Incident: Mutiny by Korean soldiers in Seoul against the modernization policies of emperor Gojong
• 1883
  • July to October. The first Korean diplomatic mission to the United States also gives rise to the first Koreans to set foot in North America, the first Korean to study abroad in the United States (Yu Kil-chun), and the first Koreans to circumnavigate the globe (and Soh Kwang-pom).^[49]
  • 31 October. The first native Korean newspaper, Hansŏng sunbo, is established by the Joseon monarchy. It is written in Classical Chinese.^[50]
• 1884: Kim Ok-gyun leads the Gapsin Coup. In 3 days, Chinese forces are able to overwhelm the Progressives and their Japanese supporters.
• 1885: 11 October. The first Methodist church in Korea, Chungdong First Methodist Church, is established in Seoul by American missionary Henry Appenzeller. The church's main chapel, built in 1897, is now the oldest extant church in Korea, and the only extant one built in the 19th century.^[51]
• 1886: 25 January. The government newspaper Hansŏng jubo is established after its predecessor's facilities were burnt down in the Gapsin Coup. It is the first newspaper written primarily in the Korean language (mixed script) and the first weekly newspaper in Korea.^{[52] [53]}
• 1888: The Baby Riot of 1888: Civil unrest due to rumors.
• 1892: January. The Korean Repository becomes the first English-language monthly magazine published in Korea.^[54]
• 1894: The beginning of the Donghak Peasant Rebellion prompts the Gabo Reforms in an attempt to prevent Korea's colonization, and China and Japan fight over sovereignty of Korea in the First Sino-Japanese War.
• 1895
  • Ae Kwan Theater, the first movie theater in Korea, is established in Incheon.^[55]
  • April. After Japanese victory in the Sino–Japanese War, China recognizes Korean independence in the Treaty of Shimonoseki.^[56]
  • 8 October. Empress Myeongseong is assassinated by Japanese agents.^[57]
• 1896
  • 7 April. Tongnip Sinmun, the first private modern Korean newspaper, is founded.^[58]
  • 11 February. Gojong's internal exile to the Russian legation.

Korean Empire

See also: Korean Empire and Timeline of the Gwangmu Reform.

• 1897
  • 20 February. King Gojong returns to his palace after 1 year of refuge at the Russian legation.
  • 11 October. King Gojong proclaims the Korean Empire and is crowned at the religious shrine Hwangudan in Seoul.^[59]
• 1898: January. Independence Gate is constructed in Seoul.^{[60] [61]}
• 1902
  • The first modern indoor theater in Korea, Hyŏpyul-sa, is established in Seoul.^[62]
  • The Sontag Hotel, one of the earliest Western-style hotels in Korea, is established in Seoul.
• 1903: The first Korean immigrants to the United States arrive in Hawaii.
• 1904
  • 18 July. The Korea Daily News, predecessor to today's Seoul Shinmun, is founded by British journalist Ernest Bethell and becomes an important newspaper that can avoid Japanese censorship. It continues publication until increasing Japanese pressure causes it to be sold off in 1910. After which, it is renamed Maeil Sinbo.^{[63] [64]}
  • Philip Jaisohn becomes the first ethnic Korean to obtain a doctorate degree.
  • Imun Seolnongtang, now the oldest continually operating restaurant in South Korea, opens around this time in Seoul.^{[65] [66]}
• 1905
  • 3 June. The newspaper The Seoul Press is established, and eventually serves as the de facto official English-language publication of the government-general, as well as the only major English-language newspaper published in Korea.^[67]
  • 8 May. Koreans arrive in Mexico for the first time, as contract laborers. Most intend to stay only until the end of their contract, but they are refused permission to return. They remain in Mexico, with some going to Cuba.
  • Treaty of Portsmouth ends the Russo-Japanese War in Russian defeat and leads to uncontested Japanese dominance of Korean politics
  • Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905. After being forced to sign the treaty, Korea becomes a protectorate of the Empire of Japan.
• 1906
  • Kim Ransa returns from studying abroad at Ohio Wesleyan University. She is the first Korean woman to receive a bachelor's degree from the United States.^{[68] [69]}
  • 1 September. The historic Japanese newspaper in Korea Keijō Nippō is founded. The newspaper becomes the de facto official paper of the Japanese Resident-General of Korea and later Governor-General of Chōsen.^{[70] [71]}
• 1907
  • Historic movie theater Dansungsa is founded in Seoul.^[72]
  • February. The National Debt Repayment Movement begins. It is a grassroots effort to repay Korea's debts to Japan, in order to protect its sovereignty. The campaign is pressured by Japan to end by 1908, and the donations were confiscated by the Japanese government in 1910.^[73]
  • June. The Hague Secret Emissary Affair occurs, in which emissaries from Gojong attempt to assert Korea's independence in Europe, but are rebuffed.
  • 18 July. Gojong is forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Sunjong by Imperial Japan.
• 1908: 25 March. Durham Stevens, an American diplomat and Japanese sympathizer, is assassinated by Korean independence activists.
• 1909
  • 15 October. The first Korean-owned private regional newspaper Gyeongnam Ilbo is established.^[74]
  • 26 October. The Japanese Resident-General of Korea Itō Hirobumi is assassinated by Korean independence activist An Jung-geun
• 1910: 29 August. The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 started the annexation of the Korean Empire by Imperial Japan.

Japanese colonial period

See also: Korea under Japanese rule and Korean independence movement.

• 1911
  • The 105-Man Incident occurs, in which the Japanese arrest over 700 Koreans in connection to alleged assassination attempts on the Governor-General of Korea, Terauchi Masatake.
  • The Korean enclave Shinhanchon is established in Vladivostok. It becomes a hub of the Korean independence movement until it is dissolved in 1937.
  • Gwoneophoe, which became the de facto representative organization for Koreans in the Russian Empire, is founded in Shinhanchon. They secretly operate the and build an army using Russian government funds, but are eventually dissolved in 1917 after Japanese pressure on Russia.^[75]
• 1915: 9 September – 30 October. The Chōsen Industrial Exhibition is held at the former royal palace Gyeongbokgung.
• 1916: The final righteous army is defeated by Japanese forces.
• 1919
  • 21 January. Gojong suddenly dies, widely believed to .
  • 1 February.^[76] The is issued in Manchuria. It is the first such declaration of independence issued by Koreans, although its existence was then and remains relatively unknown.^[77]
  • 8 February. Inspired by the promotion of self-determination laid out in the Fourteen Points statement, Korean independence activists in Japan publish a February 8 Declaration of Independence. This directly inspires a similar act in Korea three weeks later.^[78]
  • 1 March. The March 1st Movement and the proclamation of the Korean Declaration of Independence. Nationwide non-violent demonstrations are violently suppressed by Japanese authorities. Governor-General Hasegawa resigns.
  • 11 April. The Korean Provisional Government (KPG) is established in exile in Shanghai, and Syngman Rhee is elected its first leader.
  • 15 April. The Jeamni massacre occurs, during which Japanese soldiers lure Korean civilians into a church, kill them, and burn the building to destroy their bodies.
  • September. Saito Makoto appointed as third Governor-General of Korea. The period of "cultural rule" (文化政治‎; bunka seiji) begins.
  • 27 October. The kino-drama, Righteous Revenge, widely considered the first Korean film, premieres at Dansungsa. This marks the anniversary of the modern Korean Film Day, although whether it is truly the first Korean film has been disputed.^{[79] [80] [81]}
• 1920
  • As part of the cultural rule policy, permission is granted for several Korean-owned newspapers to be founded. The Chosun Ilbo is established on 5 March and The Dong-a Ilbo on 1 April.^[58]
  • Kim Il Sung (then "Kim Song-ju") and his family flee to Manchuria.^[82]
  • 4 April. The Shinhanchon Incident occurs, in which an estimated several hundred Koreans are massacred by the Japanese army in Vladivostok, Far Eastern Republic.^{[83] [84]}
  • 4–6 June. The Battle of Samdunja occurs between Korean rebels and the Empire of Japan.
  • 6–7 June. The Battle of Fengwudong occurs between Korean rebels and the Empire of Japan.
  • September. The controversial Hunchun incident. Japanese authorities claim Korean rebels attacked a Japanese consulate in Manchuria on this date, but debate continues as to what happened.^[85]
  • October. The Gando Massacre occurs in Manchuria, where Japanese soldiers kill, rape, and steal from thousands of Korean civilians.
  • 21–26 October. The Battle of Qingshanli between the Imperial Japanese Army and the Korean Independence Army (led by Kim Chwa-chin) takes place. Both sides claim victory.
  • November. The first time a Korean journalist is killed while reporting: The Dong-a Ilbo journalist is killed by Japanese soldiers while investigating a Japanese massacre of Koreans in Hunchun, Manchuria.
• 1921
  • June. The first golf course in Korea is established at Hyochangwon by the Japanese colonial government. The tombs of Joseon royal family members are controversially left directly on the course.^[86]
  • 28 June. The Free City Incident occurs, where Soviet forces kill Korean militants who refuse to surrender to them.
• 1922
  • The Chōsen Art Exhibition is held for the first time. After 1945, it was succeeded by the .^[87]
  • 10 December. An Chang-nam becomes the first Korean to fly a plane in Korea.^[88]
• 1923
  • 1 March. The Koryo-saram newspaper Sŏnbong is established. It changed names to the Lenin Kichi in 1938 and Koryo Ilbo in 1991., it is the oldest active Korean-language newspaper outside of the Korean peninsula.
  • 1 September. In the immediate aftermath of the Great Kantō earthquake in Japan, the Kantō Massacre occurs. Rumors emerge that ethnic Koreans had poisoned wells or were planning to attack the Japanese.^[89] The Japanese military, police, and bands of armed vigilantes massacre thousands of Koreans, anyone they suspect of being Korean, and Japanese anarchists or left-wingers.^{[90] [91]} The Japanese government then begins a campaign to minimize or downplay the scale of the massacre.^[92]
    • During this, Korean independence activists Kaneko Fumiko and Pak Yol are arrested and sentenced to life in prison.^[93]
  • 1 December. The Government-General of Chōsen Library is established as part of the cultural rule movement. It is eventually succeeded by the National Library of Korea after liberation.
• 1924: 9 April. The Chōsen Folk Art Museum is established at Gyeongbokgung. Founded by Japanese Koreanists Yanagi Sōetsu and the Asakawa brothers, it continues until 1945, after which it was succeeded by the South Korean National Folk Museum of Korea.^[94]
• 1925: February. Kwon Ki-ok becomes the first female Korean aviator after attending a pilot training school in China.^[95]
• 1926
  • 10 June. The June 10th Movement pro-independence protests occur and are suppressed.
  • 1 October. The Japanese General Government Building in Gyeongbokgung is completed. Its location and function makes it a symbol of the colonial government. The building remained standing even after the liberation of Korea, and is finally demolished in 1995.^[96]
• 1929:
  • Japanese linguist and Koreanist Shinpei Ogura publishes his successful decipherment of hyangga poetry, which had been a lost technique for centuries. Around this time, he also performs one of the earliest extensive documentations of Korean dialects.^[97]
  • 12 September – 31 October. The Chōsen Exhibition is held at Gyeongbokgung.^[98]
  • 30 October. The Gwangju Student Independence Movement begins, and is suppressed soon afterwards.
• 1931: The Korean Patriotic Organization (KPO) is founded.
• 1932
  • 9 January. The Sakuradamon incident occurs, in which KPO member Lee Bong-chang fails in his attempt to assassinate Emperor Hirohito in Tokyo.^[99]
  • 29 April. The Hongkou Park Incident occurs, in which Yun Bong-gil sets off a bomb in a park in Shanghai (now Lu Xun Park), killing several Japanese colonial and military leadership. In the aftermath, the KPG is forced to flee Shanghai.^{[100] [101]}
  • Japan begins the "comfort women" program, in which civilian women were coerced or forced into prostitution for the Japanese military. By the end of World War II, an estimated 100,000–200,000 Korean women would be forced into sexual slavery by Imperial Japan.
• 1934: The Chinese Kuomintang assists in training 92 Korean guerrilla fighters in the 17th Army Officer Training Class of the 4th Battalion in Luoyang.
• 1935: 3 November. Runner Sohn Kee-chung becomes the first Korean to win an Olympic gold medal, and sets a world record time.^{[102] [103]} He receives a sapling as a gift from German leader Adolf Hitler, which is now in Sohn Kee-chung Park in Seoul.^[104] However, Sohn begrudgingly competed as an athlete of the Empire of Japan. The Dong-a Ilbo removes the Japanese flag from his uniform in an image, which leads to retaliation from the colonial government.^[104]
• 1937
  • 4 June. Kim Il Sung leads 150–200 guerrillas in the Battle of Pochonbo.
  • September. The deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union occurs, in which roughly 172,000 Koreans are forced to move from the Russian Far East to Central Asia. Conditions during the journey and at their destination are poor, and death toll ranges from 16,500 to 50,000.
  • November/December. The KPG flees Nanjing just weeks before the Nanjing Massacre.
• 1938
  • 1 March. Samsung is established in Daegu.
  • The Governor-General of Korea enacts the Sōshi-kaimei policy, under which Koreans are pressured and incentivized to adopt Japanese-style names.
• 1939
  • 24 March. The State General Mobilization Law is passed, and millions of Koreans are forcefully conscripted to work for Japan. Tens of thousands die due to poor work conditions.
  • The KPG settles in Chongqing, where they would remain until the end of the war.
• 1940
  • The Japanese colonial government enacts the One Province, One Company (;) policy, under which both Japanese and Korean newspapers are forced to consolidate or close. The pro-Japanese Maeil Sinbo becomes the only major Korean-language newspaper left in Korea.
  • 1 September. The Chōsen Grand Exposition is held.^[105]
  • 17 September. The KPG establishes the Korean Liberation Army, a guerrilla army that was intended to eventually fight to liberate the Korean peninsula. At its peak, it reached over 400 personnel.
  • Kim Il Sung and a few survivors escape from China into the USSR.
• 1942: October. The Korean Language Society incident occurs, under which members of the Korean Language Society are arrested and tortured on suspicion that they are Korean independence activists.
• 1943: 27 November. The Cairo Declaration between China, the United States, and the United Kingdom announces the intention of the Allies to liberate Korea after World War II, but place it under a trusteeship. This both excites and angers Koreans.^[106]
• 1944: Starting in 1944, Japan started the conscription of Koreans into the armed forces. All Korean males were drafted to either join the Imperial Japanese Army, as of April 1944, or work in the military industrial sector, as of September 1944.
• 1945 (before liberation)
  • 8 February. At the Yalta Conference, Roosevelt secretly proposes to Joseph Stalin that Korea be placed under a three-way trusteeship, and Stalin mostly agrees.^{[107] [108]}
  • May. The Eagle Project, a joint operation between the KPG and the United States Office of Strategic Services, begins. The mission is halted in late August.
  • July. It is decided during the Potsdam Conference and announced via the Potsdam Declaration that the Cairo Declaration's terms on Korea would be affirmed.
  • 24 July. The occurs at the building Bumingwan in Seoul.^[109]
  • 11 August. The General Order No. 1, drafted by the United States, specified the division of Korea at the 38th parallel. Stalin did not object to the terms.
  • 11 August. Soviet troops begin their first military operation in Korea, and land in Unggi County (later renamed Sonbong-guyok).
  • 13–17 August. The Seishin Operation is fought between the Soviet Union and Japan. Despite being outnumbered, the Soviet troops win. Chŏng Sang-jin is the only ethnic Korean to fight on the Soviet side.

Division of Korea

See also: Division of Korea and Korean conflict.

• 1945 (after liberation)
  • 15 August. The surrender of Japan and the liberation of Korea. The Korean peninsula is haphazardly divided along the 38th parallel into the Soviet Civil Administration (SCA) in the North and the United States Army Military Government in Korea (USAMGIK) in the South.
  • 3 September. The head of the Pyongyang branch of the Communist Party of Korea, Hyŏn Chun-hyŏk, is assassinated, likely by the right-wing terrorist group Daedongdan.^[110]
  • 6 September. Before both trusteeships are well-established, Lyuh Woon-hyung establishes an independent People's Republic of Korea that incorporates both left- and right-leaning politicians. However, its activities are quickly suppressed and it never gains recognition from either the USSR or US.
  • 19 September. Kim Il Sung returns to the Korean peninsula with the Soviets.
  • December. At the Moscow Conference, negotiations to reunify Korea fail. Instead, Korea is placed under a four-way trusteeship, by the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and China for five years. This leads to protest and anger in the Korean peninsula.
• 1946
  • 4 January. Cho Man-sik, Kim's main rival for leadership in the North, is removed from office and placed under house arrest by the Soviets.
  • 8 February. The Provisional People's Committee of North Korea is established, and Kim Il Sung is made its chairman. While it supposedly represents all political groups in the North, it is dominated by the Soviet-backed Communist Party.
  • 1 July. North Korea creates its first film: Our Construction.
  • December. A coalition is made in the North among all major political parties, including representatives of left-leaning parties in the South. This coalition is again dominated by the Communists.
• 1947
  • Hyundai is established, initially as a construction company.
  • 19 July. Lyuh Woon-hyung, whom some Americans had been eyeing as a more moderate alternative candidate for leadership in the South, is assassinated by a member of the far-right terrorist group the White Shirts Society.
  • 14 November. The United Nations passes General Assembly Resolution 112, which creates the United Nations Temporary Commission on Korea. The commission was intended to monitor the integrity of elections throughout the peninsula.^[111] This resolution was the result of a September initiative by the United States, which was frustrated by the lack of Soviet cooperation in negotiations about the administration of Korea. The Soviets dispute the authority of the commission and ignore it.
• 1948
  • April. Protests occur in Jeju that lead to the Jeju Uprising. The protests began in response to the news of separate elections occurring in North and South Korea. These are violently suppressed by 1949.^[112] The estimated death toll is uncertain, but a significant portion (up to 30%) of the population is killed. This event and its aftermath significantly threaten the Jeju language,^[113] which, is considered critically endangered.^[114]
  • 10 May. Despite significant controversy, elections for the National Assembly are held in South Korea, and Syngman Rhee becomes its chair.
  • 15 August. Establishment of South Korea with Syngman Rhee as president.
  • 9 September. Establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea with Kim Il Sung as Premier.
  • October. The Yeosu–Suncheon rebellion occurs. While being shipped off to Jeju to suppress the unrest, left-leaning soldiers launch a rebellion in South Jeolla Province. Thousands are killed.
  • 20 November. The South Korean National Assembly passes the National Security Law. The law has been consistently criticized for its broad scope and historical use by South Korean dictatorships to quash political resistance.
• 1949: 26 June. Kim Ku is murdered in his home by Ahn Doo-hee. The exact motives behind the murder still remain unclear.^[115]
• 1950 (before Korean War)
  • 30 January.^[116] After months of negotiations, Stalin finally relents to Kim's requests to launch an invasion of the South, but makes it conditional on whether Kim can convince Mao to support the effort.^[117]
  • April. Mao agrees to support Kim in the invasion.

Korean War

See also: Korean War.

• 1950
  • 25 June. The Korean War begins with a surprise attack from the North. While minor border skirmishes had happened prior to the war, they are not comparable in scale of the invasion the North launches. The First Battle of Seoul begins with the deaths of hundreds of civilians; Seoul falls within a few days.
  • 7 July. The UN Security Council creates the United Nations Command under the United States to support the South. Over the following years, tens of thousands of soldiers from a number of countries fight for the South.
  • 26 to 29 July. The No Gun Ri massacre occurs. Unarmed South Korean civilians near the village of Nogeun-ri are deliberately killed by the US Army; the death toll and cause of the massacre is disputed.
  • August. UN forces are driven back to the south-east corner of the Korean Peninsula ("The Pusan Perimeter").
  • September. The Battle of Inchon occurs after UN Troops make a surprise amphibious landing on the west coast. Despite the death toll, the UN resolution's original goal of returning to the status quo borders, and the concerns of the US's allies that China or the USSR could enter the war, MacArthur and Rhee decide to push North and reunify the peninsula. The UN approves this on 7 October, and troops move North on 9 October. This prompts the Chinese to begin planning a counteroffensive.
  • 19 October. Chinese forces as the People's Volunteer Army under Peng Dehuai secretly enter the North.
  • 27 November. Chinese forces launch a massive offensive from the North, which puts the UN and ROK forces into a full retreat.
  • 6 December. The Chinese retake Pyongyang.
  • December. The National Defense Corps incident begins and lasts until February 1951. The Rhee government drafts hundreds of thousands of civilians into a militia, but fail to provide them adequate supplies. Tens of thousands die or disappear.^[118]
• 1951
  • 4 January. The North and China take Seoul.
  • 15 March. Seoul is retaken by the ROK and UN Forces.
  • July. Armistice talks begin. While the establishment of a demilitarized zone and the creation of an armistice commission are agreed on, the talks stall on the issue of prisoner exchanges. Over the following two years of more stalled talks, the US and UN Forces drop more bombs on North Korea than the Allies did on Germany and Japan in World War II. Both the North and the South commit atrocities against their own citizens and civilians on the other side. Over a million and up to two million Koreans die.
• 1953
  • January. The South Korean newsreel Korean News is established. It serves as an arm of the South Korean government until it closes in 1994.^[119]
  • 27 July. The Korean War is halted by the Korean Armistice Agreement that has remained in force until now.

Modern period

See also: History of South Korea.

• 1955: March 1955. Chongryon, an association for Koreans in Japan that are aligned with North Korea, is created. It has continued to draw controversy and criticism until today.
• 1956
  • April. Chongryon assists in establishing the North Korean-aligned Korea University in Tokyo.
  • September. The August Faction Incident occurs, in which pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese North Koreans attempt to purge Kim Il Sung from power. Kim then conducts a counter-purge, which diplomatically distances North Korea from its Soviet allies.
• 1960: A student uprising begins the April Revolution which overthrows the autocratic First Republic of South Korea. Syngman Rhee resigns and goes into exile.
• 1961
  • 16 May. The May 16 coup occurs, in which General Park Chung Hee overthrows the Second Republic of Korea.
  • 12 November. Summit conference for normalization of Korean-Japanese relations.
• 1962
  • January. Start of the first Five-Year Plan of South Korea.^[120]
  • 12 October. The Sino-Korean Border Agreement is signed, beginning the process of establishing the modern border between China and North Korea. The process finishes with the agreement's 1964 companion, the Protocols on the Sino–Korean Border.
• 1964
  • South Korea joins the Vietnam War.
  • 22 June. The signing of Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea. Earned both much controversy and procurement of budgets for later economic developments.
• 1966: The World Bank organizes the International Economic Consultative Organization for Korea
• 1967: Start of the second five-year plan.
• 1968
  • January. The Blue House raid, an unsuccessful attempt of North Korean commandos to assassinate South Korean president Park Chung Hee occurs.
  • April. In retaliation for the Blue House raid, a South Korean group is created (Unit 684) to assassinate Kim Il Sung, but the group eventually mutinies on 23 August.
  • 1 April. Establishment of the Pohang Iron and Steel Company (now "POSCO").
  • 5 December. Proclamation of the National Education Charter.
• 1970
  • 22 April. Start of the Saemaul Undong.
  • Gyeongbu Expressway is completed and opened to traffic.
• 1972
  • Start of the third five-year plan.
• 1972
  • 12 August. The first Red Cross talks between North and South Korea are held.
• 1972
  • President Park Chung Hee declares emergency martial law and changes the constitution in August, which allows for him to become the permanent ruler.
• 1974: 15 August. The assassination of first lady Yuk Young-soo by North Korean sympathizer Mun Se-gwang.
• 1976
  • The Koreagate scandal breaks out in the United States.^[121]
  • 18 August. The Axe Murder Incident in Panmunjom, Joint Security Area. Triggers former North Korean leader Kim Il Sung's first official apology to the South.
  • 12 October. Discontinuation of rice imports, the accomplishment of total self-sufficiency in rice by the 'Unification Rice'.
• 1977
  • Start of the fourth five-year plan
  • 22 December. Celebration of achievement of 10 billion dollars gained by exports.
• 1978: 26 October. Detection of the 3rd tunnel. Made by North Korea to attack South Korea.
• 1978: 10 December. Achievement of 1,117 US dollars as GNP.
• 1979
  • American president Jimmy Carter visits Korea. Threatens Park by stating he would reduce the US forces in Korea if he does not stop the ongoing Nuclear Weapons Development project.
  • 26 October. President Park Chung Hee is assassinated by the chief of KCIA, Kim Jae-gyu (Assassination of Park Chung Hee).
• 1979: Coup d'état of December Twelfth, Chun Doo-hwan gets military power
• 1980: Gwangju Uprising. Martial law is declared throughout the nation. The city of Gwangju becomes a battleground between dissenters and the Armed Forces (18–27 May). The official death toll was set at 200 people but some reports claim over 1000 casualties.
• 1985: A South Korean expedition team becomes the first Koreans to set foot in Antarctica.^{[122] [123]}
• 1987: The June Democratic Struggle begins, which eventually overthrows the autocratic Fifth Republic of South Korea. The ruling party of Fifth Republic, Democratic Justice Party, then declares democratic elections.
• 1988
  • 17 February. The King Sejong Station becomes the first South Korean research station in Antarctica.^[124]
  • 17 September – 2 October. The 24th Olympic Games are held in Seoul. This event has since become viewed as a watershed moment that showcased South Korea's rapid economic development to the world.
• 1990: 11 September. South Korea and the USSR establish diplomatic relations.
• 1991
  • 17 September. North Korea (DPRK) and South Korea (ROK) join the United Nations (UN).
  • 26 December. The end of the Cold War as the Soviet Union collapses and North Korea loses military and economic aid.
• 1992
  • 11 August. South Korea's first satellite, KITSAT-1, a.k.a. 우리별 (Uri Byol) is successfully launched from Guiana Space Centre.
  • 24 August. South Korea and the People's Republic of China (PRC) establish diplomatic relations.
• 1993: Test of Rodong-1, a single-stage, mobile liquid propellant medium-range ballistic missile by the DPRK.
• 1994
  • 8 October. Kim Jong Il becomes leader of North Korea upon the death of his father.
  • 21 October. The Seongsu Bridge disaster occurs in Seoul.^[125]
  • Start of the North Korean famine.
• 1995: 29 June. The Sampoong Department Store collapses in Seoul.
• 1997: Asian Financial Crisis (or "IMF Crisis" as it was called in Korea) shakes Korea
• 1998
  • Taepodong-1, a two-stage intermediate-range ballistic missile is developed and tested by the DPRK. End of the Arduous March. It is possible that up to 3.5 million people did not survive the 'march'.
  • The Shimonoseki Trial, the first ever lawsuit against the Japanese government by comfort women or forced laborers by Koreans, ends with the denial of compensation for the three women.^{[126] [127]}
• 1999: The DPRK promises to freeze long-range missile tests.
• 2002
  • 14 January – 19 March. TV series Winter Sonata achieves significant international viewership in the Philippines and Japan, bolstering the growing Korean Wave.^[128]
  • The 2002 FIFA World Cup jointly held by Korea & Japan. South Korea national football team reaches the semi-finals for the first time in Korean football history.
  • 9 December. The National Women's History Exhibition Hall opens in Seoul, making it the first women's history museum in South Korea. It later moves to Goyang.^[129]
• 2004
  • The DPRK reaffirms moratorium.
  • 21 November. Gurudwara Shri Singh Sabha Sahib is established, making it the first Sikh gurdwara in Korea.^[130]
• 2005: The DPRK fires short-range missile into the Sea of Japan (East Sea).
• 2006: Test of Taepodong-2 by DPRK, a successor of Taepodong-1.There is a nuclear test in the DPRK. US officials assert it might have been a misfire.
• 2007: The second summit between DPRK and ROK leaders is held, with Roh Moo-hyun representing the south and Kim Jong-il the north. The DPRK fires short-range missile into the Sea of Japan.
• 2008: 8 April. A Korean woman, Yi So-yeon, becomes the first Korean to fly to outer space.^[131]
• 2009
  • North Korea launches a rocket (Unha), supposedly for space exploration.
  • The DPRK conducts another nuclear test.
• 2010: North Korea launches missile and attacks Korean, ROKS Cheonan. 46 Korean soldiers die because of the attack. At November, North Korean army rains artillery fire on Yeon-Pyeong-Do island.
• 2011: Kim Jong-il dies, Kim Jong-un takes over as the Supreme Leader of North Korea. The National Intelligence Service accuses pro-unification lawmakers of being spies. One of the members was a former Democratic Party representative. In a move indicative of the heavy-handedness of the Park regime, the party is outlawed and key party members are imprisoned.
• 2012
  • 13 April. The Kim Regime of the DPRK tested a rocket, officially called "Unha-3", an expendable launch system developed from the Soviet Scud rockets. The rocket was to send a satellite, called "Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3", into orbit. The rocket failed to launch the satellite and fell into the Yellow Sea. The mission ultimately ended in complete failure.
  • 12 December. DPRK has successful launch of Kwangmyŏngsŏng-3 Unit 2 it was launched from the Sohae Satellite Launching Ground. A South Korean military official cited 3 stage success. DPRK confirmed.
  • 19 December. Park Geun-hye, a daughter of Park Chung Hee, is elected as first female and the 11th president of South Korea.
• 2013
  • 8 December. Jang Song-thaek, uncle of North Korean Leader Kim Jong-un, was ousted from all powerful posts on various charges. The official Korean Central News Agency said the political bureau of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea stripped Jang of all posts, depriving him of all titles and expelling him and removing his name from the party.^[132]
  • 12 December. North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un, executes his Uncle, Jang Song-thaek, as a "traitor for all ages." Jang Song-thaek's execution was said to be set up by his own wife, Kim Kyong-hui, Late Supreme Leader Kim Jong-il's sister. Jang Song-thaek was considered to be the most powerful official in the DPRK Regime.^[133]
• 2014: 16 April. Sinking of MV Sewol, where 304 people, mostly students, die.^{[134] [135]}
• 2016: 9 December. The impeachment vote of President Park Geun-hye took place, whilst 234 members in the 300-member National Assembly voting in favor of the impeachment and temporary suspension of her presidential powers and duties. Hwang Kyo-ahn, then prime minister, became acting president while the Constitutional Court of Korea was due to determine whether to accept the impeachment.
• 2017
  • 10 March. The court upheld the impeachment in a unanimous 8–0 decision, removing Park from office.
  • 10 May. Moon Jae-In is sworn into office immediately after official votes were counted on 10 May, replacing Acting President and Prime Minister Hwang Kyo-Ahn.^[136]
• 2019: 21 May. The South Korean film Parasite premieres at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, and becomes the first Korean film to win the top prize.^[137] At the 2020 Academy Awards, it becomes the first Korean film to receive any recognition from the academy, and the first non–English language film to win Best Picture.^[138]
• 2021: 17 September. Premiere of the TV series Squid Game, which becomes an international sensation with hundreds of millions of viewers around the world.^[139]
• 2022
  • 10 May. Yoon Suk Yeol is sworn into office, succeeding former President Moon Jae-in.
  • 5 July. American mathematician of Korean descent June Huh is awarded the Fields Medal, which is considered the most prestigious award in mathematics. He is the first ethnic Korean to receive the award.^[140]
  • 29 October. Seoul Halloween crowd crush, 159 people are killed and another 197 injured in the deadliest accident since the sinking of the Sewol.^[141]
• 2024: 2 January. Opposition leader Lee Jae-myung is stabbed in an assassination attempt^[142] in Busan.^[143]

See also

• Korean monarchs' family trees: Silla; Goryeo; Joseon
• List of Korean monarchs
• History of Korea
• Military history of Korea
• Timeline of Seoul history

References

Sources

• Book: Seth, Michael J. . 2010 . A Concise History of Modern Korea: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present . 9780742567139. Rowman & Littlefield.
• Book: Song. Inho. 2016. Seoul Museum of History. Namdaemun Market. 979-1186324370. en. Atkinson . Timothy V..

Further reading

• • Book: Europa Publications . Political Chronology of Central, South and East Asia. 2001 . Political Chronologies of the World . Ian Preston . 978-1-135-35680-4 . Republic of Korea . https://books.google.com/books?id=f5wcH0abSQcC&pg=PA160 . 160–181 . + "Democratic People's Republic of Korea"

External links

• Timeline of Korean history
• Web site: USA . . Timeline of 20th-century Korean history .
• Comparative China-Korea-Japan arts timeline
• News: South Korea Profile: Timeline . BBC News . . May 2018 .
• News: North Korea Profile: Timeline . BBC News . . 26 April 2019 .
• Web site: Timeline of Korean History . Asia for Educators . . USA .
• Web site: Korea . Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History . . New York .

Notes and References

1. Bale, Martin T. 2001. Archaeology of Early Agriculture in Korea: An Update on Recent Developments. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 21(5):77-84. Choe, C.P. and Martin T. Bale 2002. Current Perspectives on Settlement, Subsistence, and Cultivation in Prehistoric Korea. Arctic Anthropology 39(1-2):95-121. Crawford, Gary W. and Gyoung-Ah Lee 2003. Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula. Antiquity 77(295):87-95.Lee, June-Jeong 2001. From Shellfish Gathering to Agriculture in Prehistoric Korea: The Chulmun to Mumun Transition. PhD dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison. Proquest, Ann Arbor.Lee, June-Jeong 2006. From Fisher-Hunter to Farmer: Changing Socioeconomy during the Chulmun Period in Southeastern Korea, In Beyond "Affluent Foragers": The Development of Fisher-Hunter Societies in Temperate Regions, eds. by Grier, Kim, and Uchiyama, Oxbow Books, Oxford.
2. Web site: Jeju (Cheju) Island Travel Information: Samseonghyeol. 30 July 2014.
3. [Lee, Peter H.; de Bary, William Theodore]
4. • Book: Seth, Michael J.. A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present. 2010b. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 978-0-7425-6717-7. 443.

   "An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."

   • Book: Stark, Miriam T.. Archaeology of Asia. 2008. John Wiley & Sons. 978-1-4051-5303-4. 49.

   "Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."

   • Book: Schmid, Andre. Korea Between Empires. 2013. Columbia University Press. 978-0-231-50630-4. 270.

   "Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."

   • Book: Peterson, Mark. Brief History of Korea. 2009. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-2738-5. 5.

   "The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."

   • Book: Hulbert, H. B.. The History of Korea. 2014. Routledge. 978-1-317-84941-4. 73.

   "If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."

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