A "thief in law" (or thief with code, Russian: вор в зако́не|translit=vor v zakone) in the Soviet Union, the post-Soviet states, and their respective diasporas is a formal and special status of "criminal authority", a professional criminal who follows certain criminal traditions and enjoys an elite position among other members within organized crime and correctional facility environments and who has informal authority over lower-status members.
The phrase "thief in law" is a calque of the Russian slang phrase, literally translated as 'thief in [a position of] the law'. The phrase has two distinct meanings in Russian: 'legalized thief' and 'thief who is the Law'. came to mean 'thief' no earlier than the 18th century, before which it meant 'criminal'. The word retains this meaning in the professional criminal argot.
Each new thief is made and vetted, literally a "crowned" male, with respective rituals and tattoos, by the consensus of several . Vor culture is inseparable from prison organized crime: only repeatedly jailed convicts are eligible for Vor status. Thieves in law are drawn from many nationalities from a number of post-Soviet states.[1] [2]
Although Russia, Ukraine, Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan had groups of criminals and bandits for a long time, during the disorder of the Russian Revolution of 1917, armed gangs proliferated until they became a very significant factor which controlled society. The criminal culture with its own slang, culture and laws became known as .
As the police and court system were re-established in the Soviet Union shortly after the 1917 revolution, the NKVD secret police nearly exterminated the criminal underworld completely. Under Stalin, the forced labor camps overflowed with political prisoners and criminals, and a new organized group of top criminals arose, the, or "thieves in law."[1]
The "thieves in law" formed as a society for ruling the criminal underworld within the prison camps, "who govern the dark gaps in Soviet life beyond the reach of the KGB."[1] They adopted a system of collective responsibility, and swore to a code of "complete submission to the laws of criminal life, including obligations to support the criminal ideal, and rejection of labor and political activities."[3]
For example, while incarcerated, a Vor must refuse all work, and is not allowed to assist the warden/correction officers in any way. The thieves' code states: "Your own prison you shall not make." If an inmate walks past a guard, and the guard asks him to ring the dinner bell, the convict must refuse or he will be judged by his fellow inmates and found guilty of assisting his jailers. The Vory organized their own courts and held trials governed by the code of 'thieves' honor and tradition'.[1]
Acceptance into the group is often marked by specific tattoos, allowing all members of the criminal world to instantly recognize a "thief in law". Most prison inmates are tattooed (by other inmates) to indicate their rank within the criminal world, noteworthy criminal accomplishments and places of former incarceration. For example, a tattoo of one cat indicates that the criminal robs alone while multiple cats indicate that he has partners during robberies. Reportedly, "while the Communist Party had a steadfast grip on government and society, the Vory had something of a monopoly on crime."[1]
After World War II, the vory in the Gulag system were weakened by the so-called Bitch Wars – a prison gang war between pure vory and the so-called . The Suki were former members of the criminal underworld who had broken the thieves' code by agreeing to cooperate with administration of prisons and labor camps, and the government, mostly by taking up arms (unacceptable for a thief) and joining a Soviet Army. The Bitch Wars lasted for decades. Due to a large number of suki, most gulags were divided into two separate zones: one for suki and one for vory.
After the breakup of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, the vory assumed a leading role within the Russian criminal hierarchy (see Russian mafia). The group was able to "infiltrate the top political and economic strata while taking command of the burgeoning crime network that spread murderously through the post-Soviet countries."[1] Thieves In Law are given the title by other vory and in order to be accepted they must demonstrate considerable leadership skills, personal ability, intellect, charisma, along with a well-documented criminal record.[1]
Once accepted they must live according to the thieves' code. The penalty for violation of this code is often mutilation or death. Reportedly, "today the Vory have spread around the world, to Madrid, Berlin, and New York" and are "involved in everything from petty theft to billion-dollar money-laundering while also acting as arbiters among conflicting Russian criminal factions."[1]
Reportedly, as capitalism began to take hold in Russia, an increasing number of college-educated criminals began to take over more lucrative ventures.[1] While these new criminal elements first worked with the Vory in the 1990s, in the 2000s (decade), ties to big business and government grew in importance.[1] Consequently, while the "Vory are still strong in gambling and retail trade," their importance in Russian economy and society has decreased.[1] However, since the majority of criminals eventually are arrested and incarcerated, at some point they will come in contact with the Vory who are at the top of the hierarchy of the criminal world within the penal system in Russia.
In 2011, the Obama administration implemented sanctions against an organization known as the Brothers' Circle, several members of which are thieves-in-law.[4]
(понятия, 'concepts' or 'understandings') are the rules of conduct (or even the customary laws or code of honor) among prison inmates, with Vory being respectful leaders and judges according to these rules.
Vory consider prisons their true home and have a saying, "The home for angels is heaven, and the home for a Vor is prison." According to Aleksandr Gurov, an expert on the Vory who headed the organized crime units of the Soviet Interior Ministry and the GRU, "unlike the Cosa Nostra the Vory have 'less rules, but more severe rules' [and the] members must have no ties to the government, meaning they cannot serve in the army or cooperate with officials while in prison. They must also have served several jail sentences before they can be considered. They also are not allowed to get married."[1]
Furthermore, according to Michael Schwirtz, "ethnicity has rarely determined whether someone can join the club, and today many members, even those active inside Russia, are from other post-Soviet countries such as Armenia, Georgia, and are not ethnic Russians."[1]
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, author of The Gulag Archipelago, claimed never to have seen any thief honor the code if it conflicted with his personal criminal wants.[5]
See main article: Russian criminal tattoos.
The Vory subculture (more exactly: the prison inmate subculture where Vory are the leaders) is well known for having symbolic tattoos.[6] The tattoos are usually done in the prison with primitive tools.
Tattoos associated with the thieves in law include, but are not limited to:
While there still are many ethnic Russian vory, many also are drawn from other ethnic groups from the former Soviet Union.
| Name | Nickname | Place of birth | Ethnicity | Status | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aslan Usoyan | Ded Khasan | Tbilisi, Georgian SSR | Georgian/Yezidi | Dead | |
| Zakhariy Kalashov | Shakro Molodoi | Tbilisi, Georgian SSR | Georgian/Yezidi | Released | |
| Tariel Oniani[8] | Taro | Tkibuli, Georgian SSR | Georgian | Detained | |
| Nadir Salifov | Lotu Guli | Dmanisi, Georgian SSR | Azerbaijani | Dead | |
| Evsei Agron | Evsei Leningradsky | Leningrad, Russian SFSR | Russian/Jewish | Dead | |
| Rovshan Janiyev | Rovshan Lankaransky | Lankaran, Azerbaijani SSR | Azerbaijani/Talysh | Dead | |
| Jaba Ioseliani | Duba | Khashuri, Georgian SSR | Georgian | Dead | |
| Vyacheslav Ivankov[9] | Yaponchik | Moscow, Russian SFSR | Russian | Dead | |
| Svo Raf | Yerevan, Armenian SSR | Armenian | Dead | ||
| [10] | Roma, Brother | Leningrad, Russian SFSR | Georgian | Imprisoned | |
| Luka Gabadadze[11] | Gubaza | Gori, Georgian SSR | Georgian | imprisoned |