Boroughs of New York City explained

The boroughs of New York City are the five major governmental districts that compose New York City. The boroughs are the Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of the State of New York: The Bronx is Bronx County, Brooklyn is Kings County, Manhattan is New York County, Queens is Queens County, and Staten Island is Richmond County.

All five boroughs came into existence with the creation of modern New York City in 1898, when New York County (then including the Bronx), Kings County, Richmond County, and part of Queens County were consolidated within one municipal government under a new city charter. All former municipalities within the newly consolidated city were dissolved.

New York City was originally confined to Manhattan Island and the smaller surrounding islands that formed New York County. As the city grew northward, it began annexing areas on the mainland, absorbing territory from Westchester County into New York County in 1874 (West Bronx) and 1895 (East Bronx). During the 1898 consolidation, this territory was organized as the Borough of the Bronx, though still part of New York County. In 1914, Bronx County was split off from New York County so that each borough was then coterminous with a county.

When the western part of Queens County was consolidated with New York City in 1898, that area became the Borough of Queens. In 1899, the remaining eastern section of Queens County was split off to form Nassau County on Long Island, thereafter making the borough and county of Queens coextensive with each other.

Terminology

The term borough was adopted in 1898 to describe a form of governmental administration for each of the five fundamental constituent parts of the newly consolidated city. Under the 1898 City Charter adopted by the New York State Legislature, a borough is a municipal corporation that is created when a county is merged with populated areas within it.^[1] The limited powers of the boroughs are inferior to the authority of the government of New York City, contrasting significantly with the powers of boroughs as that term is used in Connecticut, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, where a borough is an independent level of government, as well as with borough forms used in other states and in Greater London.^[2]

Background

New York City is often referred to collectively as the five boroughs, which can unambiguously refer to the city proper as a whole, avoiding confusion with any particular borough or with the Greater New York metropolitan area. The term is also used by politicians to counter a frequent focus on Manhattan and thereby to place all five boroughs on equal footing. In the same vein, the term outer boroughs refers to all of the boroughs excluding Manhattan, even though the geographic center of the city is along the Brooklyn–Queens border.

Changes

All five boroughs were created in 1898 during consolidation, when the city's modern boundaries were established.

The Bronx originally included parts of New York County outside of Manhattan that had previously been ceded by neighboring Westchester County in two stages; in 1874 (southern Yonkers, and the towns of Kingsbridge, West Farms, and Morrisania) and then following a referendum in 1894 (towns of Westchester, Williamsbridge, and the southern portion of Eastchester).^[3] Ultimately in 1914, the present-day separate Bronx County became the most recent county to be created in the State of New York.^[4]

The borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. In 1899, the three eastern towns of Queens County that had not joined the city the year before—the towns of Hempstead, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay—formally seceded from Queens County to form the new Nassau County.^[5]

The borough of Staten Island, coextensive with Richmond County, was officially the borough of Richmond until the name was changed in 1975 to reflect its common appellation, while leaving the name of the county unchanged.^[6]

Description of the boroughs

There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own.

Manhattan

• Manhattan (co-extensive with New York County) is the geographically smallest and most densely populated borough; is the symbol of New York City, as home to most of the city's skyscrapers and prominent landmarks, including Times Square and Central Park; and may be locally known simply as The City.^{[7] [8]} Manhattan's (New York County's) population density of 72,033 people per square mile (27,812/km²) in 2015 makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual U.S. city.^[9] Manhattan is the cultural, administrative, and financial center of New York City and contains the headquarters of many major multinational corporations, the United Nations Headquarters, Wall Street, and a number of important universities. Manhattan is often described by Americans as the cultural, financial, media, and entertainment capital of the world.^{[10] [11] [12] [13] [14]} Most of the borough is situated on Manhattan Island, at the mouth of the Hudson River. Several small islands are also part of the borough of Manhattan, including Randall's Island, Wards Island, and Roosevelt Island in the East River, and Governors Island to the south in New York Harbor; Liberty Island, on which the Statue of Liberty stands, is a Manhattan exclave, as is the original portion of Ellis Island.^[15] Manhattan Island is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem. Marble Hill was part of the northern tip of Manhattan Island, but the Harlem River Ship Canal, dug in 1895, separated it from the remainder of Manhattan.^[16] Before World War I, the old channel was filled in and Marble Hill became part of the mainland.^[17] After a May 1984 court ruled that Marble Hill was part of Bronx County (not New York County),^[18] the matter was definitively settled later that year when the New York Legislature overwhelmingly passed legislation declaring the neighborhood part of both New York County and the Borough of Manhattan.^{[19] [20]} New York City's remaining four boroughs are collectively referred to as the outer boroughs.^[21]

Brooklyn

• Brooklyn (co-extensive with Kings County), on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most populous borough. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social, and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods, and a distinctive architectural heritage. Downtown Brooklyn is the largest central core neighborhood in the outer boroughs. The borough has a long beachfront shoreline including Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.^[22] Marine Park and Prospect Park are the two largest parks in Brooklyn. Since the early 2010s, Brooklyn has evolved into a thriving hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms,^[23] and of postmodern art^[24] and design.^[25]

Queens

• Queens (co-extensive with Queens County), on Long Island north and east of Brooklyn, is geographically the largest borough, the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,^[26] as well as the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world.^{[27] [28]} Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, the borough has since developed both commercial and residential prominence. Downtown Flushing has become one of the busiest central core neighborhoods in the outer boroughs. Parts of Queens such as Bellerose and Forest Hills are relatively suburban in character. Queens is the site of Citi Field, the baseball stadium of the New York Mets, and hosts the annual U.S. Open tennis tournament at Flushing Meadows-Corona Park. Additionally, two of the three busiest airports serving the New York metropolitan area, John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, are located in Queens. (The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey.)

The Bronx

• The Bronx (co-extensive with Bronx County) is New York City's northernmost borough and is the only New York City borough that is part of the United States mainland (excluding some islands that are part of the borough). It is the location of Yankee Stadium, the baseball stadium of the New York Yankees, and home to Co-op City, the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States.^[29] It is also home to the Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo,^[30] which covers 265acres and houses over 6,000 animals.^[31] Directly to the zoo's north is the New York Botanical Garden, a botanical garden and National Historic Landmark. Pelham Bay Park is the largest park in New York City, at 2772acres.^[32]

Staten Island

• Staten Island (co-extensive with Richmond County) is generally the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by way of the Staten Island Ferry, a free commuter ferry and popular tourist attraction which provides unobstructed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. In central Staten Island, the Staten Island Greenbelt spans approximately 2500acres, including 28miles of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.^[33] Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.

Governance

See main article: article and Borough president. Since 1914, each of New York City's five boroughs has been coextensive with a county of New York State  - unlike most U.S. cities, which lie within a single county or extend partially into another county, constitute a county in themselves, or are completely separate and independent of any county.

Each borough is represented by a borough president. Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island each have a Borough Hall with limited administrative functions. The Manhattan Borough President's office is situated in the Manhattan Municipal Building. The Bronx Borough President's office used to be in its own Bronx Borough Hall but has been in the Bronx County Courthouse for decades. Since the abolition of the Board of Estimate in 1990 (due to a 1989 ruling of the U.S. Supreme Court^[34]), the borough presidents have minimal executive powers, and there is no legislative function within a borough. Executive functions in New York City are the responsibility of the Mayor of New York City, while legislative functions reside with the New York City Council. The borough presidents primarily act as spokesmen, advocates, and ceremonial leaders for their boroughs, have budgets from which they can allocate relatively modest sums of money to community organizations and projects, and appoint the members of the 59 largely advisory community boards in the city's various neighborhoods. The Brooklyn and Queens borough presidents also appoint trustees to the local public library systems in those boroughs.

Being coextensive with an individual county, each borough also elects a district attorney, as does every other county of New York State. While the district attorneys of Manhattan and Brooklyn are popularly referred to as "Manhattan D.A. Cyrus Vance, Jr.", or "Brooklyn D.A. Kenneth P. Thompson" by the media, they are technically and legally the district attorneys of New York County and Kings County, respectively. The same goes for Staten Island. There is no such distinction made for the district attorneys of the other two counties, Queens and the Bronx, since these boroughs share the respective counties' names. Because the five district attorneys are, technically speaking, state officials (since the counties are considered to be arms of the state government), rather than officials of the city government, they are not subject to the term limitations that govern other New York City officials such as the mayor, the New York City Public Advocate, members of the city council, or the borough presidents. Some civil court judges also are elected on a borough-wide basis, although they generally are eligible to serve throughout the city.

In some document collections the boroughs used to be designated with a one-letter abbreviation: K for Brooklyn, M for Manhattan, Q for Queens, R for Staten Island (Richmond County), and X for the Bronx.

Sixth borough

See main article: article and Sixth borough.

The term "sixth borough" is used to describe any of a number of places that have been metaphorically called a part of New York City because of their geographic location, demographics (they include large numbers of former New Yorkers), special affiliation, or cosmopolitan character. They have included adjacent cities and counties in the New York metropolitan area as well as in other states, U.S. territories, and foreign countries.^{[35] [36] [37]} In 2011, New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg referred to the city's waterfront and waterways as a composite sixth borough during presentations of planned rehabilitation projects along the city's shoreline,^{[38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43]} including Governor's Island in the Upper New York Bay.^[44] The Hudson Waterfront, in the U.S. state of New Jersey, lies opposite Manhattan on the Hudson River, and during the Dutch colonial era, it was under the jurisdiction of New Amsterdam and known as Bergen. Jersey City and Hoboken, in New Jersey's Hudson County, are sometimes referred to as the sixth borough, given their proximity and connections by rapid transit PATH trains to the city.^{[45] [46] [47] [48]} Fort Lee, in Bergen County, opposite Upper Manhattan and connected by the George Washington Bridge, has also been called the sixth borough. Yonkers, in Westchester County, is often referred to as the sixth borough as well. ^{[49] [50] [51] [52]}

See also

• Flags of New York City
• List of counties in New York

Notes and References

1. https://books.google.com/books?id=oW4_AAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA10 The Charter for the Greater New York, and Acts Supplementary Thereto, as Adopted by the State Legislature
2. Bacharach, Jacqueline; and Barrales, Ruben. Growth Within Bounds, p. 197. California Commission on Local Governance for the 21st Century, DIANE Publishing, 2000. . Accessed September 21, 2016.
3. http://web-static.nypl.org/exhibitions/midatlantic/geo_bronx.html "American Shores: The Bronx and Westchester"
4. https://www.thirteen.org/bronx/history2.html "Birth of a Borough"
5. Williams, Keith. "How Queens Became New York City's Largest Borough", Curbed, October 20, 2015. Accessed September 21, 2016. "On April 28, 1898, the state Legislature approved the creation of a new county, which some in the eastern half of the former Queens County had wanted for nearly 60 years."
6. Kaufman, Michael T. "Council Weighs Making 'Staten Island' Official", The New York Times, August 28, 1974. Accessed September 21, 2016. "Yesterday a committee of the City Council sought to right matters with a resolution that, if adopted by the full Council and approved by the Mayor, would have the borough's name officially changed to Staten Island.... The resolution only affects the name of the borough. The county would remain Richmond, in the way that the borough of Manhattan is the county of New York, and Brooklyn is the county of Kings."
7. Web site: Do You Refer To Manhattan As "The City"?. May 21, 2012. Gothamist. Jen Carlson. August 23, 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161025130428/http://gothamist.com/2012/05/21/do_you_refer_to_manhattan_as_the_ci.php. October 25, 2016.
8. Purdum, Todd S. "Political memo; An Embattled City Hall Moves to Brooklyn", The New York Times, February 22, 1992. Accessed August 23, 2017. ""Leaders in all of them fear that recent changes in the City Charter that shifted power from the borough presidents to the City Council have diminished government's recognition of the sense of identity that leads people to say they live in the Bronx, and to describe visiting Manhattan as 'going to the city.
9. Web site: Mann . Camille . Valera . Stephanie . 10 Most Crowded Islands in the World . The Weather Channel . March 28, 2016 . April 9, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160409061527/https://weather.com/travel/news/worlds-most-crowded-islands-photos-20130624?pageno=4#/4 . live .
10. [Dan Barry (reporter)|Barry, Dan]
11. News: Sorrentino, Christopher. When He Was Seventeen. The New York Times. September 16, 2007. December 22, 2007. April 17, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090417053830/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/16/nyregion/thecity/16toug.html?pagewanted=2&_r=1. live. "In 1980 there were still the remains of the various downtown revolutions that had reinvigorated New York's music and art scenes and kept Manhattan in the position it had occupied since the 1940s as the cultural center of the world."
12. News: Bumiller, Elisabeth. The Pope's visit: the cardinal; As Pope's Important Ally, Cardinal Shines High in Hierarchy. The New York Times. October 8, 1995. December 18, 2007. January 20, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120120144044/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/08/nyregion/pope-s-visit-cardinal-pope-s-important-ally-cardinal-shines-high-hierarchy.html. live. "As the Archbishop of the media and cultural center of the United States, Cardinal O'Connor has extraordinary power among Catholic prelates."
13. Web site: Manhattan May Be the Media Capital of the World, But Not For iPad Users. Michael P. Ventura. DNAinfo. April 6, 2010. June 11, 2017. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20170804015340/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20100406/manhattan/manhattan-may-be-media-capital-world-but-not-for-ipad-users. August 4, 2017.
14. Web site: ABC will broadcast New York's pride parade live for the first time. Dawn Ennis. LGBTQ Nation. May 24, 2017. June 4, 2017. July 28, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170728213225/https://www.lgbtqnation.com/2017/05/first-nyc-pridefest-will-televised/. live.
15. http://law.justia.com/codes/new-york/2006/new-york-city-administrative-code-new/adc02-202_2-202.html New York City Administrative Code Section 2-202 Division into boroughs and boundaries thereof – Division Into Boroughs And Boundaries Thereof.
16. [Christopher Gray (architectural historian)|Gray, Christopher]
17. Jackson, Nancy Beth. "If You're Thinking of Living In/Marble Hill; Tiny Slice of Manhattan on the Mainland", The New York Times, January 26, 2003. Accessed January 18, 2024. "The building of the Harlem River Ship Canal turned the hill into an island in 1895, but when Spuyten Duyvel Creek on the west was filled in before World War I, the 51 acres became firmly attached to the mainland and the Bronx."
18. Chambers, Marcia. "Judge's Ruling Revives Dispute On Marble Hill", The New York Times, May 16, 1984. Accessed January 8, 2024. "After a painstaking legal and historical analysis, Justice Peter J. McQuillan said rather, that Marble Hill lies in both. 'The conclusion is irresistible,' he said in a 36-page opinion, that Marble Hill is situated in the Borough of Manhattan, but is not part of New York County. By statute, he said, 'it is in Bronx County.' Contrary to what the Legislature may have thought when it redefined boundary lines for Manhattan in 1938 and again in 1940, it 'dealt only with boroughs and not counties,' the judge wrote. In short, the boundaries of New York County and Manhattan are not the same, he said."
19. https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/27/nyregion/bill-would-clarify-marble-hill-s-status.html "Bill Would Clarify Marble Hill's Status"
20. https://law.justia.com/cases/new-york/appellate-division-first-department/2007/2007-09955.html Montesano v New York City Hous. Auth.
21. [Frank J. Macchiarola|Macchiarola, Frank J.]
22. Book: Immerso, Michael . Coney Island: The People's Playground . Rutgers University Press . 2002 . 3 . 0-8135-3138-1.
23. Web site: 19 Reasons Why Brooklyn Is New York's New Startup Hotspot. CB Insights. October 19, 2015. August 27, 2017. April 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160409004353/https://www.cbinsights.com/blog/brooklyn-hot-startup-list-investments/. live.
24. News: One Celebrated Brooklyn Artist's Futuristic New Practice. Alexandria Symonds. The New York Times. April 29, 2016. August 27, 2017. April 30, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160430133339/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/29/t-magazine/art/dustin-yellin-vr-google-tilt-brush-art.html. live.
25. News: Brooklyn's Wearable Revolution. Vanessa Friedman. The New York Times. April 30, 2016. August 27, 2017. August 27, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170827214557/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/05/01/fashion/brooklyn-wearables-revolution.html?ribbon-ad-idx=5&rref=fashion&module=Ribbon&version=context&region=Header&action=click&contentCollection=Fashion%20%26%20Style&pgtype=article. live.
26. News: O'Donnell . Michelle . In Queens, It's the Glorious 4th, and 6th, and 16th, and 25th ... . . July 4, 2006 . July 20, 2014 . August 17, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220817102329/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/04/nyregion/04fourth.html . live .
27. News: Queens, New York, Sightseeing . Christine Kim, Demand Media . USA TODAY . March 20, 2016 . June 16, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160616145824/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/queens-new-york-sightseeing-107156.html . live .
28. Web site: Queens . Andrew Weber . NewYork.com . April 30, 2013 . March 20, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150513065643/http://www.newyork.com/articles/neighborhoods/queens-72876/ . May 13, 2015 .
29. News: Frazier . Ian . Utopia, the Bronx . The New Yorker . June 26, 2006 . September 1, 2008 . September 29, 2007 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070929153729/http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/06/26/060626fa_fact_frazier . live .
30. Web site: Bronx Zoo Animals & Exhibits . Wildlife Conservation Society . March 20, 2016 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150114073313/http://bronxzoo.com/animals-and-exhibits.aspx . January 14, 2015 .
31. Book: Ward, Candace . New York City Museum Guide . Dover Publications . 2000 . 0-486-41000-5 . 72.
32. Web site: 10 Largest Parks in New York City. Joe Dorish. ZipfWorks, Inc. March 20, 2016. April 6, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160406110813/https://new-york-ny.knoji.com/10-largest-parks-in-new-york-city/. live.
33. Web site: Staten Island Greenbelt | New York-New Jersey Trail Conference . Nynjtc.org . October 28, 2010 . April 29, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210429230830/https://www.nynjtc.org/park/staten-island-greenbelt . live .
34. Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris , 489 U.S. 688 (1989).
35. Web site: Popik. Barry. Sixth Borough (Yonkers, Scarsdale, Fort Lee, Jersey City, Hoboken, Nassau County, Rockland County). Big Apple. January 24, 2006. May 1, 2013. April 6, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130406183138/http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/sixth_borough_yonkers_scarsdale_fort_lee_jersey_city_hoboken_nassau_county_/. live.
36. Web site: Walker . Ken . That Mythical Sixth Borough . Daily Newarker . May 10, 2007 . May 1, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131005210206/http://dailynewarker.com/2007/05/that-mythical-sixth-borough/. October 5, 2013 . unfit.
37. Web site: Carlsen . Jen . Poll: Where is New York's 6th Borough? . Gothamist . December 10, 2010 . May 1, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140902131133/http://gothamist.com/2010/12/03/poll_new_yorks_6th_borough.php . September 2, 2014 .
38. Mayor Bloomberg and Speaker Quinn Unveil Comprehensive Plan for New York city's Waterfront and Waterways . NYCEDC . March 14, 2011 . May 1, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130314083046/http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/about/pr031411.shtml . March 14, 2013 .
39. Web site: Rovzar . Chris . Mayor Bloomberg Attempts to Rebrand the 'Sixth Borough' . New York Magazine . March 14, 2011 . November 28, 2012 . April 29, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120429022938/http://nymag.com/daily/intel/2011/03/mayor_bloomberg_attempts_to_re.html . live .
40. News: Mainland . Alex . A Blog for the 'Sixth Borough' . The New York Times . February 18, 2011 . May 1, 2013 . May 19, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130519065410/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/02/18/a-blog-for-the-sixth-borough/ . live .
41. News: Yeh . Richard . City Reclaims Waterfront as 'Sixth Borough' . WNYC . March 14, 2011 . https://archive.today/20130615191632/http://www.wnyc.org/blogs/wnyc-news-blog/2011/mar/14/city-reclaim-its-waterfront-assets-sixth-borough/ . dead . June 15, 2013 . May 1, 2013 .
42. Web site: Sixth Borough Stories from New York's Waterfront . Columbia School of Journalism . 2011 . May 1, 2013 . The sixth borough. That's what Mayor Bloomberg calls the 578 miles of shore land that encircle the five boroughs of New York City. . April 23, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130423074327/http://sixthborough.org/ . live .
43. Web site: Cunningham . Ryan A. . Metropolis Magazine . Will NYC have a 6th Borough? . January 22, 2012 . May 1, 2013 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130208122833/http://www.metropolismag.com/pov/20120122/will-nyc-have-a-6th-borough . February 8, 2013 .
44. Web site: Studio Report The Speculation Studio: Governors Island, The Sixth Borough? . Urban Omnibus . January 11, 2012 . May 1, 2013 . April 8, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130408064726/http://urbanomnibus.net/2012/01/studio-report-the-speculation-studio-governors-island-the-sixth-borough/ . live .
45. News: CITIES; Bright Lights, Big Retail . . Steve . Strunsky . December 9, 2001 . February 6, 2017 . June 30, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170630173129/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/09/nyregion/cities-bright-lights-big-retail.html . live .
46. Holusha, John. "Commercial Property / The Jersey Riverfront; On the Hudson's West Bank, Optimistic Developers", The New York Times, October 11, 1998. Accessed May 25, 2007. That simply is out of the question in midtown,' he said, adding that some formerly fringe areas in Midtown South that had previously been available were filled up as well. Given that the buildings on the New Jersey waterfront are new and equipped with the latest technology and just a few stops on the PATH trains from Manhattan, they become an attractive alternative. 'It's the sixth borough', he said."
47. News: In Stamford, a Plan to Rebuild an Area and Build an Advantage . The New York Times . Ken . Belson . May 21, 2007 . February 6, 2017 . July 24, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180724063004/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/21/nyregion/21stamford.html . live .
48. Web site: Olear . Greg . The Sixth Borough A good look at Hoboken . The Copperator . December 2002 . May 1, 2013 . June 25, 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130625233624/http://cooperator.com/articles/689/1/The-Sixth-Borough/Page1.html . live .
49. Lefkowitz, Melanie. "Bergen County's Fort Lee: Town With a View" . The Wall Street Journal. April 30, 2011. Accessed September 16, 2012.
50. Web site: Fort Lee grapples with questions on future development . Linh Tat . North Jersey Media Group Inc. . June 12, 2012 . September 16, 2012 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20130723060351/http://www.northjersey.com/fortlee/Fort_Lee.html . July 23, 2013 .
51. Web site: Living In Fort Lee, N.J. Close to the City, but With a Life of Its Own. September 7, 2012. The New York Times. Vera Haller. September 16, 2012. September 13, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120913204820/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/09/realestate/fort-lee-nj-living-in-close-to-new-york-city-but-with-a-life-of-its-own.html. live.
52. Web site: More New Yorkers relocating to Philly. The Morning Call. March 29, 2015. August 27, 2016. October 12, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161012133502/http://www.mcall.com/news/nationworld/pennsylvania/mc-new-yorkers-move-to-philly-20150329-story.html. live.