The Three Caballeros Explained

The Three Caballeros
Director:	Supervising Director: Sequence Directors: Clyde Geronimi Jack Kinney Bill Roberts Harold Young
Producer:	Walt Disney Norman Ferguson
Studio:	Walt Disney Productions
Distributor:	RKO Radio Pictures
Runtime:	71 minutes
Country:	United States
Gross:	$3.355 million (worldwide rentals)^[1]

The Three Caballeros is a 1944 American live-action and animated musical propaganda anthology film produced by Walt Disney and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The film premiered in Mexico City on December 21, 1944. It was released in the United States on February 3, 1945 and in the United Kingdom in March 1945. It marks the tenth anniversary of Donald Duck and plots an adventure through parts of Latin America, combining live-action and animation. This is the second of the six package films released by Walt Disney Productions in the 1940s, following Saludos Amigos (1942). It is also notable for being one of the first feature-length films to incorporate traditional animation with live-action actors.^[2]

The film is plotted as a series of self-contained segments, strung together by the device of Donald Duck opening birthday gifts from his Latin American friends. Several Latin American stars of the period appear, including singers Aurora Miranda (sister of Carmen Miranda) and Dora Luz, as well as singer and dancer Carmen Molina.

The film was produced as part of the studio's goodwill message for Latin America.^[3] The film stars Donald Duck, who in the course of the film is joined by old friend José Carioca, the cigar-smoking parrot from Saludos Amigos, who represents Brazil, and later becomes friends with a pistol-packing rooster named Panchito Pistoles, who represents Mexico.

Plot

The film, celebrating Donald Duck's 10th anniversary, consists of seven segments, each connected by a common theme. In the film, it is Donald Duck's birthday (namely Friday the 13th), and he receives three presents from friends in Latin America. The first present is a film projector, which shows him a documentary about birds called Spanish; Castilian: "Aves Raras". The first segment of the documentary tells the story of Pablo, a penguin seeking the warm weather of Equatorial South America. The next segment details some of the odd birds of Latin America. During this part of the documentary, he learns about the Aracuan Bird, who received his name because of his eccentric song. The documentary then shifts to the perspective of a man narrating a story from his childhood, where he discovers and befriends a donkey with the wings of a condor in Uruguay.

The next present is a book given to Donald by José, a native of Brazil. This book tells of Bahia (spelled "Baía" in the film), which is one of Brazil's 26 states. José shrinks them both down so that they can enter the book. Donald and José meet up with several of the locals, who dance a lively samba, and Donald ends up pining for one girl Yaya, the cookie seller, but fails and gets jealous of another man. After the journey, Donald and José leave the book.

Upon returning, Donald realizes that he is too small to open his third present. José shows Donald how to use "black magic" to return himself to the proper size. After opening the present, he meets Panchito, a native of Mexico. The trio take the name "The Three Caballeros" and have a short celebration. Panchito then presents Donald's next present, a Spanish; Castilian: [[piñata]]. Panchito tells Donald of the tradition behind the piñata. José and Panchito then blindfold Donald, and have him attempt to break open the piñata, eventually revealing many surprises. The celebration draws to a close when Donald is fired away by firecrackers in the shape of a ferocious toy bull (with which the firecrackers are lit by José with his cigar).

Throughout the film, the Aracuan Bird appears at random moments. He usually taunts everyone with his madcap antics, sometimes stealing José's cigar and trying to make José jealous. His most famous gag is when he re-routes a train that Donald and José are riding on by drawing new tracks, causing the train to disassemble.

The film consists of seven segments:

"The Cold-Blooded Penguin"

This segment is narrated by Sterling Holloway, reproducing images of the penguins of in Antarctica. In the segment, a penguin named Pablo is so fed up with the freezing conditions of the South Pole that he decides to leave his home for warmer climates, navigating the long coast of Chile (including the Juan Fernández Islands and Viña del Mar), passing by Lima (the capital of Peru) and Quito (the capital of Ecuador) before landing on the Galápagos Islands.^[4]

"The Flying Gauchito"

This segment, with adult narration provided by Fred Shields, involves the adventures of a little boy from Uruguay and a winged donkey, who goes by the name of Burrito (which is Spanish for "little donkey").

"Baía"

This segment involves a pop-up book trip through the Brazilian state of Bahia (spelled Baía in the film), as Donald and José meet up with some of the locals who dance a samba and Donald pining for one of the women, a cookie seller named Yaya (portrayed by singer Aurora Miranda), who later gives Donald a kiss after he gives her a bouquet of flowers.

"Las Posadas"

This is the story of a group of Mexican children who celebrated Christmas by re-enacting the journey of Mary, the mother of Jesus and Saint Joseph searching for room at the inn. Spanish; Castilian: "Posada" meant "inn", or "shelter", and their parents told them "no Spanish; Castilian: posada" at each house until they came to one where they were offered shelter in a stable. This leads to festivities including the breaking of the Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|piñata, which in turn leads to Donald Duck trying to break his own Spanish; Castilian: italics=no|piñata as well.

"Mexico: Pátzcuaro, Veracruz and Acapulco"

Panchito gives Donald and José a tour of Mexico City and the country of Mexico on a flying sarape, or magic carpet. Several Mexican dances and songs are learned here. Later Donald pines for more women, tries to pursue every one he sees and gain return affections, but once more he fails every time and ends up kissing José while blindfolded.

"You Belong to My Heart" and "Donald's Surreal Reverie"

The skies of Mexico City result in Donald falling in love with singer Dora Luz. The lyrics in the song itself play parts in the scenarios as well. Then several imagined kisses lead to Donald going into the "Love is a drug" scene. Donald constantly envisions sugar rush colors, flowers, and Panchito and José popping in at the worst moments, making chaos. The scene changes after Donald manages to dance with Carmen Molina from the state of Oaxaca, from the Isthmus of Tehuantepec. The two dance and sing the song Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"[[La Sandunga|La Zandunga]]". Carmen begins by singing the song, with Donald "quacking" out the rest of the chorus with her. The "drunkenness" slows down for a second after Donald multiplies himself while dancing, but speeds up again when Carmen reappears dressed in a Charro's outfit and uses a horsewhip as a conductor's baton to make cacti appear in many different forms while dancing to Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"[[Jesusita en Chihuahua]]", a trademark song of the Mexican Revolution. This scene is notable for providing the masterful combination of live-action and cartoon animation, as well as animation among the cacti.

The scene is interrupted when Panchito and José suddenly spice things up for the finale of the film, and Donald ends up battling the same toy bull with wheels on its legs the day before from earlier. The catch is that it is now loaded with fireworks and other explosives, following with a fireworks finale with the words "The End" exploding from the fireworks, first in Spanish (Spanish; Castilian: Fin), in the colors of the flag of Mexico, then the second in Portuguese (Portuguese: Fim), in the colors of the flag of Brazil, and finally in English, in the colors of the flag of the United States (The End).

Cast

• Clarence Nash as Donald Duck
• José do Patrocínio Oliveira as José Carioca
• Joaquin Garay as Panchito Pistoles
• Almirante as the Aracuan Bird^[5]
• Aurora Miranda as Yaya
• Dora Luz as herself
• Carmen Molina as herself
• Sterling Holloway as the Narrator (Pablo the Cold-Blooded Penguin)
• Frank Graham as the Narrator
• Fred Shields as the Narrator (The Flying Gauchito) (Spanish with a Mexican accent)
• Francisco "Frank" Mayorga as the Mexican Guitarist
• Nestor Amaral as José Carioca's singing voice (Baía) / Man with oranges (Baía)
• Trío Calaveras
• Trío Ascencio del Río
• Padua Hills Player
• Carlos Ramírez – Mexico

Background

The Good Neighbor policy was a campaign by the United States to improve its relations with Latin America. A special concern in the late 1930s was the mounting program of Nazi propaganda designed to increase Nazism in the Americas, which would weaken US control and divide the Americas. To counter the Nazis, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt founded in 1940–1941 the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs through which US propaganda efforts could be coordinated. Chief Coordinator Nelson Rockefeller asked Walt Disney to produce a few short films with themes friendly to Latin America, and Disney traveled to Brazil with a creative team to collect images and inspire ideas for such films.^[6]

The first Disney product of this propaganda program was the animated film Saludos Amigos in 1942. This film introduced the character José Carioca—a Brazilian businessman taking the form of a parrot—who led Donald Duck around South America.^{[6] [7] [8]} The next major film was The Three Caballeros which brought together Donald Duck, José Carioca, and a new character from Mexico: Panchito Pistoles, a gun-toting revolutionary rooster.^[9] These Disney films were much more successful than previous propaganda efforts.^[6]

Release

Theatrical

The film's world premiere took place in Mexico City on December 21, 1944. It was released in the United States on February 3, 1945, and in the United Kingdom in March of that year.

The Three Caballeros was re-released to theaters on April 15, 1977. For this re-issue, the film was edited significantly and re-released in featurette form at 41 minutes, to accompany a re-issue of Never a Dull Moment.

Television

For the film's television premiere, The Three Caballeros aired as the ninth episode of the first season of ABC's Disneyland television series. Edited, shortened, and re-titled A Present for Donald for this December 22, 1954, broadcast and subsequent re-runs, Donald receives gifts from his friends for Christmas, instead of for his birthday as in the original.

Home media

• November 19, 1982 (VHS and Betamax)
• October 6, 1987 and October 4, 1988 (VHS, Betamax and Laserdisc)
• October 28, 1994 (VHS and Laserdisc – Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection)
• 1995 (Laserdisc – Exclusive Archive Collection)
• May 2, 2000 (VHS and DVD – Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection)
• April 29, 2008 (DVD – Classic Caballeros Collection)
• January 30, 2018 (Blu-ray – 75th Anniversary Edition 2-Movie Collection)

Box office

The film returned rentals to RKO by 1951 of $3,355,000 with $1,595,000 being generated in the U.S. and Canada. The film generated in excess of $700,000 in Mexico.^[10]

Critical reception

The Three Caballeros received mixed reviews upon its original release. Most critics were relatively perplexed by the "technological razzle-dazzle" of the film, thinking that, in contrast to the previous feature films up to this time, "it displayed more flash than substance, more technique than artistry."^[11] Bosley Crowther for one wrote in The New York Times, "Dizzy Disney and his playmates have let their technical talents run wild."^[11] Other reviewers were taken aback by the sexual dynamics of the film, particularly the idea of Donald Duck lusting towards flesh-and-blood women. As Wolcott Gibbs put it^[12] in a negative review of the film for The New Yorker, such a concept "is one of those things that might disconcert less squeamish authorities than the Hays office. It might even be said that a sequence involving the duck, the young lady, and a long alley of animated cactus plants would probably be considered suggestive in a less innocent medium."^[13]

The film holds an 84% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 19 reviews, with an average score of 6.50/10. The site's consensus reads, "One of Disney's more abstract creations, The Three Caballeros is a dazzling, colorful picture that shows the company at an artistic acme."^[14]

Accolades

Award	Category	Nominee(s)	Result	Ref.
Academy Awards	Best Scoring of a Musical Picture	Edward H. Plumb, Paul Smith and Charles Wolcott		^[15]
	Best Sound Recording	C. O. Slyfield
Venice International Film Festival	Golden Lion	Walt Disney		^[16]

Soundtrack

The film's original score was composed by Edward H. Plumb, Paul J. Smith, and Charles Wolcott.

• The title song, "The Three Caballeros", based its melody on Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"[[Ay, Jalisco, no te rajes!]]", a Mexican song composed by Manuel Esperón with lyrics by Ernesto Cortázar. Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"Ay, Jalisco, no te rajes!" was originally released in a 1941 film of the same name, starring Jorge Negrete. After seeing Manuel Esperón's success in the Mexican film industry, Walt Disney called him personally to ask him to participate in the film. New English lyrics were written to the song by Ray Gilbert.
• "Baía" based its melody on the Brazilian song Portuguese: italic=no|"[[Na Baixa do Sapateiro]]" which was written by Ary Barroso and first released in 1938. New English lyrics were written by Ray Gilbert. Another Ary Barroso song, Portuguese: italic=no|"[[Aquarela do Brasil]]", was featured in the earlier film Saludos Amigos with its original Portuguese lyrics.
• "Have You Been to Bahia?" was written by Dorival Caymmi and was originally released in 1941. The song was translated into English with no major changes, other than replacing the word Portuguese: italic=no|"nega" (a woman of African descent) with "Donald", to whom the song is addressed in the film. Parts of the song are still sung in its original Portuguese.
• "Pandeiro & Flute" was written by Benedito Lacerda, and is played during the Baia train sequence. It is the opinion of Disney's Chief Archivist Emeritus, Dave Smith, that the piece was not written originally for the film, but was instead licensed to Disney; however, he is unaware of any evidence that proves this opinion. The piece was developed by Charles Wolcott, and Lacerda went uncredited in the film.^{[17] [18]}
• Portuguese: italic=no|"[[Os Quindins de Yayá]]" was written by Ary Barroso and first released in 1941. Unlike Barroso's other song to be featured in this film, Portuguese: italic=no|"Os Quindins de Yayá" was left in its original Portuguese. The song is sung by Aurora Miranda in the film.
• Portuguese: italic=no|"Os Quindins de Yayá" is briefly interrupted by Nestor Amaral singing a small portion of Portuguese: italic=no|"Pregões Cariocas" which was written by Braguinha in 1931. This song was first recorded under the name Portuguese: italic=no|"Cena Carioca" and came to be known as Portuguese: italic=no|"Pregões Cariocas" in 1936.
• "Mexico" was composed by Charles Wolcott with lyrics by Ray Gilbert and was sung by Carlos Ramírez. It is the only song in the film to be completely original.
• The Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"Jarabe Pateño" was written by Jonás Yeverino Cárdenas in 1900. It is considered one of the most famous compositions from the Mexican state of Coahuila.^[19]
• "Lilongo" was written by Felipe "El Charro" Gil and copyrighted in the U.S. in 1946,^[20] though it was first recorded in the U.S. in 1938. It is performed by Trío Calaveras in the film.
• "You Belong to My Heart" based its melody on the Mexican song Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"Solamente una vez", which was written by Agustín Lara. Like Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"Ay, Jalisco, no te rajes!" and Portuguese: italic=no|"Na Baixa do Sapateiro", new English lyrics were written to the song by Ray Gilbert.
• Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"[[La Zandunga]]" (also spelled Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"La Sandunga") is a traditional Mexican song and the unofficial anthem of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. The melody is believed to have originated from Andalusia and was rearranged by Andres Gutierrez. Lyrics were written to it by Máximo Ramó Ortiz in 1853. It was arranged for this film by Charles Wolcott.
• The instrumental composition which plays while the cacti are dancing is Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"[[Jesusita en Chihuahua]]", a trademark of the Mexican Revolution which was written by Quirino Mendoza y Cortés in 1916. Over time this piece has also come to be known under the names "J.C. Polka", "Jesse Polka", and "Cactus Polka".
• The instrumental composition Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"[[Sobre las olas]]" ("Over the Waves") written by Mexican songwriter Juventino Rosas and first published in 1888 can be heard in the film's score during "The Cold-Blooded Penguin" segment while Pablo the penguin is sailing to the Galápagos Islands. A small portion of "Jingle Bells" is briefly sung by Donald Duck.
• "Babalu" by Desi Arnaz is used briefly.
• The title song from Spanish; Castilian: Saludos Amigos is heard instrumentally when Donald first opens his presents.

Other media

• The Aracuan Bird later made an appearance in the 1947 short film Clown of the Jungle, where it constantly interrupts Donald's attempts to photograph birds in a South American jungle.^[21]
• Agustín Lara's song "You Belong to My Heart" was featured in a Disney short called Pluto's Blue Note (1947). It was later recorded by Bing Crosby. Ary Barroso's song "Bahia" and the title song became popular hit tunes in the 1940s. The complete "Bahia" sequence was cut from the 1977 theatrical reissue of the film.^[22]
• One of the scenes of the former Mickey Mouse Revue features Donald, Jose and Panchito in the show, performing the film's theme song. In the queue for Mickey's PhilharMagic, there is a poster for Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"Festival de los Mariachis", which also features the three protagonists. They also appear in some of Disney's themed resorts, such as Disney's Coronado Springs Resort where one can find topiaries of the trio, and Disney's All-Star Music Resort where a fountain depicting the trio is the centrepiece of the Guitar-shaped Calypso Pool.
• Some clips from this film were used in the "Welcome to Rio" portion of the Mickey Mouse Disco music video.
• Fictional music group Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the title song, "The Three Caballeros", for their 1995 Disney-themed album When You Wish Upon a Chipmunk; however, The Walt Disney Company neither sponsored nor endorsed the album the song was featured on.
• Don Rosa wrote and drew two comic book sequels: The Three Caballeros Ride Again (2000) and The Magnificent Seven (Minus 4) Caballeros (2005).
• In February 2001, José and Panchito performed with Donald in the House of Mouse episode "The Three Caballeros", voiced by Carlos Alazraqui (Pistoles) and Rob Paulsen (Carioca), appearing as recurring characters after that. In 2015, also makes an appearance in Mickey Mouse episode Spanish; Castilian: italic=no|"¡Feliz Cumpleaños!" as performers at Mickey's birthday. The pair later appeared in the Mickey and the Roadster Racers episode "Mickey's Perfecto Day", in which they are former bandmates of Donald's who perform a concert with Daisy Duck after Donald is unable to take part.
• In September 2006, Panchito and José returned to Walt Disney World where they appeared for meet and greets. They were only found outside the Mexico pavilion in World Showcase at Epcot. Donald also appeared with them.
• In April 2007, the film became the basis for a ride at the Mexican pavilion at Walt Disney World's Epcot named Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros.^[23]
• The 2011 Mickey's Soundsational Parade at Disneyland features all three Caballeros and the Aracuan Bird in one parade unit.
• Along with many other Disney characters, Panchito, José, and Donald appear in the updated It's a Small World ride at Disneyland during the section portraying Mexico.
• On June 9, 2018, a new show called Legend of the Three Caballeros was produced by Disney Interactive focusing on crazy adventures and was first released on the DisneyLife app in the Philippines. It produced 13 episodes.^[24]
• José and Panchito make appearances in the 2017 DuckTales reboot, with Bernardo De Paula as José and Arturo Del Puerto as Panchito.^[25]

See also

• Walt & El Grupo, a 2008 documentary film about the making of The Three Caballeros
• 1944 in film
• List of American films of 1944
• List of Walt Disney Pictures films
• List of Disney theatrical animated features
• List of animated feature films of the 1940s
• List of highest-grossing animated films
• List of films with live action and animation
• List of package films

Notes and References

1. News: Richard B. Jewell's RKO film grosses, 1929–51: The C. J. Trevlin Ledger: A comment. . Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Volume 14, Issue 1, 1994..
2. News: 5 Best – and 5 Worst – Live-Action/Animation Hybrid Movies. Schwarzbaum. Lisacn. 2013-07-31. Gleiberman . Owen . . January 19, 2022.
3. Disney. Walt. Fletcher Markle. An Interview with Walt Disney. Orson Welles Mercury Theater.
4. Web site: The Three Caballeros. Comhem. en. August 18, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160916020327/http://web.comhem.se/~u70901683/movies/three_cabelleros/3caballeros.htm. September 16, 2016. dead.
5. Book: Ghez, Didier . They Drew as They Pleased . . 2017 . 9781452164076 . 3 . San Francisco . 167 . en.
6. Donald Duck: An American Diplomat? . April 12, 2019 . Sweeney . Melodie . . February 3, 2024.
7. Disney Nonplussed: The Global Politics That Made The Three Caballeros . January 17, 2020 . Lowe . Kenneth . . February 3, 2024.
8. Book: Valim, Alexandre Busko . Brazil, the United States, and the Good Neighbor Policy . 2019 . Lexington Books . 105 . 978-1793613288.
9. Mapping the Metaphor of the Good Neighbor: Geography, Globalism, and Pan-Americanism during the 1940s . Spellacy . Amy . Summer 2006 . . 55–58 . 47 . 2 . February 3, 2024.
10. Web site: The Three Caballeros . . March 20, 2018.
11. Book: Watts, Steven. 1997. The Magic Kingdom: Walt Disney and the American Way of Life. registration. Houghton Mifflin. New York.. 248. 0-395-83587-9.
12. "What Hath Walt Wrought," New Yorker, 10 February 1945, in Wolcott Gibbs, Backward Ran Sentences (Bloomsbury, 2011), p. 598.
13. Book: Maltin, Leonard. 1973. The Disney Films. Bonanza Books. New York.. 67. 0-517-177412.
14. Web site: The Three Caballeros (1945). Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. .
15. Web site: The 18th Academy Awards - 1946 . July 26, 2020 . oscars.org . Academy Of Motion Picture Arts And Sciences.
16. Web site: Venice Film Festival (1949). 2020-10-21. IMDb.
17. Web site: D23 Presents Ask Dave: June 12, 2012 . Dave . Smith . . June 14, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120615214959/http://d23.disney.go.com/news/2012/06/d23-presents-ask-dave-june-12-2012/ . June 15, 2012 . While written by Lacerda (1903–1958) and licensed by Disney, it was developed by Charles Wolcott and Lacerda was uncredited. The piece appears at the end of the Baia train sequence and just before the 'Os Quindins de Ya-Ya' sequence. A pandeiro is a Brazilian version of a tambourine. . dead.
18. Web site: D23 Presents Ask Dave: July 19, 2012 . Dave . Smith . . July 22, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120722201434/http://d23.disney.go.com/news/2012/07/d23-presents-ask-dave-july-19-2012/ . July 22, 2012 . It is the flute piece played during the train sequence, according to the film’s music cue sheet, running for one minute, three-and-two-thirds seconds. It is followed by silence, then 'Os Quindins de Ya-Ya'. I have assumed it was not written for the film, but was simply licensed, though I have not seen evidence to back up that assumption. . dead.
19. Web site: Distingue a Coahuila el 'Jarabe Pateño'; es reconocido a nivel mundial. Ernesto Acosta. zocalo.com. August 19, 2009. March 22, 2012.
20. Web site: Ask Dave Lilongo . Dave Smith . D23 . January 13, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120105143454/http://d23.disney.go.com/archives/ . January 5, 2012 .  'Lilongo' was written by Felipe 'El Charro' Gil, and copyrighted in the U.S. by the music publisher Peer International Corp. in 1946. It is in the Son Jarocho style, a traditional musical style of the southern part of the Mexican state of Veracruz. Gil was born in Misantla, Veracruz, in 1913, into a family of musicians, and he made a study of the music of the area. . dead.
21. Web site: Clown of the Jungle (film) . . . 2 May 2021.
22. Book: Hischack, Thomas. Mark Robinson . The Disney Song Encyclopedia. . 2009.
23. Web site: Gran Fiesta Tour at Walt Disney World. WDWHistory.com.
24. https://www.cartoonbrew.com/internet-television/disney-made-a-three-caballeros-tv-series-but-most-people-cant-see-it-161096.html "Disney Made A 'Three Caballeros' TV Series, But Most People Can’t See It"
25. The Three Caballeros reunite on DuckTales – first look. Entertainment Weekly. Snetiker. Marc. November 2, 2018. July 23, 2022.