Streisand effect explained

The Streisand effect is an unintended consequence of attempts to hide, remove, or censor information, where the effort instead increases public awareness of the information. The effect is named for American singer and actress Barbra Streisand, whose attorney's attempt in 2003 to suppress the publication of a photograph showing her clifftop residence in Malibu, taken to document coastal erosion in California, inadvertently drew far greater attention to the previously obscure photograph. The effect exemplifies psychological reactance: where the desire to hide information instead makes its propagation more likely.[1] [2] [3]

Mechanism

Attempts to suppress information are often made through cease-and-desist letters, but instead of being suppressed, the information sometimes receives extensive publicity, as well as the creation of media such as videos and spoof songs, which can be mirrored on the Internet or distributed on file-sharing networks.[4] [5] In addition, seeking or obtaining an injunction to prohibit something from being published or to remove something that is already published can lead to increased publicity of the published work.

The Streisand effect is an example of psychological reactance, wherein once people are aware that some information is being kept from them, they are significantly more motivated to acquire and spread it.[6]

History and etymology

In 2003, American singer and actress Barbra Streisand sued photographer Kenneth Adelman and Pictopia.com for US$50 million for violation of privacy.[7] [8] [9] The lawsuit sought to remove "Image 3850", an aerial photograph in which Streisand's mansion was visible, from the publicly available California Coastal Records Project of 12,000 California coastline photographs, documenting coastal erosion and intended to influence government policymakers, of which the photograph of her residence was an overlooked and inconsequential tidbit of information.[4] [10] [11] [12] [13] The lawsuit was dismissed and Streisand was ordered to pay Adelman's $177,000 legal attorney fees.[7] [14] [15] [16] [17]

"Image 3850" had been downloaded only six times prior to Streisand's lawsuit, two of those being by Streisand's attorneys.[18] Public awareness of the case led to more than 420,000 people visiting the site over the following month.[19]

Two years later, Mike Masnick of Techdirt named the effect after the Streisand incident when writing about Marco Beach Ocean Resort's takedown notice to urinal.net (a site dedicated to photographs of urinals) over its use of the resort's name.[20] [21]

Equivalent saying in Chinese

The phenomenon is well-known in Chinese culture, expressed by the "wishing to cover, more conspicuous" (Chinese: [[wikt:欲蓋彌彰|欲蓋彌彰]], Chinese: hp=Yù gài mí zhāng).[22] A similar expression appeared as early as the 4th century BC.[23]

Streisand's perspective

In her 2023 autobiography My Name is Barbra, Streisand, citing security problems with intruders, wrote, "My issue was never with the photo ... it was only about the use of my name attached to the photo. I felt I was standing up for a principle, but in retrospect, it was a mistake. I also assumed that my lawyer had done exactly as I wished and simply asked to take my name off the photo."[24]

Examples

See main article: List of Streisand effect examples.

In politics and government

The French intelligence agency DGRI's attempt to delete the French Wikipedia article about the military radio station of Pierre-sur-Haute[25] resulted in the restored article temporarily becoming the most-viewed page on the French Wikipedia.[26]

In October 2020, the New York Post published emails from a laptop owned by Hunter Biden, the son of then Democratic presidential nominee Joe Biden, detailing an alleged corruption scheme.[27] After internal discussion that debated whether the story may have originated from Russian misinformation and propaganda, Twitter blocked the story from their platform and locked the accounts of those who shared a link to the article, including the New York Post own Twitter account, and White House Press Secretary Kayleigh McEnany, among others.[28] Researchers at MIT cited the increase of 5,500 shares every 15 minutes to about 10,000 shares shortly after Twitter censored the story, as evidence of the Streisand Effect nearly doubling the attention the story received.[29] Twitter removed the ban the following day.

By businesses

See also: AACS encryption key controversy. In April 2007, a group of companies that used Advanced Access Content System (AACS) encryption issued cease-and-desist letters demanding that the system's 128-bit (16-byte) numerical key (represented in hexadecimal as) be removed from several high-profile websites, including Digg. With the numerical key and some software, it was possible to decrypt the video content on HD DVDs. This led to the key's proliferation across other sites and chat rooms in various formats, with one commentator describing it as having become "the most famous number on the Internet".[30] Within a month, the key had been reprinted on over 280,000 pages, printed on T-shirts and tattoos, published as a book, and appeared on YouTube in a song played over 45,000 times.[31]

In September 2009, multi-national oil company Trafigura obtained in a British court a super-injunction to prevent The Guardian newspaper from reporting on an internal Trafigura investigation into the 2006 Ivory Coast toxic waste dump scandal. A super-injunction prevents reporting on even the existence of the injunction. Using parliamentary privilege, Labour MP Paul Farrelly referred to the super-injunction in a parliamentary question and on October 12, 2009, The Guardian reported that it had been gagged from reporting on the parliamentary question, in violation of the Bill of Rights 1689.[32] [33] [34] Blogger Richard Wilson correctly identified the blocked question as referring to the Trafigura waste dump scandal, after which The Spectator suggested the same. Not long after, Trafigura began trending on Twitter, helped along by Stephen Fry's retweeting the story to his followers.[35] Twitter users soon tracked down all details of the case, and by October 16, the super-injunction had been lifted and the report published.[36]

By other organizations

In January 2008, the Church of Scientology's attempts to get Internet websites to delete a video of Tom Cruise speaking about Scientology resulted in the creation of the protest movement Project Chanology.[37] [38]

On December 5, 2008, the Internet Watch Foundation (IWF) added the English Wikipedia article about the 1976 Scorpions album Virgin Killer to a child pornography blacklist, considering the album's cover art "a potentially illegal indecent image of a child under the age of 18".[39] The article quickly became one of the most popular pages on the site,[40] and the publicity surrounding the IWF action resulted in the image being spread across other sites.[41] The IWF was later reported on the BBC News website to have said "IWF's overriding objective is to minimise the availability of indecent images of children on the Internet, however, on this occasion our efforts have had the opposite effect".[42] This effect was also noted by the IWF in its statement about the removal of the URL from the blacklist.[43] [44]

By individuals

In May 2011, Premier League footballer Ryan Giggs sued Twitter after a user revealed that Giggs was the subject of an anonymous privacy injunction (informally referred to as a "super-injunction")[45] that prevented the publication of details regarding an alleged affair with model and former Big Brother contestant Imogen Thomas. A blogger for the Forbes website observed that the British media, which were banned from breaking the terms of the injunction, had mocked the footballer for not understanding the effect.[46] Dan Sabbagh from The Guardian subsequently posted a graph detailing—without naming the player—the number of references to the player's name against time, showing a large spike following the news that the player was seeking legal action.[47]

In 2013, a Buzzfeed article listing photos from the Superbowl contained a photo of Beyonce making an unflattering pose. Her publicist contacted Buzzfeed and requested its removal. As an unintended side effect, the image became far more well-known across the internet and is frequently cited as an example of the Streisand effect.[48]

The Streisand effect has been observed in relation to the right to be forgotten, the right in some jurisdictions to have private information about a person removed from internet searches and other directories under some circumstances, as a litigant attempting to remove information from search engines risks the litigation itself being reported as valid, current news.[49] [50]

In December 2022, Twitter CEO Elon Musk banned the Twitter account @elonjet, a bot that reported his private jet's movements based on public domain flight data.[51] Musk cited concerns about his family's safety.[52] The ban drew further media coverage and public attention to Musk’s comments on allowing free speech across the Twitter platform.[53] [54] Musk received further criticism after banning several journalists that had referred to the "ElonJet" account or been critical of Musk in the past.[55]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Burnett . Dean . May 22, 2015 . Why government censorship [in no way at all] carries greater risks than benefits ]. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160424061616/https://www.theguardian.com/science/brain-flapping/2015/may/22/government-censorship-psychology-theresa-may . April 24, 2016 . April 16, 2016 . The Guardian . London.
  2. Canton . David . November 5, 2005 . Today's Business Law: Attempt to suppress can backfire . dead . . https://archive.today/20070927014240/http://www.lfpress.ca/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=111404&x=articles&s=shopping . September 27, 2007 . July 21, 2007 . The 'Streisand effect' is what happens when someone tries to suppress something and the opposite occurs. The act of suppressing it raises the profile, making it much more well known than it ever would have been..
  3. News: Mugrabi . Sunshine . January 22, 2007 . YouTube – Censored? Offending Paula Abdul clips are abruptly taken down. . dead . https://archive.today/20070218200850/http://www.redherring.com/Article.aspx?a=20872&hed=YouTube%E2%80%94Censored%3F . February 18, 2007 . July 21, 2007 . . Another unintended consequence of this move could be that it extends the kerfuffle over Ms. Abdul's behavior rather than quelling it. Mr. Nguyen called this the 'Barbra Streisand effect', referring to that actress's insistence that paparazzi photos of her mansion not be used.
  4. Canton . David . Today's Business Law: Attempt to suppress can backfire . https://archive.today/20070927014240/http://www.lfpress.ca/cgi-bin/publish.cgi?p=111404&x=articles&s=shopping . dead . September 27, 2007 . . November 5, 2005 . July 21, 2007 . The 'Streisand effect' is what happens when someone tries to suppress something and the opposite occurs. The act of suppressing it raises the profile, making it much more well known than it ever would have been..
  5. News: YouTube – Censored? Offending Paula Abdul clips are abruptly taken down. . Mugrabi . Sunshine . January 22, 2007 . . July 21, 2007 . Another unintended consequence of this move could be that it extends the kerfuffle over Ms. Abdul's behavior rather than quelling it. Mr. Nguyen called this the 'Barbra Streisand effect', referring to that actress's insistence that paparazzi photos of her mansion not be used . https://archive.today/20070218200850/http://www.redherring.com/Article.aspx?a=20872&hed=YouTube%E2%80%94Censored%3F . February 18, 2007 . dead.
  6. News: Burnett . Dean . Why government censorship [in no way at all] carries greater risks than benefits ]. April 16, 2016 . The Guardian . London . May 22, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160424061616/https://www.theguardian.com/science/brain-flapping/2015/may/22/government-censorship-psychology-theresa-may . April 24, 2016.
  7. Web site: Byrne . Suzy . November 6, 2023 . Yahoo Celebrity What is 'the Streisand effect'? Barbra Streisand addresses infamous invasion of privacy lawsuit in new memoir. . Yahoo Entertainment . . "When I first heard the term, I naively thought, Is that about the effect of my music?" she wrote in her book. "Little did I know." .
  8. Barbara Streisand v. Kenneth Adelman Et. Al. . Cal.Super. . Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles . May 20, 2003 . https://www.plainsite.org/dockets/2zd3hv14c/superior-court-of-california-county-of-los-angeles/barbara-streisand-vs-kenneth-adelman-et-al/ . No. SC077257.
  9. News: The perils of the Streisand Effect . . . July 31, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160113013559/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-28562156 . January 13, 2016.
  10. Book: Josh . Bernoff . Charlene . Li . Groundswell: Winning in a World Transformed by Social Technologies . Harvard Business School Press . Boston . 2008 . 7 . 978-1-4221-2500-7 . registration .
  11. News: Since When Is It Illegal to Just Mention a Trademark Online? . Techdirt . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121130130914/http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20050105/0132239.shtml . November 30, 2012.
  12. Web site: Barbra Sues Over Aerial Photos . November 22, 2010 . May 30, 2003 . . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110417185401/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/documents/celebrity/barbra-sues-over-aerial-photos . April 17, 2011.
  13. Web site: California Coastal Records Project . https://web.archive.org/web/20080407234728/http://www.californiacoastline.org/streisand/lawsuit.html . dead . April 7, 2008 . californiacoastline.org.
  14. Streisand v. Adelman, et al., in California Superior Court; Case SC077257
  15. Web site: Adelman . Kenneth . Barbra Streisand Sues to Suppress Free Speech Protection for Widely Acclaimed Website . California Coastal Records Project . May 13, 2007 . April 8, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20080407234728/http://www.californiacoastline.org/streisand/lawsuit.html . April 7, 2008 . live.
  16. Streisand's Lawsuit to Silence Coastal Website Dismissed . Mindfully.org . December 3, 2003 . April 8, 2008 . http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090706034700/http://www.mindfully.org/Reform/2003/Barbra-Streisand-Coastal3dec03.htm . July 6, 2009 . live.
  17. Web site: Judge Orders Streisand to Pay $177,000 for Photographer's Legal Fees. Weiss. Kenneth. . May 28, 2004. August 16, 2022.
  18. Web site: Barbara Streisand vs. Kenneth Adelman, Ruling on submitted matters, tentative decision and proposed statement of decision . September 24, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150824073334/http://www.californiacoastline.org/streisand/slapp-ruling-tentative.pdf . August 24, 2015. 6. Image 3850 was downloaded six times, twice to the Internet address of counsel for plaintiff. In addition, two prints of the picture were ordered—one by Streisand's counsel and one by Streisand's neighbor.
  19. Web site: Photo of Streisand home becomes an Internet hit . June 15, 2007 . Rogers . Paul . June 24, 2003 . San Jose Mercury News, mirrored at californiacoastline.org . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130730212219/http://www.californiacoastline.org/news/sjmerc5.html . July 30, 2013.
  20. Web site: The Streisand Effect' Snags Effort to Hide Documents . All Things Considered. . February 29, 2008 . Robert . Siegel. live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180306072519/https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=87809195 . March 6, 2018.
  21. News: Masnick . Mike . For 10 Years Everyone's Been Using 'The Streisand Effect' Without Paying; Now I'm Going To Start Issuing Takedowns . April 16, 2016 . Techdirt . January 8, 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220301170557/https://www.techdirt.com/2015/01/08/10-years-everyones-been-using-streisand-effect-without-paying-now-im-going-to-start-issuing-takedowns/ . March 1, 2022.
  22. News: 史翠珊與潘朵拉效應 欲蓋彌彰愈蓋愈彰. August 8, 2020. zh. eDigest. July 25, 2022.
  23. Book: Zuo Zhuan. Duke Zhao, Year 31. zh. c. 360 BC.
  24. Book: Streisand . Barbra . My Name Is Barbra . 2023 . Viking . US & UK . 9781529136890 . 906–907 .
  25. [:fr:Wikipédia:Bulletin des administrateurs/2013/Semaine 14#Samedi 6 avril|Communiqué from the Wikimedia Foundation, April 6, 2013]
  26. News: Geuss . Megan . . Wikipedia editor allegedly forced by French intelligence to delete "classified" entry . April 6, 2013 . live . http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20130408234303/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/04/wikipedia-editor-allegedly-forced-by-french-intelligence-to-delete-classified-entry/ . April 8, 2013.
  27. Web site: Morris . Emma-Jo . Fonrouge . Gabrielle . October 14, 2020 . Smoking-gun email reveals how Hunter Biden introduced Ukrainian businessman to VP dad . October 20, 2020 . New York Post. https://web.archive.org/web/20201014115516/https://nypost.com/2020/10/14/email-reveals-how-hunter-biden-introduced-ukrainian-biz-man-to-dad/. October 14, 2020.
  28. News: Twitter bans ads from RT and Sputnik over election interference . October 26, 2017 . Company announced decision following US intelligence community's conclusion that Russian media outlets sought to interfere with the US election. April 14, 2022. The Guardian.
  29. Twitter's ban almost doubled attention for Biden misinformation . Ohlheiser . Abby . October 16, 2020 . October 20, 2020 . MIT Technology Review.
  30. News: In Web Uproar, Antipiracy Code Spreads Wildly . The New York Times . "The ironic thing is, because they tried to quiet it down it's the most famous number on the Internet." . Brad . Stone . May 3, 2007 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20081211105021/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/03/technology/03code.html . December 11, 2008.
  31. News: The Streisand Effect . May 11, 2007 . February 29, 2008 . Andy . Greenberg . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080307025538/http://www.forbes.com/home/technology/2007/05/10/streisand-digg-web-tech-cx_ag_0511streisand.html . March 7, 2008.
  32. News: David . Leigh . Guardian gagged from reporting parliament . The Guardian . London . October 12, 2009 . May 21, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005045156/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/12/guardian-gagged-from-reporting-parliament . October 5, 2013.
  33. News: David . Leigh . Guardian seeks urgent court hearing over parliament reporting gag . The Guardian . London . October 13, 2009 . May 21, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131005145157/http://www.theguardian.com/media/2009/oct/13/guardian-court-parliament-reporting-gag . October 5, 2013.
  34. News: Aditya Chakrabortty . Brain food: Internet censorship and the Barbra Streisand effect . October 19, 2009 . The Guardian . London.
  35. Web site: Jacobson . Seth . Twitter claims new scalp as Trafigura backs down . The First Post . May 21, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100828075707/http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/54667,business,twitter-claims-another-scalp-as-trafigura-backs-down . August 28, 2010.
  36. News: Secret Trafigura report said 'likely cause' of illness was release of toxic gas from dumped waste . The Telegraph . London . Martin . Beckford . Holly . Watt . October 16, 2009 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170731174349/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6350262/Secret-Trafigura-report-said-likely-cause-of-illness-was-release-of-toxic-gas-from-dumped-waste.html . July 31, 2017.
  37. Web site: The Streisand Effect: When Internet Censorship Backfires . Complex . July 24, 2009 . April 27, 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100429232410/http://www.complex.com/blogs/2009/07/24/the-streisand-effect-when-internet-censorship-backfires/ . April 29, 2010.
  38. News: What is 'The Streisand Effect'? . The Daily Telegraph . London . January 31, 2009 . March 31, 2010 . dead . http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110608133028/http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/technology/miloyiannopoulos/8248311/What_is_The_Streisand_Effect/ . June 8, 2011.
  39. News: The Streisand effect: Secrecy in the digital age . The Guardian . London . Charles . Arthur . March 20, 2009 . March 31, 2010 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130906071208/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/mar/20/streisand-effect-internet-law . September 6, 2013.
  40. Web site: Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover . December 7, 2008 . December 9, 2008 . Cade . Metz . The Register . live . http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110608133030/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia/ . June 8, 2011.
  41. News: Wikipedia added to child pornography blacklist . Moses . Asher . December 8, 2008 . The Sydney Morning Herald . December 9, 2008 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121103174513/http://www.smh.com.au/news/technology/web/wikipedia-added-to-child-pornography-blacklist/2008/12/08/1228584723764.html . November 3, 2012.
  42. News: IWF backs down on Wiki censorship . December 9, 2008 . December 9, 2008 . BBC News . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20081211033923/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7774102.stm . December 11, 2008.
  43. Web site: Living with the Streisand Effect . December 29, 2008 . December 26, 2008 . International Herald Tribune . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090114100047/http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/12/26/opinion/edmorozov.php . January 14, 2009.
  44. IWF statement regarding Wikipedia webpage . December 9, 2008 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110101075354/http://www.iwf.org.uk/about-iwf/news/post/251-iwf-statement-regarding-wikipedia-webpage . January 1, 2011 . September 24, 2013 . Internet Watch Foundation.
  45. News: Lord Neuberger's report cuts through the superinjunction hysteria . Townend . Judith . The Guardian . London . May 20, 2011 . May 21, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131222093235/http://www.theguardian.com/law/2011/may/20/lord-neuberger-report-superinjunction-hysteria . December 22, 2013.
  46. News: Hill . Kashmir . He-Who-Cannot-Be-Named (In The UK) Sues Twitter Over A User Naming Him . Forbes . September 30, 2009 . May 21, 2011 . Apparently, though, CTB's lawyers have not heard of the "Streisand effect". . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110522074451/http://blogs.forbes.com/kashmirhill/2011/05/20/he-who-cannot-be-named-in-the-uk-sues-twitter-over-a-user-naming-him/ . May 22, 2011.
  47. News: Twitter and the mystery footballer . Dan . Sabbagh . The Guardian . London . May 20, 2011 . May 24, 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141221182008/http://www.theguardian.com/technology/organgrinder/2011/may/20/twitter-superinjunctions . December 21, 2014.
  48. Web site: The perils of the Streisand effect. July 30, 2014. www.bbc.com.
  49. Web site: Google's right to be forgotten creates Streisand effect . Recombu . July 3, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141208035842/http://recombu.com/digital/news/google-creates-streisand-effect-bbc-mail-guardian . December 8, 2014.
  50. Web site: Techno File: Exercising 'right to be forgotten' could spark 'Streisand effect' . . July 23, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20140725171521/http://www.bdlive.co.za/life/gadgets/2014/07/23/techno-file-exercising-right-to-be-forgotten-could-spark-streisand-effect . July 25, 2014.
  51. News: Twitter changes rules over account tracking Elon Musk's jet. O'Brien. Matt. Associated Press. December 14, 2022. December 17, 2022.
  52. Web site: Elon Musk's Jet and 'Crazy Stalker' Allegations, Explained. Snopes. December 17, 2022. January 7, 2023.
  53. Newsweek . December 16, 2022 . Ryan . Smith . What Is Streisand Effect? Elon Musk Alludes to Phenomenon Amid Twitter Bans .
  54. News: Reimann . Nicholas . Hart . Robert . December 15, 2022 . Twitter Suspends Accounts For Rival Mastodon And Several High-Profile Journalists . . January 2, 2023.
  55. News: Twitter Suspends Accounts of Half a Dozen Journalists. Isaac. Mike. Conger. Kate. The New York Times. December 15, 2022. December 17, 2022. limited.

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