pronounced as /notice/
Th-fronting is the pronunciation of the English "th" as "f" or "v". When th-fronting is applied, pronounced as /link/ becomes pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ (for example, three is pronounced like free) and pronounced as /link/ becomes pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/ (for example, further is pronounced like fervour). (Here "fronting" refers to the position in the mouth where the sound is produced, not the position of the sound in the word, with the "th" coming from the tongue as opposed to the "f" or "v" coming from the more-forward lower lip.) Unlike the fronting of pronounced as /[θ]/ to pronounced as /[f]/, the fronting of pronounced as /[ð]/ to pronounced as /[v]/ usually does not occur word-initially. For example, while further is pronounced as fervour, that is rarely pronounced as *vat, although this was found in the speech of South-East London in a survey completed 1990 - 1994).[1] Th-fronting is a prominent feature of several dialects of English, notably Cockney, Essex dialect, Estuary English, some West Country and Yorkshire dialects, African American Vernacular English, and Liberian English, as well as in many non-native English speakers (e.g. Hong Kong English, though the details differ among those accents).[2]
The first reference to th-fronting is in the "low English" of London in 1787, though only a single author in that century writes about it, and it was likely perceived as an idiosyncrasy, rather than a full-fledged dialect feature of Cockney English, even into the early half of the twentieth century.[3] The feature was presumed to be reasonably common in London speakers born around 1850 and in Bristol by 1880.[4] The use of the labiodental fricatives pronounced as /[f]/ and pronounced as /[v]/ for the dental fricatives pronounced as /[θ]/ and pronounced as /[ð]/ was noted in Yorkshire in 1876.[5] In his 1892 book A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill, Joseph Wright noted variable th-fronting in his district in words such as think, third and smithy.[6]
In some words, th-fronting has been lexicalised. For example, the word without was lexicalised to wivoot in some dialects of Northern England and Scotland.[7]
In the Survey of English Dialects of the 1950s and early 1960s, th-fronting was found in two main areas of England. One was the area around Bristol in the West Country. The other was in the area around London and Essex.[8] It was also noted in the Suffolk dialect by AOD Claxton in 1968, albeit only for certain words (e.g. three and thumb but not thaw or thought).[9]
Comparing his studies over time in Norwich, Peter Trudgill concluded that th-fronting had been completely absent in 1968 and then very common amongst younger people by 1983.[10] Although th-fronting is found occasionally in the middle and upper (middle) class English accents as well, there is still a marked social difference between working and middle class speakers. Th-fronting is regarded as a 'boundary marker' between Cockney and Estuary English, as depicted in the first descriptions of the latter form of English[11] [12] and confirmed by a phonetic study conducted by researcher Ulrike Altendorf. Nevertheless, Altendorf points out that th-fronting is found occasionally in middle class (Estuary) speech as well and concludes that "it is currently making its way into the middle class English accent and thus into Estuary English".[13]
In popular music, the singer Joe Brown's 1960s backing band was christened The Bruvvers (that is, "the brothers" with th-fronting). The 1960 musical Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be was stated to be a Cockney Comedy. Rock musician Keith Richards is commonly referred to as "Keef".[14]
Up until the late 20th century th-fronting was common in speakers of Australian English from North Brisbane and the Sunshine Coast of Queensland. This may stem from the relatively high number of London cockneys who settled there during the Queensland gold rushes of the 19th century. The practice is gradually dying out as the influx of interstate and international immigrants increases.
The following is a sample of a speaker of the Cockney accent who has th-fronting (affected words are in bold):
My dad came from Wapping and me mum came from Poplar. Me dad was one of eleven kids… and Wapping in them days really was one of the poorest parts of London. I mean they really didn't have shoes on their feet. I'm talking about seventy years ago now. Erm… and Poplar was… sli… just slightly a cut above Wapping; erm… you was either East End respectable or you was sort of East End villain, you know, and my family was respectable on both sides. But me father had a very tough time because his father died when he was nineteen, leaving him the only one working to bring up eleven brothers… ten brothers and sisters and on a Thursday night he'd sometimes go home and the youngest two would be crying in the corner and he'd say “What's the matter with them, ma?” “Oh, well, Harry, you know it's Thursday night, and you don't get paid till tomorrow.” and they literally didn't have any food in the house.
In that recording, either, both, father, brothers and Thursday are pronounced pronounced as /[ˈɪjvə]/, pronounced as /[ˈbɐʊ̈f]/, pronounced as /[ˈfɑ̹ːvə]/, pronounced as /[ˈbrɐvəz]/ and pronounced as /[ˈfɜːzdi]/. Pronouns (they, them, their) and the are not affected.
Th-fronting in the speech of working-class adolescents in Glasgow was reported in 1998, provoking public as well as academic interest. The finding of th-fronting in Glaswegian creates a difficulty for models of language change which hinge on dialect contact associated with geographical mobility since the Glaswegian speakers who used pronounced as /[f]/ most in the 1997 sample are also those with the lowest geographical mobility. In addition, th-fronting was reported as "a relatively new phenomenon" in Edinburgh in March 2013.[15]
| barf | bath | pronounced as /ˈbɑːf/ | Non-rhotic accents with trap-bath split. | |
| deaf | death | pronounced as /ˈdɛf/ | ||
| duff | doth | pronounced as /ˈdʌf/ | ||
| elf | health | pronounced as /ˈɛlf/ | With H-dropping. | |
| even | heathen | pronounced as /ˈiːvən/ | With H-dropping. | |
| ever | heather | pronounced as /ˈɛvə(ɹ)/ | With H-dropping. | |
| fain | thane | pronounced as /ˈfeɪn/ | ||
| fain | thegn | pronounced as /ˈfeɪn/ | ||
| fane | thane | pronounced as /ˈfeɪn/ | ||
| fane | thegn | pronounced as /ˈfeɪn/ | ||
| faun | thorn | pronounced as /ˈfɔːn/ | Non-rhotic accents. | |
| fava | farther | pronounced as /ˈfɑːvə/ | Non-rhotic accents. | |
| fava | father | pronounced as /ˈfɑːvə/ | Non-rhotic accents. | |
| fawn | thorn | pronounced as /ˈfɔːn/ | Non-rhotic accents. | |
| feign | thane | pronounced as /ˈfeɪn/ | ||
| feign | thegn | pronounced as /ˈfeɪn/ | ||
| fie | thigh | pronounced as /ˈfaɪ/ | ||
| fief | thief | pronounced as /ˈfiːf/ | ||
| fin | thin | pronounced as /ˈfɪn/ | ||
| fink | think | pronounced as /ˈfɪŋk/ | ||
| Finn | thin | pronounced as /ˈfɪn/ | ||
| firm | therm | pronounced as /ˈfɜː(ɹ)m/ | ||
| first | thirst | pronounced as /ˈfɜː(ɹ)st/ | ||
| fissile | thistle | pronounced as /ˈfɪsəl/ | Some accents pronounce fissile as pronounced as //ˈfɪsaɪl//. | |
| for | thaw | pronounced as /ˈfɔː(ɹ)/ | Non-rhotic accents. | |
| for | pronounced as /ˈfɔː(ɹ)/ | |||
| ford | thawed | pronounced as /ˈfɔːd/ | Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger. | |
| fore | thaw | pronounced as /ˈfɔː/ | Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger. | |
| fore | pronounced as /ˈfɔː(ɹ)/ | With horse-hoarse merger. | ||
| fort | thought | pronounced as /ˈfɔːt/ | Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger. | |
| fought | thought | pronounced as /ˈfɔːt/ | ||
| four | thaw | pronounced as /ˈfɔː(ɹ)/ | Non-rhotic accents with horse-hoarse merger. | |
| four | pronounced as /ˈfɔː(ɹ)/ | With horse-hoarse merger. | ||
| Fred | thread | pronounced as /ˈfɹɛd/ | ||
| free | three | pronounced as /ˈfɹiː/ | ||
| frees | threes | pronounced as /ˈfɹiːz/ | ||
| freeze | threes | pronounced as /ˈfɹiːz/ | ||
| fresh | thresh | pronounced as /ˈfɹɛʃ/ | ||
| fret | threat | pronounced as /ˈfɹɛt/ | ||
| frieze | threes | pronounced as /ˈfɹiːz/ | ||
| frill | thrill | pronounced as /ˈfɹɪl/ | ||
| fro | throe | pronounced as /ˈfɹəʊ/ | ||
| fro | throw | pronounced as /ˈfɹəʊ/ | ||
| froze | throes | pronounced as /ˈfɹəʊz/ | ||
| froze | throws | pronounced as /ˈfɹəʊz/ | ||
| funder | thunder | pronounced as /ˈfʌndə(ɹ)/ | ||
| furred | third | pronounced as /ˈfɜː(ɹ)d/ | ||
| furrow | thorough | pronounced as /ˈfʌɹəʊ/ | Some accents pronounce thorough as pronounced as //ˈfʌɹə//, although some also pronounce furrow as pronounced as //ˈfʌɹə//. | |
| fervour; fervor | further | pronounced as /ˈfɜː(ɹ)və(ɹ)/ | ||
| golf | goth | pronounced as /ˈɡɒf/ | Some accents pronounce golf as pronounced as //ˈɡɒlf//. | |
| half | hearth | pronounced as /ˈhɑːf/ | Non-rhotic accents with the trap-bath split. | |
| lave | lathe | pronounced as /ˈleɪv/ | ||
| lever | leather | pronounced as /ˈlɛvə(ɹ)/ | Some accents pronounce lever as pronounced as //ˈliːvə(ɹ)//. | |
| live | lithe | pronounced as /ˈlaɪv/ | ||
| loaf | loath | pronounced as /ˈləʊf/ | ||
| loaves | loathes | pronounced as /ˈləʊvz/ | ||
| miff | myth | pronounced as /ˈmɪf/ | ||
| mirth | pronounced as /ˈmɜː(ɹ)f/ | |||
| never | nether | pronounced as /ˈnɛvə(ɹ)/ | ||
| oaf | oath | pronounced as /ˈəʊf/ | ||
| phi | thigh | pronounced as /ˈfaɪ/ | ||
| Ralph | wraith | pronounced as /ˈɹeɪf/ | Some accents pronounce Ralph as pronounced as //ˈɹælf//, pronounced as //ˈɹɑːlf// or pronounced as //ˈɹɑːf// | |
| Ralph | wrath | pronounced as /ˈɹɑːf/ | Some accents pronounce Ralph as pronounced as //ˈɹælf//, pronounced as //ˈɹɑːlf// or pronounced as //ˈɹeɪf//. Some accents pronounce wrath as pronounced as //ˈɹæf//, pronounced as //ˈɹɒf// or pronounced as //ˈɹɔːf//. | |
| reave | wreathe | pronounced as /ˈɹiːv/ | ||
| reaves | wreathes | pronounced as /ˈɹiːvz/ | ||
| reaves | wreaths | pronounced as /ˈɹiːvz/ | ||
| reef | wreath | pronounced as /ˈɹiːf/ | ||
| reeve | wreathe | pronounced as /ˈɹiːv/ | ||
| reeves | wreathes | pronounced as /ˈɹiːvz/ | ||
| reeves | wreaths | pronounced as /ˈɹiːvz/ | ||
| rive | writhe | pronounced as /ˈɹaɪv/ | ||
| roof | ruth | pronounced as /ˈɹuːf/ | Some accents pronounce roof as pronounced as //ˈɹʊf//. | |
| sheave | sheathe | pronounced as /ˈʃiːv/ | Some accents pronounce sheave as pronounced as //ˈʃɪv//. | |
| sheaves | sheathes | pronounced as /ˈʃiːvz/ | Some accents pronounce sheaves as pronounced as //ˈʃɪvz//. | |
| sheaves | sheaths | pronounced as /ˈʃiːvz/ | Some accents pronounce sheaves as pronounced as //ˈʃɪvz//. | |
| sliver | slither | pronounced as /ˈslɪvə(ɹ)/ | ||
| whiff | with | pronounced as /ˈwɪf/ | With wine-whine merger. Some accents pronounce with as pronounced as //ˈwɪv// or common reduce it to pronounced as //ˈwɪ//. |