Numeral or number prefixes are prefixes derived from numerals or occasionally other numbers. In English and many other languages, they are used to coin numerous series of words. For example:
In many European languages there are two principal systems, taken from Latin and Greek, each with several subsystems; in addition, Sanskrit occupies a marginal position. There is also an international set of metric prefixes, which are used in the world's standard measurement system.
In the following prefixes, a final vowel is normally dropped before a root that begins with a vowel, with the exceptions of bi-, which is extended to bis- before a vowel; among the other monosyllables, du-, di-, dvi-, and tri-, never vary.
Words in the cardinal catgegory are cardinal numbers, such as the English one, two, three, which name the count of items in a sequence. The multiple category are adverbial numbers, like the English once, twice, thrice, that specify the number of events or instances of otherwise identical or similar items. Enumeration with the distributive catgegory originally was meant to specify one each, two each or one by one, two by two, etc., giving how many items of each type are desired or had been found, although distinct word forms for that meaning are now mostly lost. The ordinal catgegory are based on ordinal numbers such as the English first, second, third, which specify position of items in a sequence. In Latin and Greek, the ordinal forms are also used for fractions for amounts higher than 2; only the fraction has special forms.
The same suffix may be used with more than one category of number, as for example the orginary numbers secondary and tertiary and the distributive numbers binary and ternary.
For the hundreds, there are competing forms: Those in -gent-, from the original Latin, and those in -cent-, derived from centi-, etc. plus the prefixes for 1 through 9 .
Many of the items in the following tables are not in general use, but may rather be regarded as coinages by individuals. In scientific contexts, either scientific notation or SI prefixes are used to express very large or very small numbers, and not unwieldy prefixes.
| Latin derived | Greek derived | Sanskrit | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardinal | Multiple | Distributive | Ordinal | Cardinal | Multiple, proportional, or quantitative | Ordinal | |||
| 0 | nulli- | nullesim- | miden-, ouden- | medeproto-, oudeproto- | shūnya- | ||||
| unci- | Greek uses ordinals to name fractions; (i.e. dodecato-) | ||||||||
| octant- | As above; ogdoö– | ||||||||
| sextant- | As above; hecto | ||||||||
| quintant- | As above; pempto– | ||||||||
| quadrant- | As above; tetarto– | ||||||||
| trient- | |||||||||
| semi- | demi- | hemi- ("half") | |||||||
| dodrant- | |||||||||
| 1 | uni- sol- | sim- | singul- | prim- | mono- ("one, alone") hapax- ("once") haplo- ("single") monad- ("one of a kind", "unique", "unit") | prot- protaio- ("[every] first day") | eka- | ||
| quasqui- | |||||||||
| sesqui- | |||||||||
| 2 | du- | bi-, bis- | bin- | second- | di-, dy-, duo-, dyo- | dis- ("twice") common dyakis- ("twice") rare diplo- ("double") dyad- ("two of a kind") | deuter- deuteraio- ("[every] second day") | dvi- | |
| semiquin- | |||||||||
| 3 | tri- | ter- | tern-, trin- | terti- | tri- | tris- ("thrice") common triakis- ("thrice") rare triplo- ("triple") triad- ("three of a kind") | trit- ("third") tritaio- ("[every] third day") | tri- | |
| 4 | quadri-, quadru- | quater-[1] | quatern-[2] | quart-[3] | tetra-, tessara- | tetrakis- ("four times") tetraplo- ("quadruple") tetrad- ("four of a kind") | tetarto- ("fourth") tetartaio- ("[every] fourth day") | catur- | |
| 5 | quinque-[4] | quin-[5] | quint-[6] | penta- | pentakis- pentaplo- pentad- | pempt- pemptaio- | pañca- | ||
| 6 | sexa- | sen-[7] | sext-[8] | hexa-[9] | hexakis- hexaplo- hexad- | hect- hectaio- | ṣaṭ- | ||
| 7 | septem-, septi- | septen-[10] | septim- | hepta- | heptakis- heptaplo- heptad- | hebdomo- ("seventh") hebdomaio- ("seventh day") | sapta- | ||
| 8 | octo- | octon-[11] | octav-[12] | octo- | octakis- octaplo- octad- | ogdoö- ogdoaio- | aṣṭa- | ||
| 9 | novem- | noven- | nona- | ennea- | enneakis- enneaplo- ennead- | enat- enataio- | nava- | ||
| 10 | decem-, dec- | den-[13] | decim-[14] | deca- | decakis- decaplo- decad- | decat- decataio- | dasha- | ||
| 11 | undec- | unden-[15] | undecim-[16] | hendeca- | hendeca/kis/plo/d- | hendecat-/o/aio- | ekadasha- | ||
| 12 | duodec- | duoden- | duodecim- | dodeca- | dodeca/kis/plo/d- | dodecat-/o/aio- | dvadasha- | ||
| 13 | tredec- | treden- | tredecim- | tria(kai)deca-, decatria- | tris(kai)decakis-, decatria/kis/plo/d- | decatotrito- etc. | trayodasha- | ||
| 14 | quattuordec- | quattuorden- | quattuordecim- quartadecim- | tessara(kai)deca-, decatettara-, decatessara- | tetra(kai)decakis-, decatetra/kis/plo/d- | decatotetarto- | chaturdasha- | ||
| 15 | quinquadec-, quindec-[17] | quinden-[18] | quindecim-[19] quintadecim- | pente(kai)deca-, decapente- | penta(kai)decakis-, decapentakis- etc. | decatopempto- | panchadasha- | ||
| 16 | sedec-,[20] sexdec- (but hybrid hexadecimal) | seden- | sedecim- sextadecim- | hexa(kai)deca-, hekkaideca-, decahex- | hexa(kai)decakis-, decahexakis- etc. | decatohecto- | shodasha- | ||
| 17 | septendec- | septenden- | septendecim- septimadecim- | hepta(kai)deca-, decahepta- | hepta(kai)decakis-, decaheptakis- etc. | decatohebdomo- | saptadasha- | ||
| 18 | octodec- | octoden- | octodecim- duodevicesim- | octo(kai)deca-, decaocto- | octa(kai)decakis-, decaoctakis- etc. | decatoogdoö- | ashtadasha- | ||
| 19 | novemdec-, novendec- undeviginti- | novemden- novenden- | novemdecim- novendecim- undevisim- | ennea(kai)deca-, decaennea- | ennea(kai)decakis-, decaenneakis- etc. | decatoenato- | navadasha- | ||
| 20 | viginti- | vicen-, vigen- | vigesim- | (e)icosi- | eicosa/kis/plo/d- | eicosto- | vimshati- | ||
| 22 | duovigint- | (e)icosidyo-, dyo(e)icosi- rare | (e)icosidyakis- (e)icosidiplo- (e)icosidyad- | eicostodeutero- | |||||
| 24 | quattuorvigint- | (e)icositettara-, (e)icosikaitettara- rare | (e)icositetrakis- (e)icositetraplo- (e)icositetrad- | eicostotetarto- | chaturvimshati- | ||||
| 25 | quinvigint- | (e)icosipente- | (e)icosipentakis- (e)icosipentaplo- (e)icosipentad- | eicostopempto- | |||||
| 30 | triginti- | tricen- | trigesim- | triaconta- | triacontakis- etc. | triacosto- | trimshat- | ||
| 31 | untriginti- | triacontahen- | triacontahenakis- triacontahenaplo- triacontahenad- | triacostoproto- triacostoprotaio- | |||||
| 40 | quadraginti- | quadragen- | quadragesim- | tettaraconta-, tessaraconta- | tettaracontakis-, tessaracontakis- etc. | tessaracosto- | chatvarimshat- | ||
| 50 | quinquaginti-[21] | quinquagen-[22] | quinquagesim-[23] | penteconta- | pentecontakis- etc. | pentecosto- | panchashat- | ||
| 60 | sexaginti- | sexagen- | sexagesim- | hexeconta- | hexecontakis- etc. | hexecosto- | shasti- | ||
| 70 | septuaginti- | septuagen- | septuagesim-[24] | hebdomeconta- | hebdomecontakis- etc. | hebdomecosto- | saptati- | ||
| 80 | octogint- | octogen- | octogesim- | ogdoëconta- | ogdoëcontakis- etc. | ogdoëcosto- | ashiti- | ||
| 90 | nonagint- | nonagen- | nonagesim- | eneneconta- | enenecontakis- etc. | enenecosto- | navati- | ||
| 100 | centen- | centesim- | hecato(n)- | hecatontakis- hundred times hecatontaplo- hundred-multiple hecatontad- hundred of a kind also abbreviated in hec[aton]tad- | hecatosto- hundredth hecatostaio- the hundredth day | shata– | |||
| 120 | viginticenti- | hecaton(e)icosi- | hecaton(e)icosakis- etc. | hecatostoeicosto- | |||||
| 150 | sesquicenten- | ||||||||
| 200 | ducenti- | ducen-, bicenten- | ducentesim- | diacosia- | diacosakis- etc. | diacosiosto- | |||
| 250 | semiquincenten- | ||||||||
| 300 | trecenti- | trecen-, tercenten-, tricenten- | trecentesim- | triacosia- etc. | triacosakis- triacosaplo- triacosad- | triacosiosto- | |||
| 400 | quadringenti- | quadringen-, quatercenten-, quadricenten- | quadringentesim- | tetracosia- | tetracosakis- etc. | tetracosiosto- | |||
| 500 | quingent-,[25] quincent-[26] | quingen-,[27] quingenten-, quincenten- | quingentesim-[28] | pentacosia- | pentacosakis- etc. | pentacosiosto- | |||
| 600 | sescenti-, sexcenti- | sescen-, sexcenten- | sescentesim- | hexacosia- | hexacosakis- etc. | hexacosiosto- | |||
| 700 | septingenti- | septingen-, septingenten-, septcenten- | septingentesim- | heptacosia- | heptacosakis- etc. | heptacosiosto- | |||
| 800 | octingenti- | octingen-, octingenten-, octocenten- | octingentesim- | octacosia- | octacosakis- etc. | octacosiosto- | |||
| 900 | nongenti- | nongen- | nongentesim- | ennacosi- derived from en(n)iacosia-, a pejoration of enneacosia- | enneacosakis- etc. | enacosiost-, alt. spelling en(n)iacosiost(o)- a pejoration of enneacosiosto- | |||
| millen- | millesim- | khili-, kilo- | khiliakis- khiliaplo- chiliad- | chiliost- | sahasra– | ||||
| duomilli | diskhili- | diskhiliakis- etc. | diskhiliosto- | ||||||
| tremilli- | triskhili- | triskhiliost- | |||||||
| quinmilli– | pentaciskhili- | ||||||||
| decamilli– | myria-, decakiskhilia- | myriakis- myriaplo- myriad- decakiskhiliakis- etc. | myriast-, decakiskhiliosto- | ayuta– | |||||
| octogintmilli– | octacismyri- | ||||||||
or | centimilli– | decakismyria-, hecatontakiskhilia- | decakismyriakis-, hecatontakiskhiliakis- | etc. | laksha– | ||||
or | hecatommyria- (see also mega-) | hecatommyriakis- ("a million times") hecatommyriaplo- (million-multiple) hecatommyriad- (a million of a kind) | hecatommyriosto- (ranked millionth; also one piece of a million [fraction] see above in fractions) hecatommyriostaio- ("the millionth day") | ||||||
| infini- | apeiro- | ||||||||
| Few | |||||||||
| Many (more than 1) | pollakis- (many times) pollaplo- (multiple) plethos- (many of a kind) | pollosto- (rank/order of many [manieth]) | bahut– | ||||||
Because of the common inheritance of Greek and Latin roots across the Romance languages, the import of much of that derived vocabulary into non-Romance languages (such as into English via Norman French), and the borrowing of 19th and 20th century coinages into many languages, the same numerical prefixes occur in many languages.
Numerical prefixes are not restricted to denoting integers. Some of the SI prefixes denote negative powers of 10, i.e. division by a multiple of 10 rather than multiplication by it. Several common-use numerical prefixes denote vulgar fractions.
Words containing non-technical numerical prefixes are usually not hyphenated. This is not an absolute rule, however, and there are exceptions (for example: quarter-deck occurs in addition to quarterdeck). There are no exceptions for words comprising technical numerical prefixes, though. Systematic names and words comprising SI prefixes and binary prefixes are not hyphenated, by definition.
Nonetheless, for clarity, dictionaries list numerical prefixes in hyphenated form, to distinguish the prefixes from words with the same spellings (such as duo- and duo).
Several technical numerical prefixes are not derived from words for numbers. (mega- is not derived from a number word, for example.) Similarly, some are only derived from words for numbers inasmuch as they are word play. (Peta- is word play on penta-, for example. See its etymology for details.)
The root language of a numerical prefix need not be related to the root language of the word that it prefixes. Some words comprising numerical prefixes are hybrid words.
In certain classes of systematic names, there are a few other exceptions to the rule of using Greek-derived numerical prefixes. The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry, for example, uses the numerical prefixes derived from Greek, except for the prefix for 9 (as mentioned) and the prefixes from 1 to 4 (meth-, eth-, prop-, and but-), which are not derived from words for numbers. These prefixes were invented by the IUPAC, deriving them from the pre-existing names for several compounds that it was intended to preserve in the new system: methane (via methyl, which is in turn from the Greek word for wine), ethane (from ethyl coined by Justus von Liebig in 1834), propane (from propionic, which is in turn from pro- and the Greek word for fat), and butane (from butyl, which is in turn from butyric, which is in turn from the Latin word for butter).