Garni Temple Explained

Garni Temple
Map Type:Armenia
Map Size:220px
Relief:yes
Coordinates:40.1124°N 44.7303°W
Status:Museum (part of a larger protected area),
occasional Hetanist (neopagan) shrine
Building Type:Pagan temple or tomb
Architectural Style:Ancient Greek/Roman
Location:Garni, Kotayk Province, Armenia
Completion Date:1st or 2nd century AD
Management:Armenian Ministry of Culture
Height:10.7m (35.1feet)
Material:Basalt
Floor Area:15.7mby11.5mm (51.5feetby37.7feetm)
Destruction Date:1679 earthquake
Architect:Alexander Sahinian (reconstruction, 1969–75)

The Garni Temple is a classical colonnaded structure in the village of Garni, in central Armenia, around 30km (20miles) east of Yerevan. Built in the Ionic order, it is the best-known structure and symbol of pre-Christian Armenia. It has been described as the "easternmost building of the Greco-Roman world" and the only largely preserved Hellenistic building in the former Soviet Union.

Built in the Ionic order, it is conventionally identified as a pagan temple built by King Tiridates I in the first century AD as a temple to the sun god Mihr (Mithra). A competing hypothesis sees it as a second century tomb. It collapsed in a 1679 earthquake, but much of its fragments remained on the site. Renewed interest in the 19th century led to excavations in the early and mid-20th century. It was reconstructed in 1969–75, using the anastylosis technique. It is one of the main tourist attractions in Armenia and the central shrine of Hetanism (Armenian neopaganism).

Setting

The site is in the village of Garni, in Armenia's Kotayk Province, at 1,400 m (4,600 ft) above sea level.[1] The temple is at the edge of a triangular promontory rising above the ravine of the Azat River and the Gegham mountains. It is a part of the fortress of Garni, one of Armenia's oldest, that was strategically significant for the defense of the major cities in the Ararat plain. Besides the temple, the site contains a Bronze Age cyclopean masonry wall, a cuneiform inscription by king Argishti I of Urartu (who called it Giarniani), a Roman bath with a partly preserved mosaic floor with a Greek inscription, ruins of palace, other "paraphernalia of the Greco-Roman world",[2] the medieval round church of St. Sion (Zion), and other objects (e.g., medieval khachkars). In the first century, Tacitus mentioned as a major fortress in his Annals.

Date and function

The precise date and the classification of the structure as a temple remain topics of continual scholarly debate. Christina Maranci calls it an Ionic structure with an "unclear function." She writes that "while often identified as temple, it may have been a funerary monument, perhaps serving as a royal tomb."

The generally accepted view, especially in Armenian historiography, attributes its construction to king Tiridates I and dates it 77 AD. The date is calculated based on a Greek inscription, which names Tiridates the Sun (Helios Tiridates) as the founder of the temple. The inscription states that the temple was constructed in the eleventh year of the reign of Tiridates. While Movses Khorenatsi attributed it to Tiridates III, most scholars now ascribe it to Tiridates I.

This date is calculated based on Tiridates's visit to Rome in 66 AD, during which he was crowned by Roman emperor Nero following a peace treaty ending the war with Parthia over Armenia (58–63).[3] To rebuild the city of Artaxata, destroyed by the Roman general Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo, Nero gave Tiridates 50 million drachmas and provided him with Roman craftsmen. Upon his return to Armenia, Tiridates began a major project of reconstruction, which included rebuilding the fortress of Garni. It is during this period that the temple is thought to have been built. Nina Garsoïan posited that it is "usually dated to the first century on the basis of its style and use of a dry-masonry technique with swallowtail clamps, rather than the later mortar binder."

In Armenia, the temple is commonly believed to have been dedicated to Mihr, the sun god in the Zoroastrian-influenced Armenian mythology and the equivalent of Mithra. Tiridates, like other Armenian monarchs, considered Mihr his patron. Some scholars argue that, given the historical context in which the temple was constructed—after his coronation in Rome—it would be logical to assume that Tiridates dedicated the temple to his patron god. Furthermore, in 2011, white marble sculptures of bull hooves were discovered some 20m (70feet) from the temple, potentially the remnants of a Mihr sculpture, who was often portrayed in a fight with a bull.[4]

Telfer believed that it was built by Greek workmen. Fetvadjian suggested that it was built by Roman architects. Maranci maintains that imperial Roman workmen may have taken part. Nersessian argued that "the workmen were local, with experience of carving basalt." Harutyunyan assumed that local workmen were involved.

Some scholars argue that it may have been built on top of a Urartian temple.

Mausoleum or tomb

Not all scholars are convinced that the structure was a temple. Among early sceptics, Kamilla Trever suggested in 1950 that based on a different interpretation of the extant literature and the evidence provided by coinage, the erection of the temple started in 115 AD. The pretext for its construction would have been the declaration of Armenia as a Roman province and the temple would have housed the imperial effigy of Trajan.[5]

In 1982 Richard D. Wilkinson suggested that the building is a tomb, probably constructed in honor of one of the Romanized kings of Armenia of the late 2nd century. This theory is based on a comparison to Graeco-Roman buildings of western Asia Minor (e.g. Nereid Monument, Belevi Mausoleum, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus), the discovery of nearby graves that date to about that time, and the discovery of a few marble pieces of the Asiatic sarcophagus style. Wilkinson furthermore states that there is no direct evidence linking the structure to Mithras or Mihr, and that the Greek inscription attributed to Tiridates I probably refers to the fortress and not to the colonnaded structure. He also notes that it is unlikely that a pagan temple would survive destruction during Armenia's 4th-century conversion to Christianity when all other such temples were destroyed.

Wilkinson's theory has been endorsed by James R. Russell, A. E. Redgate, Robert H. Hewsen, Matthew Canepa, C. S. Lightfoot, and others. Russell finds the view of the structure being a temple of Mihr baseless and is skeptical that the Greek inscription refers to the temple. He suggested that the "splendid mausoleum" was erected by Romans living in Armenia.[6] Russell agreed with Wilkinson's interpretation that it was a 2nd-century tomb, "possibly of one of the Romanized kings of Armenia," such as Sohaemus, and that it is "unique for the country and testifies to a particularly strong Roman presence."[7] Felix Ter-Martirosov also believed it was built in the latter half of the 2nd century. Hewsen argued, based on the construction of a church in the 7th century next to it rather than in its place, that the building was "more likely the tomb of one of the Roman-appointed kings of Armenia," such as Tiridates I or Sohaemus (r. 140–160).

Medieval history

In the early fourth century, when King Tiridates III adopted Christianity as Armenia's state religion, all pagan places of worship in the country were destroyed by Gregory the Illuminator. Scholars regard it as the only pagan, Hellenistic, or Greco-Roman (classical) structure to have survived the widespread destruction. Scholars continue to debate why it was exempted from destruction. Zhores Khachatryan argues that it underwent depaganization and was thereafter seen as a fine structure within the royal palace complex.

According to Movses Khorenatsi a "cooling-off house" was built within the fortress of Garni for Khosrovidukht, the sister of Tiridates III. Some scholars believe the temple was thus turned into a royal summer house. The structure presumably underwent some changes. Cult statue(s) in the cella were removed, the opening in the roof for skylight was closed, and the entrance was transformed and adjusted for residence.

Ter-Martirosov argued that after Armenia's Christianization, it was initially a royal shrine, but after Khosrovidukht's death it was transformed into a Christian mausoleum dedicated to her. Hamlet Petrosyan and Zhores Khachatryan rejected the postulated Christianization of the temple. Dickran Kouymjian also rejected its use as a Christian building.[8] In the Middle Ages, variously dated between the 7th and 10th centuries, a round church of St. Sion (Zion) was built immediately west of it. Their relationship remains unclear, but Maranci suggested that "it seems likely that one did exist". Hewsen suggested that the church was built next to it rather than in its place because it was a tomb, not a pagan temple.

The walls of the temple bear six Arabic inscriptions in the Kufic style and one in Persian in the naskh script, which have all been paleographically dated to the ninth to tenth centuries.[9] They commemorate the capture of the fortress and may point to the temple's conversion into a mosque. On its entryway, there is a large Armenian inscription from 1291, left by Princess Khoshak of Garni and her son, Amir Zakare. Khoshak, the granddaughter of Ivane I Zakarian, recorded the exemption of the people of Garni from taxes paid in wine, goats, and sheep.[10]

Medieval Christian Armenian chroniclers referred to it as the "throne of Trdat" (Տրդատայ թախտ, Trdata t‘akht). In the 13th century, Kirakos Gandzaketsi called it the "marvellous throne of Trdat."[11] In the last major written record about the temple before its collapse, poet Simeon of Aparan penned a lament in 1593. He grieved the past greatness of Armenia and mentioned the number of its columns and steps, and noted the use of iron clamps and lead. It was also visited by Grigor Daranaghtsi (Kamakhetsi) in the early 1600s.

Collapse and reconstruction

The entire colonnade collapsed during a devastating earthquake on June 4, 1679, with the epicenter in the Garni Gorge.[12] [13] It split diagonally and fell toward the northeast. The collapse is attested by contemporary chronicler Zakaria Kanakertsi. According to Kamilla Trever, it had been weakened during the wars of Shah Abbas when iron clamps and lead fillings were removed from the structure.

Renewed interest and early excavations

European travelers Jean Chardin, who visited Armenia in 1673 before the earthquake, and James Morier, who visited in the 1810s,[14] both incorrectly described it through local informants since they never actually visited the site. Robert Ker Porter, who visited in the late 1810s, described what he saw as a "confused pile of beautiful fragments ... all mingled together in broken disorder." He provided a drawing of the site.

Another European to visit and document the ruins of the temple was Frédéric DuBois de Montperreux, who proposed a reconstruction of the building in his 1839 book, which Wilkinson described as "rather inaccurate." Montperreux, who visited in March 1834, wrote that the Armenians respect the building so greatly that "no one among them would want to remove a stone, a fragment of cornice for his own use, much less let others do it." John Buchan Telfer, who visited in the 1870s, removed a fragment of the architrave bearing a lion head, which he bequeathed to the British Museum, where it remains to this day.[15]

In 1880, the Russian archaeologist Aleksey Uvarov, possibly inspired by the contemporaneous relocation of the Pergamon Altar from Asia Minor to Germany, proposed that the stones be moved to Tiflis and be reconstructed there according to de Montpereux's plan. Lori Khatchadourian suggests that the proposal "could be read as an attempt at co-opting Armenia's Roman past to the glory of Russia through the relocation of its most iconic monument to the nearest administrative center." The governor of Erivan, citing technical difficulties with moving its parts, did not implement the plan and the project was abandoned.

Nikolai Marr led the first professional excavation in 1909–11 along with Yakov I. Smirnov and architect Konstantin K. Romanov. Kamilla Trever later wrote that these works were not archaeological excavations in the strict sense, but rather consisted mostly of uncovering, cleaning up and categorizing the fragments. Works were stopped due to lack of funds and the results, still unpublished, were reported to the Russian Archaeological Society. Romanov proposed a reconstruction of the structure in 1912 (published in 1934).[16]

Integrating a pre- and non-Christian structure into the cultural landscape took on special importance during the Soviet period. In the early 1930s, Nikoghayos Buniatian (Nikolai Buniatov) thoroughly studied the structure and developed a detailed plan for its complete reconstruction. Buniatian sought to completely reconstruct it, but the timing was unfavorable.[17] Along with architect Konstantine Hovhannisyan, he partly reerected its lower sections in 1933–34, which was later found to contain numerous errors and was subsequently reverted before its eventual reconstruction.

In 1940, the Soviet Armenian government gifted an Ionic capital from Garni to the Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.[18] [19] While considered, it was not returned during its reconstruction and remains on display there, where museum director Mikhail Piotrovsky said it appears "significantly more monumental" than at the temple.[20]

Reconstruction

In 1949 the Armenian Academy of Sciences began systematic excavations of the Garni fortress led by Babken Arakelyan, with Alexander Sahinian focusing on the temple itself. It was one of the flagship expeditions of Armenia's archaeological community in the post-war period. The idea of its reconstruction was brought to the forefront at the congress of Transcaucasian archaeologists and historians in Yerevan in 1956 presided by Hovsep Orbeli. In December 1968, that the Soviet Armenian government officially approved the reconstruction plan of the temple and a group led by Sahinian began reconstruction works in January 1969. Reconstruction was largely completed by mid-1975, almost 300 years after it was destroyed in an earthquake.

The structure was rebuilt using its original stones, a technique known as anastylosis. Wilkinson noted that anastylosis "proved relatively straight-forward" as "so much of it had survived." The surviving pieces comprised about a third of the reconstruction, while two-thirds of new materials, which, of the same variety and color, was obtained from a local quarry; along with basalt from Parakar. Stonecutting with power saw and by hand was done onsite. Missing pieces were filled with unornamented stones to provide visual differentiation between the old and the new, making the reconstruction "quite recognizable to a trained eye."[21] Most of the Ionic capitals had been largely preserved in their entirety, with only two heavily weathered one being replaced with new stone. Only 40% of the column shafts had been preserved, with only two surviving completely, which were placed at the northern façade.

Its "re-erection and partial reconstruction" has been mostly well received by scholars, but has not been without criticism. Henry A. Judd, Chief Historical Architect of the National Park Service who visited in 1974, praised the lack of attempt at "fakery or antiquing" as an "admirable approach". Bagrat Ulubabyan wrote that the reconstruction was costly and involved a group of skilled craftsmen, the most advanced modern techniques in architecture and the best construction materials. Ulubabyan added that none of the original architectural or artistic merits of the temple were compromised in the process.

For drawing up and supervising the project, Sahinian was awarded the State Prize of the Armenian SSR in 1975.[22] In 1978 a fountain-monument dedicated to Sahinian's reconstruction was erected near the temple.

Architecture

Style and dimensions

It follows the general style of classical Ancient Greek architecture and has been described as Greek, Roman, Greco-Roman, or Hellenistic. Natalie Kampen noted that it "shares a Graeco-Roman vocabulary with the use of basalt rather than marble."[23] Toros Toramanian stressed the singularity of the temple as a Roman-style building in the Armenian Highlands and noted that it "essentially had no influence on contemporary or subsequent Armenian architecture." Sirarpie Der Nersessian argued that the temple, of a Roman type, "lies outside the line of development of Armenian architecture." Fetvadjian described it as "of pure Roman style."

Sahinian, the architect who oversaw its reconstruction, emphasized the local Armenian influence on its architecture, calling it an "Armenian-Hellenic" monument. He further insisted that it resembles the ninth century BC Urartian Musasir temple.[24] Based on a comparative analysis, Sahinian also proposed that the design of the columns have their origins in Asia Minor. Maranci notes that its entablature is similar to that of the temple of Antoninus Pius at Sagalassos in western Asia Minor and to the columns of Attalia.

In its small proportions, the temple has been compared to the Roman temples of Maison carrée in Nîmes, and Temple of Augustus and Livia in Vienne, France.[25] William H. McNeill described it as "small and undistinguished,"[26] Claude Cox called it "delicate",[27] while Dickran Kouymjian found it "splendid" and admired the "elegance of its proportions." Joël Schmidt appreciated its "harmonious, human-sized proportions."

Kouymjian noted that much of its "decorative vocabulary", and classical architecture in general, "finds its way into Armenian church architecture during the formative period (pre-650)."[28] Lang pointed to the use of patterns found at Garni on the carved stone friezes of Soviet-era public buildings and apartment blocks in Yerevan and elsewhere.

Exterior

The temple is constructed of locally quarried grey to bluish basalt, assembled without the use of mortar. Instead, the blocks, many weighing up to 5 tons, are bound together by iron and bronze clamps. It is a peripteros, composed of a colonnaded portico (pronaos) and an open cella (naos), erected on an elevated podium (base). The podium, measuring 15.7mby11.5mm (51.5feetby37.7feetm) and standing 2.8m-3mm (09.2feet-10feetm) above ground, is supported by a total of twenty-four Ionic order columns, each 6.54adj=onNaNadj=on high: six in the front and back, and eight on the sides (with the corner columns counted twice). The structure rises 10.7m (35.1feet), comparable to a four-story building.

Unlike typical temples, its facade is oriented north—not east. There is a 8m-8.5mm (26feet-27.9feetm) wide stairway on the northern side leading to the chamber. It consists of nine steep steps,[29] each measuring 30cm (10inches) in height—approximately twice the average step height. Tananyan proposes that ascending these steps compels individuals to feel humbled and exert physical effort to reach the altar. On both sides of the stairway, there are roughly square pedestals. Sculpted on both of these pedestals is Atlas, the Greek mythological Titan who bore the weight of the earth, seemingly attempting to support the entire temple on its shoulders. Originally, it is assumed that these pedestals served the purpose of holding up altars, sacrificial tables.

The exterior of the temple is richly decorated. The triangular pediment contains sculptures of plants and geometrical figures. The frieze depicts a continuous line of acanthus. Furthermore, there are ornaments on the capital, architrave, and soffit. The stones in the front cornice have projecting sculptures of lion heads. Sirarpie Der Nersessian argued that its "rich acanthus scrolls, with interposed lion masks and occasional palmettes, the fine Ionic and acanthus capitals, the other floral and geometric ornaments, are typical of the contemporary monuments of Asia Minor."

Cella

The cella of the temple is 7.13m (23.39feet) high, 7.98m (26.18feet) long, and 5.05m (16.57feet) wide. It covers an area of 40.3sqm. Due to its small size, it has been proposed that a statue once stood inside and ceremonies were held outside. The cella is lit from two sources: the disproportionately large entrance of 2.29by and the opening in the roof of 1.74mby1.26mm (05.71feetby04.13feetm).

Significance

It is the sole standing Greco-Roman colonnaded building in Armenia (and the entire former Soviet Union), and is, therefore, regarded as the most important monument of pre-Christian and ancient Armenia.[30] Malcolm Colledge identified it as one of the most distant Ionic structures—along with those on Failaka Island in Kuwait and the Jandial temple in Taxila, Pakistan.[31] Antony Eastmond named it "the easternmost building of the Graeco-Roman world".[32] Giusto Traina noted that its Greco-Roman architecture "gives the impression of standing in an outpost of Western civilization", thus fueling Armenian national pride far more than the glories of Tigranes the Great.[33]

Traina suggested that its reconstruction was motivated by the desire of Soviet Armenian archaeologists to emphasize that the grandeur of Armenia did not begin with Christianity.[33] Along with the Urartian site of Erebuni, its reconstruction was heavily propagated by the Communist leaders of Armenia.[34] [35] [36] Garni, like Erebuni, was reconstructed during a period of national revival in Soviet Armenia in the 1960s and became a site of national pride, with the restored monument transformed into a backdrop for festivities and cultural performances. Adam T. Smith noted that the restoration of Erebuni and the reconstruction of Garni "both bolstered Soviet programs of national memorialization" and were "allowed for the development of forms of 'tourist patriotism' that highlighted the accomplishments of a nation even as they studiously avoided providing a rallying point for nationalism."

Its status as a symbol of Armenian antiquity has further solidified in independent Armenia. It has appeared on a 1993 stamp and an uncirculated 1994 silver commemorative coin.[37] Garni and Satala Aphrodite (attributed to Anahit) were depicted on the 5,000 dram banknote in circulation from 1995 to 2005.[38] The torch of the first Pan-Armenian Games was lit near the temple on August 28, 1999, from where it was taken to Hrazdan Stadium in Yerevan.[39] [40]

Tourist attraction

By the mid-20th century, even before its reconstruction, it had already become a major tourist destination,[41] [42] attracting tens of thousands of visitors by the early 1970s.[43] Today, it remains one of Armenia's most visited sites, along with the nearby medieval monastery of Geghard.[44] [45] Many visitors choose to visit both locations, collectively known as Garni–Geghard, on a day trip from Yerevan.[46] Some 200,000 people visited the temple in 2013.[47] The number nearly doubled by 2019, prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, when Garni received almost 390,000 visitors, including 250,000 Armenians and 137,400 foreigners.[48]

Among its visitors have been several presidents, opera singer Montserrat Caballé,[49] American TV personalities Khloé and Kim Kardashian,[50] and Conan O'Brien,[51] Russian pop star Philipp Kirkorov.[52]

Neopagan shrine

Since 1990, the temple has been the central shrine[53] [54] of the small number of followers of Armenian neopaganism (close to Zoroastrianism) who hold annual ceremonies at the temple,[55] especially on March 21—the pagan New Year.[56] [57] On that day, which coincides with Nowruz, the Iranian New Year, Armenian neopagans celebrate the birthday of the god of fire, Vahagn.[57] Celebrations by neopagans are also held during the summer festival of Vardavar, which has pre-Christian (pagan) origins.[58] [59] Neopagans celebrated the "return" of Satala Aphrodite, attributed to Anahit, at the temple in September 2024 when the bronze head was brought to Armenia for temporary exhibition.[60]

Preservation

The temple and the fortress are part of the Garni Historical and Cultural Museum Reserve, which occupies 3.5ha and is supervised by the Service for the Protection of Historical Environment and Cultural Museum Reservations, an agency of the Armenian Ministry of Culture.[47] The government-approved list of historical and cultural monuments includes 11 objects within the site.[61] In a 2006 survey the state of conservation of Garni was rated by over three-quarters of the visitors as "good" or "very good". In 2011 UNESCO awarded the Museum-Reservation of Garni the Melina Mercouri International Prize for the Safeguarding and Management of Cultural Landscapes for "measures taken to preserve its cultural vestiges, and the emphasis placed on efforts to interpret and open the site for national and international visitors."[62]

In September 2014, a Russian tourist spray painted on the temple,[63] [64] which was cleaned days later[65] and the tourist was fined.[66] [67] In September 2021, a private wedding ceremony took place at the site causing much controversy.[68] The site was closed for visitors that day.[69] [70] [71]

Notable events

The square in front of the temple has been occasionally used as a venue for concerts:

In arts and popular culture

Paintings
Film
Television

See also

References

Notes
References

Bibliography

Books and chapters about Garni
General books
Journal articles

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության բնակավայրերի բառարան [Dictionary of Settlements of the Republic of Armenia] ]. 2008 . Centre of Geodesy and Cartography, Cadastre Committee of the Republic of Armenia . Yerevan . 51 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180311232523/https://www.cadastre.am/storage/files/pages/pg_907871769_HH_bnak._bar..pdf . 2018-03-11 . hy . ԳԱՌՆԻ- գյուղ Կոտայքի մարզում [...] Բնակավայրը գտնվում է ծովի մակերևույթից 1400 մ բարձրության վրա[...]. Garni - village in Kotayk Province [...] The settlement is 1400 meters about sea level -->.
  2. Book: Roller . Duane W. . Duane W. Roller . The Building Program of Herod the Great . 1998 . . 978-0-520-20934-3 . 268.
  3. Book: Dando-Collins, Stephen. Stephen Dando-Collins. The Great Fire of Rome: The Fall of the Emperor Nero and His City. 2010. Da Capo Press. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 978-0-306-81890-5. 15.
  4. News: Գառնիում կցուցադրվի Միհր Աստծո արձանախմբի մաս հանդիսացող մարմարե "Ցլի գլուխը" . . 11 March 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210316064646/https://armenpress.am/arm/news/1045795.html . 16 March 2021 . hy.
  5. Report by Kamilla Trever cited in Field. Henry. Price. Kathleen. Henry Field (anthropologist). Archaeological News, Russia. American Journal of Archaeology. 1950. 54. 4. 427. 10.2307/501010. 501010. 191409715.
  6. "Carmina Vahagni", originally published in Acta Antiqua 32.3-4, Budapest, 1989, p. 319; reproduced in Book: Russell . James R. . James R. Russell . Armenian and Iranian Studies . 2004 . . Cambridge, Massachusetts. 359.
  7. "On the Armeno-Iranian Roots of Mithraism", originally published in Studies in Mithraism, J. Hinnells, ed., Rome: Bretschneider, 1994, p. 188; reproduced in Book: Russell . James R. . James R. Russell . Armenian and Iranian Studies . 2004 . . Cambridge, Massachusetts. 558.
  8. Kouymjian . Dickran . Dickran Kouymjian . Armenian Architecture (IVth-VIIth Centuries): A Reassessment on the Occasion of an Exhibition . Al-Kulliyah . Spring 1973 . 14–19 . American University of Beirut. https://web.archive.org/web/20240520004829/https://libraries.aub.edu.lb/sp/public/aub-kullyah/capaub_alkulliyah_1973.pdf . 2024-05-20 .
    reprinted in The Armenian Reporter (August 30, 1973), pp. 6-7, 12; Armenian trans., Banber (Beirut, 1973) vol. I, no. 2.
  9. Book: Khachatrian . Aleksandr Arutyunovich . Корпус арабских надписей Армении VIII - XVI вв. [Corpus of Arabic Inscriptions of Armenia, 8th - 16th centuries] ]. 1987 . Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR . Yerevan . https://web.archive.org/web/20231206112932/https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/353747/edition/325930/content . December 6, 2023 . ru . 51-53.
  10. Book: Arakelian . B.N. . Karakhanian . G.H. . Babken Arakelyan . Գառնի. 1949-1956 պեղումների արդյունքները [Garni. Volume III: Results of excavations of 1949-1956] . 1962 . . Yerevan . 45 . hy.
  11. Book: Petrosyan . Hamlet . Hamlet Petrosyan . Գառնին IX-XIV դարերում [Garni in the 9th-14th Centuries] . 1988 . . Yerevan . 36 . hy.
  12. Guidoboni. E.. Haroutiunian. R.. Karakhanian. A.. The Garni (Armenia) large earthquake on 14 June 1679: a new analysis. Journal of Seismology. 2003. 7. 3. 302. 10.1023/A:1024561622879. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 2003JSeis...7..301G . 126868275.
  13. Hasrat'yan. Mourad. Murad Hasratyan. The medieval earthquakes of the Armenian Plateau and the historic towns of Ayrarat and Shirak (Dvin, Ani, Erevan). Annali di Geofisica. 1995. 38. 5–6. 721. Italian National Institute of Geophysics.
  14. Book: Morier. James. James Justinian Morier. A second journey through Persia, Armenia, and Asia Minor, to Constantinople, between the year 1810 and 1816. 1818. Longman. London. 339–340.
  15. Web site: Fragment of a carved black basalt frieze. . https://web.archive.org/web/20210905101512/https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection/object/W_1908-0509-1 . 5 September 2021 . Described [...] as "From the palace of Tiridates", but actually from the temple (now restored)....
  16. Romanov . Konstantin K. .

    ru:Романов, Константин Константинович (архитектор)

    . Развалины храма Римского типа в Баш-Гарни [Ruins of Roman-type temple in Bash-Garni] . Izvestiya GAIMK (Proceedings of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture) . 1934 . 100 . 635–654 . ru.
  17. Book: Piotrovsky . Boris . Boris Piotrovsky . Страницы моей жизни [Pages of My Life] ]. 1995 . . Saint Petersburg . 5-02-028205-7 . ru . 105 .
  18. Book: Ierusalimskaya . A.A. . Ivanov . A.A. . Эрмитаж. История и современность. 1764-1988 [Hermitage. History and Modernity. 1764-1988] ]. 1990 . . Moscow . 5-210-00010-9 . https://archive.today/20241012184838/http://kronk.spb.ru/library/1990-m-ermis-5.htm . 12 October 2024 . ru . Отдел Востока [Department of the East] . Отдел Востока получил к юбилею в дар от правительства Армянской ССР ряд экспонатов, украсивших экспозицию: капитель знаменитого эллинистического храма в Гарни....
  19. Армянская коллекция [Armenian Collection] ]. Hermitage Magazine . 24 . 66-67 . ru . 2218-0338. . Picture from 2006.
  20. News: В Эрмитаже в честь 130-летия со дня рождения Иосифа Орбели исполнили армянские мелодии . . 7 March 2017 . https://archive.today/20241012182307/https://tvspb.ru/news/2017/03/7/v-ermitazhe-v-chest-130-letiya-so-dnya-rozhdeniya-iosifa-orbeli-ispolnili-armyanskie-melodii/ . 12 October 2024 . ru. (archived video report and archived still)
  21. Book: Giambruno . Mariacristina . Pistidda . Sonia . Heritage for a Sustainable Development: The World Heritage Sites and Their Impacts on Cultural Territories: Case Studies from Armenia . 2022 . Springer Cham . 978-3-031-20157-8 . 30 . 10.1007/978-3-031-20157-8 . en .
  22. Harutyunyan . Varazdat . Varazdat Harutyunyan . Ալեքսանդր Սահինյան [Alexander Sahinian] ]. . 1982 . 12 . hy . 0320-8117. https://web.archive.org/web/20240109174653/https://arar.sci.am/dlibra/publication/40334/edition/36155/content . 2024-01-09 .
  23. Book: Kampen . Natalie . Natalie Kampen . Marconi . Clemente . Roman Art and Architecture in the Provinces and Beyond the Roman World . The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Art and Architecture . 2015 . . 978-0-19-978330-4 . 398.
  24. Book: Sahinyan. Alekʻsandr. Alexander Sahinian. Gaṛnii antik kaṛuytsʻneri chartarapetutʻyuně [Architecture of the ancient structures of Garni]. 1983. Armenian SSR Academy of Sciences Publishing. 235 . Thus, peripteral composition of the Garny temple as a product of the architectural-constructional art of the Hellenistic period, by its entire structure resembles the Urartian temple of Musasir (IX с. В. C). --> .
  25. Etudes soviétiques, (1968), issues 238-249, p. 79. "L'antique temple de Garni (1er siècle) ressemblant au temple de Nîmes (France) est l'unique monument d'origine hellénique conservé sur le territoire de l'U.R.S.S."
  26. McNeill . William H. . William H. McNeill (historian) . Journey from Common Sense: Notes of a conference on communication with extraterrestrial intelligence, Byurakan, Armenia, September, 1971 . University of Chicago Magazine . May 1972 . 64 . 5 . 10 .
  27. Book: Cox . Claude . Ferguson . Everett . Everett Ferguson . Encyclopedia of Early Christianity . 1999 . Routledge . 9781136611582 . 117 . 2nd . Armenia .
  28. Book: Kouymjian . Dickran . Dickran Kouymjian . Ajamian . S. . Stone . M. E. . Michael E. Stone . Text and Context: Studies in the Armenian New Testament: Papers Presented to the Conference on the Armenian New Testament, May 22-28, 1992 . 1994 . Scholars Press . Atlanta . 0-7885-0033-3 . 60.
  29. Volynsky . Leonid .

    ru:Волынский, Леонид Наумович

    . Краски Закавказья. Две Недели в Армении [Colors of the Transcaucasia: Two Weeks in Armenia] ]. . October 1963 . 39 . 10 . 129 . . Moscow . https://web.archive.org/web/20231205082030/https://imwerden.de/pdf/novy_mir_1963_10__ocr.pdf . 2023-12-05 . ru . Девять крутых - не по нынешнему шагу - ступеней ведут с торца на высокий подиум.
  30. Book: Stokes. Jamie. Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East. Armenians. 2009. Infobase Publishing. 978-1-4381-2676-0. 62. Despite the dearth of surviving pre-Christian architecture, several sites have allowed archaeologists to learn something about the general pattern of pre-Christian building in Armenia. The most important of these is the site at Garni....
  31. Book: Colledge . Malcolm A. R. . Malcolm Colledge . Parthian Art . 1977 . Elek . London . 0-236-40085-1 . 69 . The more popular Ionic order [...] In a comparatively pure and functional form it was used over four centuries in places as distant as Faïlaka, Taxila and Roman Garni in Armenia....
  32. Book: Eastmond . Antony . Antony Eastmond . Tamta's World: The Life and Encounters of a Medieval Noblewoman from the Middle East to Mongolia . 2017 . . 978-1-107-16756-8 . 322 . Tamta and the Khwarazmians: The Battle of Garni .
  33. Traina . Giusto . Giusto Traina . Mythes fondateurs et lieux de memoire de L'Armenie pre-chretienne (I) . . 2004 . 8 . 2 . 178–179 . 4030990 . fr . 1609-8498.
  34. Web site: Marouti . Andreh . Preservation of the architectural heritage of Armenia . . 235–236 . PhD thesis . 2018 . In accordance with Soviet ideologies, there was a prevalent interest in pre-Christian archaeological heritage. The reconstruction of Garni, a pagan temple and the preservation project of Erebuni, the Urartu citadel, with great propaganda are a testimony to it..
  35. Book: Demirchian . K. S. . Karen Demirchyan . Soviet Armenia . 1984 . Progress Publishers . Moscow . 71-72 . Many outstanding monuments of Armenian architecture are undergoing restoration work. A case in point is the work on restoration of the heathen temple of the first century in Garni..
  36. Kholopov . Bronislav .

    ru:Холопов, Бронислав Борисович

    . Armenia: As Old As Rome [Interview with Fadei Sarkisyan] ]. . November 1978 . 11 . 266 . 33 . Unique restoration work was done in recent years at the pagan temple in Garni, and this monument of Hellenic art in Armenia can now be viewed in its original grandeur and beauty..
  37. Web site: 1994 - Garni . . https://archive.today/09yyV/2f8776c5fe40c565ae13bc828108c2bf8746724b.png . 10 December 2023.
  38. Web site: Banknotes out of Circulation - 5000 drams. . https://web.archive.org/web/20210928193451/https://www.cba.am/en/sitepages/detailsncbrabanknotesnotcirculated.aspx?nominal=8 . 28 September 2021.
  39. News: First Pan Armenian Game's Torch to Be Lit in Garni. Asbarez. 28 August 1999 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927181042/https://asbarez.com/first-pan-armenian-games-torch-to-be-lit-in-garni/ . 27 September 2021.
  40. News: Համահայկական խաղերի հանդիսավոր բացումը [The ceremonial opening of the Pan-Armenian Games] ]. . . 150 . 31 August 1999 . 7 . https://web.archive.org/web/20241004092221/https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20TERT/Azg91/1999/150_ocr.pdf . 2024-10-04 . hy.
  41. Stepanian . G. .

    hy:Գառնիկ Ստեփանյան

    . Մեր ճարտարապետության կոթողները. Գեղարդ [The Monuments of Our Architecture: Geghard] ]. Sovetakan Hayastan Monthly . 1946 . 3 . Armenian SSR Committee for Cultural Relations with the Armenians Abroad . Yerevan . hy . 0131-6834 . 35–39 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240830121249/https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/SovetakanHayastan1945/1946(3).pdf . 2024-08-30 . Այժմ էլ Գեղարդն ու Գառնին մնում են Սովետական Հայաստանի ամենաուշագրավ ու հոյակապ հուշարձանները, մնում են մեր աշխատավորության, հատկապես տուրիստական կազմակերպությունների ամենասիրած վայրերը:.
  42. Kevorkov . I. .

    hy:Իլյա Կևորկով

    . Արտասահմանյան տուրիզմը Հայաստանում [Foreign Tourism in Armenia] ]. Sovetakan Hayastan Monthly . 1966 . 2 . Armenian SSR Committee for Cultural Relations with the Armenians Abroad . Yerevan . hy . 0131-6834 . 20–21. https://web.archive.org/web/20240830081848/https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/SovetakanHayastan1945/1966(2).pdf . 2024-08-30 .
  43. Harutyunian . Varazdat . Varazdat Harutyunyan . Քարակերտ համանվագ [Stone-built Symphony] ]. Sovetakan Hayastan Monthly . 1973 . 2 . Armenian SSR Committee for Cultural Relations with the Armenians Abroad . Yerevan . hy . 0131-6834 . 12-13 . Տասնյակ հազարավոր այցելուներ ամեն տարի այստեղ են գալիս ծանոթանալու ամրոցի մնացորդներին, դիտելու ավերակ տաճարի հրաշակերտ բեկորները...-->. https://web.archive.org/web/20240830112340/https://tert.nla.am/archive/NLA%20AMSAGIR/SovetakanHayastan1945/1973(2).pdf . 2024-08-30 .
  44. News: Karanian. Matthew. Beyond Geghard And Garni. Asbarez. 8 May 2013 .
  45. News: The number of foreign tourists visiting Armenia expected to surge to one million. ARKA News Agency. 30 June 2014 .
  46. News: Գառնի-Գեղարդ. Հայաստանի մարգարիտները՝ իրենց գույներով. azatutyun.am. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 16 May 2012. hy.
  47. News: Petrosyan. Sara. Crime of Culture: Government Neglect and New Café Ensure that Garni Will Never Become a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Hetq Online. 21 February 2014.
  48. News: Nazaretyan . Hovhannes . Զբոսաշրջությունը հաղթահարում է կորոնավիրուսային շոկը [Tourism overcoming coronavirus shock] ]. civilnet.am . 10 February 2022 . https://archive.today/20230521091213/https://www.civilnet.am/news/649552/ . 21 May 2023.
  49. News: Ghazanchyan. Siranush. Montserrat Caballe visits Garni Temple and Geghard Monastery. Public Radio of Armenia. 12 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130618050137/http://www.armradio.am/en/2013/06/12/montserrat-caballe-visits-garni-temple-and-geghard-monastery/ . 18 June 2013.
  50. News: International Press Coverage of Kim Kardashian's Visit to Armenia. civilnet.am. 10 April 2015 . On April 9, Kim and Khloe Kardashian visit several sites in Yerevan and later went to the historic sites of the first century A.D. Garni Temple and Geghard Monastery... -->. 30 December 2015. 18 April 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150418040819/http://civilnet.am/2015/04/10/kim-kardashian-armenia-international-press-coverage/#.VoOYKvl97IU.
  51. News: Conan O'Brien visits Armenia. news.am. 13 October 2015.
    Facebook post by Team Coco (archived)
  52. Web site: Kirkorov . Philipp . Philipp Kirkorov . Вчера, 3 июля 2022 года, мы вернулись назад на 37 лет… . fkirkorov on Instagram . https://archive.today/20220704132449/https://www.instagram.com/tv/CfloBt1Kud4/ . 4 July 2022 . ru . July 4, 2022.
    media coverage:
  53. Web site: Antonyan. Yulia. "Արորդիների ուխտ"' նեոհեթանոսությունը Հայաստանում [Neopaganism in Armenia]]. religions.am. Religions in Armenia. hy . Հայաստանում պահպանված և 1975թ. վերականգնված մինչքրիստոնեական Միհր աստծու տաճարը Գառնիում վերածվեց նեոհեթանոսների ծիսակատարությունների հիմնական վայրի:. The pre-Christian temple of Mihr in Garni, preserved in Armenia and restore in 1975, became a the main site of neo-pagan rituals. -->. 2017-03-30. https://web.archive.org/web/20170330104832/http://www.religions.am/arm/religions/%C2%AB%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB-%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD%D5%BF%C2%BB%60-%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A8-%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4.
  54. Book: Aitamurto. Kaarina. Simpson. Scott. Modern Pagan and Native Faith Movements in Central and Eastern Europe. Sacred Landscapes. 2014. Routledge. 978-1-84465-662-2.
  55. Antonyan . Yulia . "Reconstituting" Religion: Neo-Paganism in Armenia. Summary . Laboratorium: Russian Review of Social Research . 2010 . 1 . Saint Petersburg . 2078-1938 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150111193949/http://www.soclabo.org/index.php/laboratorium/article/view/172/343 . January 11, 2015 .
  56. News: Ամանորը և Վահագնի ծնունդը՝ մարտի 21-ին. Aravot. 19 March 2011. hy. Արորդիների ուխտը 1990–ից ի վեր Ամանորն ավանդաբար տոնում է Գառնիի տաճարում: Այս տարի նույնպես Ամանորի ծիսակատարությունը կսկսվի մարտի 21-ի կեսօրին՝ Գառնիում:. The brotherhood of Arordis has traditionally celebrated the New Year at the temple of Garni since the 1990s. This year, too, the New Year ceremony will begin on the afternoon of March 21 at Garni..
  57. News: Melkumian . Hrach . Pagan Cult Marks Ancient Festival . azatutyun.am . . 21 March 2002.
  58. News: Krikorian. Onnik. Armenian Festival Combines Paganism and Nationalism. . 26 July 2007. 15 January 2015. 14 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180614021244/https://eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav072707.shtml.
  59. News: Vardavar Celebrations in Garni. Hetq Online. 8 July 2013.
  60. News: Գառնու հեթանոսական տաճարում տոնում են Անահիտ աստվածուհու վերադարձը հայրենիք . azatutyun.am . . September 28, 2024 . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/n5oLwErAIvk . 1 October 2024 . hy.
  61. Web site: Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Կոտայքի մարզի պատմության և մշակույթի անշարժ հուշարձանների պետական ցուցակ. arlis.am. Armenian Legal Information System. https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225417/http://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=11757. 12 January 2015. hy. 24 December 2003.
  62. Web site: Armenian and Palestinian sites share 2011 cultural landscape prize . unesco.org . UNESCOPRESS . https://archive.today/20210921082153/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/themes/dynamic-content-single-view/news/armenian_and_palestinian_sites_share_2011_cultural_landscape/ . 21 September 2021 . 12 May 2011.
  63. News: ru:Турист из Москвы исписал языческий храм в Армении. http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2014/09/26/n_6512765.shtml. Gazeta.ru. 26 September 2014. ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20140928071103/http://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2014/09/26/n_6512765.shtml . 28 September 2014.
  64. News: hy:ՌԴ քաղաքացին պղծել է Գառնու տաճարը. http://www.a1plus.am/1339834.html. A1plus. 26 September 2014. hy . https://web.archive.org/web/20210316182856/https://a1plus.am/hy/article/106442 . 16 March 2021.
  65. News: hy:Գառնիի տաճարի վրա ռուս զբոսաշրջիկի գրառումը մաքրվել է. https://www.tert.am/am/news/2014/10/01/garni/1206515 . Tert.am. 1 October 2014. hy . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224174036/https://www.tert.am/am/news/2014/10/01/garni/1206515 . 24 February 2021.
  66. News: Армения потребовала более $1700 c осквернившего языческий храм россиянина. Interfax. 11 February 2015. ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225212417/https://www.interfax.ru/world/423458 . 25 February 2021.
  67. News: Гражданин России, исписавший краской храм в Армении, отделался штрафом. REGNUM News Agency. 17 April 2015. ru . https://web.archive.org/web/20210224202553/https://regnum.ru/news/accidents/1916362.html . 24 February 2021.
  68. News: Գառնիի տաճարում փակ միջոցառման հետ կապված բազմաթիվ բողոքներ են ստացվել․ Տուրիզմի կոմիտե . The Armenian Times . 5 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210921080200/https://armtimes.com/hy/article/220197 . 21 September 2021 . hy.
  69. News: Գառնիի հեթանոսական տաճարը փակ է զբոսաշրջիկների համար. այնտեղ հարսանիք է . news.am . 4 September 2021 . https://archive.today/20210921080918/https://news.am/arm/news/661288.html . 21 September 2021 . hy.
  70. News: Գառնիի համայնքապետարանը, համայնքի ավագանին և բնակիչները դեմ են եղել Գառնիի տաճարի տարածքում միջոցառման անցկացմանը. հայտարարություն . factor.am . 5 September 2021 . https://archive.today/20210921080355/https://factor.am/413010.html . 21 September 2021 . hy.
  71. News: Hayrapetyan . Satenik . "ՊՈԱԿ-ը գործել է ինքնուրույն"․ ԿԳՄՍՆ-ն ուսումնասիրում է Գառնու տաճարում տեղի ունեցածը, համապատասխան միջոցառումներ կձեռնարկի . azatutyun.am . . 7 September 2021 . https://archive.today/20210921081327/https://www.azatutyun.am/a/31446789.html . 21 September 2021 . hy.
  72. News: Abrahamyan. Gayane. Nature Worship: Sounds and sights make a special night in Garni. ArmeniaNow. 2 July 2004 . https://web.archive.org/web/20131016033901/http://archives.armenianow.com/2004/july02/arts/garni/index.php . 16 October 2013.
  73. News: Բացօթյա համերգ Գառնիում. Aravot. 26 June 2004. hy . Կկատարվի Արամ Խաչատրյան, Կոմիտաս-Ասլամազյան, Էդվարդ Միրզոյան, Շտրաուս, Մոցարտ եւ այլն: --> . https://web.archive.org/web/20210225191654/http://www.aravot.am/2004/06/26/318055/ . 25 February 2021.
  74. Web site: Acid Pauli at Garni Temple near Yerevan, Armenia for Cercle . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/c_ofe_pV5Yc . 2021-12-21 . live. Cercle on YouTube . May 9, 2019.
  75. Web site: Sukiasyan . Mariam . Vivaro ընկերությունը, Cercle-ը, The Triângûlum-ը, ՀՀ մշակույթի նախարարությունը, ՀՀ Զբոսաշրջության կոմիտեն և ոչ միայն՝ մայիսի 6-ին Գառնիում . vnews.am . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927174728/https://www.vnews.am/vnewslife/cercle-invites-acid-pauli-at-garni-temple-mijocarumy-teghi-kunena-mayisi-6in/ . 3 May 2019 . 27 September 2021 . hy.
  76. Web site: Baghdassarian . Anna . Une grande fête de musique électronique au temple de Garni . Le Courrier d'Erevan . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927174618/https://www.courrier.am/fr/content/arts-et-culture/une-grande-f%C3%AAte-de-musique-%C3%A9lectronique-au-temple-de-garni . 27 September 2021 . fr.
  77. News: Komitas & Hovhannes Tumanyan-150. Garni Temple . chambermusiccenter.am . 22 June 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191211072714/https://www.chambermusiccenter.am/en/events/komitas-hovhannes-tumanyan-150-garni-temple . 11 December 2019.
  78. Web site: Starmus will bring stars closer this September at the Star Party in Garni Temple . starmus.com . . https://web.archive.org/web/20220906191206/https://www.starmus.com/press-item/491 . 6 September 2022 . 11 August 2022.
  79. Web site: Գառնի (էտյուդ) (1934) . gallery.am . . https://archive.today/20241016190221/http://www.gallery.am/hy/database/item/8569/ . 16 October 2024 . hy.
  80. Web site: Գառնի (1966) . gallery.am . . https://archive.today/20241016190433/http://www.gallery.am/hy/database/item/9672/ . 16 October 2024 . hy.
  81. Web site: Գառնի (1969) . gallery.am . . https://archive.today/20241016190335/http://www.gallery.am/en/database/item/16541/ . 16 October 2024 . hy.
  82. Grigorian . M. V. . Mark Grigorian . Մատենադարանի շենքի կառուցման մասին [On construction of the Matenadaran building] ]. Banber Matenadarani . 1960 . 5 . hy . 2018-12-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180721183437/http://www.matenadaran.am/ftp/data/Banber5/1.M.Grigoryan.pdf . 2018-07-21 . 18.
  83. Web site: Government of the Republic of Armenia. Հայաստանի Հանրապետության Երևան քաղաքի պատմության և մշակույթի անշարժ հուշարձանների պետակական ցուցակ [List of historical and cultural monuments of Yerevan]]. arlis.am. Armenian Legal Information System. https://web.archive.org/web/20160805184927/http://www.arlis.am/DocumentView.aspx?DocID=56884. 5 August 2016. hy. 2 November 2004.
  84. Web site: Գյուրջյան Գաբրիել Միքայելի . gallery.am . . https://web.archive.org/web/20231004025714/http://www.gallery.am/hy/database/authors/78/ . 4 October 2023 . hy . Ստեղծագործական կայնքի վերջին շրջանում Գ.Գյուրջյանը ստեղծել է մի շարք պատմական բնանկարներ «Դվին», «Գառնի տաճար», «Էրեբունիի շինարարությունը», որոնք ուշագրավ են հայ ժողովրդի պատմական անցյալի ու միջավայրի խորը զգացողությամբ:.
  85. Sargsian . M. . "Գառնի" . Sovetakan Hayastan Monthly . 1973 . 3 . Armenian SSR Committee for Cultural Relations with the Armenians Abroad . Yerevan . hy . 0131-6834 . 24.
  86. Web site: Кольца славы (1962) драма . YouTube . RVISION . 11 February 2022 . ru . March 9, 2021. Stills showing the ruins: 1, 2
  87. Web site: Hambardzumyan . Hayk . Գառնի. սերը անցյալի ավերակների վրա [Garni. love over the ruins of the past] ]. art365.am . Art 365 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220209192959/https://www.art365.am/%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB-%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%AB/%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8-%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB-%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB-%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%A1-2 . 9 February 2022 . hy . 23 November 2021 . 9 February 2022 . bot: unknown .
  88. Web site: Նույն քաղաքի մարդիկ 1966 - ԳԱՌՆԻ - Հայկական Ֆիլմ / Nuyn qaghaqi mardik - GARNI - . YouTube . National Cinema Center of Armenia . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/IhpUvljAQ-0 . 9 February 2022 . hy . 13 November 2021 . bot: unknown . Stills showing the ruins: 1, 2
  89. Web site: Garni, klasyczna świątynia w Armenii . filmowe-szlaki.pl . 5 February 2021 . 5 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210205064520/https://www.filmowe-szlaki.pl/2021/02/05/garni-klasyczna-swiatynia-armenia/ . 5 February 2021 . pl.
  90. Web site: Witajcie w naszej bajce. Akademia Pana Kleksa ma 30 lat! . Gadżetomania.pl . 3 December 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170613163643/http://gadzetomania.pl/212,witajcie-w-naszej-bajce-akademia-pana-kleksa-ma-30-lat . 13 June 2017 . pl .
  91. Web site: Веселая хроника опасного путешествия (1986) [A Merry Chronicle of a Dangerous Journey (1986)] ]. . ru . March 29, 2021.
  92. Harutyunyan . Susanna . Cowie . Peter . Peter Cowie . Armenia . Variety International Film Guide 2003 . 2002 . 96-97 . Button Publishing . London.
  93. Web site: "Քրմուհին" ԵՊՀ-ում [The Priestess at YSU] ]. ysu.am . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210411162551/http://ysu.am/news/hy/sQApz7qVoVRzkfLh1vbBfOYdkp . 11 April 2021 . hy . Գառնիի տաճարի միակ քրմուհին, որ Միհր աստծո կինն էր, դավաճանում է ամուսնուն եւ պատժվում դրա համար:. The only priestess of the Garni temple, who was the wife of the god Mihr, cheats on her husband and is punished for it. -->.
  94. Web site: Chaldranyan . Vigen . Vigen Chaldranyan . "Քրմուհին" [The Priestess] ]. YouTube . . hy . February 27, 2019.
  95. News: "Մարդու կենսագրությունն սկսվում է ցեղի հիշողությունից" . . 10 July 2009 . https://archive.today/20240925070655/https://www.irates.am/hy/d27aSDgxtkWEbgxC1vUmPywy5u . 25 September 2024 . hy . «Արևի տաճար» փաստավավերագրական ֆիլմը (ռեժիսոր` Շավարշ Վարդանյան)...Վերջերս նկարահանված «Արևի տաճար» ֆիլմը, օրինակ, բացահայտում է մեր չճանաչած Գառնին։.
  96. Web site: Кадры из Болливудского боевика "Om - The Battle Within", который частично был снят в Армении . Economy of Armenia . https://archive.today/20240107122948/https://t.me/economyofarmenia/15152 . 7 January 2024 . ru . January 6, 2024.
  97. Web site: Песня - 85. Очередной выпуск. Ереван (1985) . 7 August 2021 . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/pXZLoldZKUw . 2021-12-21 . live. . ru . Съемка в Армении у стен древнего армянского языческого храма в поселке Гарни.. Filming in Armenia near the walls of the ancient Armenian pagan temple in the village of Garni.-->.
  98. Web site: Kozachenko. Tatyana. Древние храмы из камня в Каменной стране [Ancient stone temples in the Stone country]]. Vokrug sveta. ru. 7 February 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210927175344/https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/telegraph/globe/234/ . 27 September 2021 . А в 1985 году здесь даже снимали Песню Года, после чего у Аллы Пугачевой «в душе родилось двустишье»:.
  99. Web site: Алла Пугачева "Паромщик" (1985) . . ru . Алла Пугачева в программе “Песня - 85” поет песню Игоря Николаева на стихи Николая Денисова "Паромщик" у стен древнего армянского языческого храма в поселке Гарни в Армении..
  100. Web site: Conan Dances At The Garni Temple – CONAN on TBS. https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/wWnKSTNYtcU . 2021-12-21 . live. Team Coco on YouTube. 18 November 2015.
  101. Web site: Show Schedule. teamcoco.com. 17 November 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20151117203232/http://teamcoco.com/schedule/2015-11-16 . 17 November 2015.
  102. News:
    1. ConanArmenia Scores 1.3 Million Viewers
    . Asbarez. 19 November 2015. 14 January 2016. 25 December 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151225165708/http://asbarez.com/142021/conanarmenia-scores-1-3-million-viewers/.
  103. Web site: The Amazing Race. Episode Title: (#2806) "Let The Good Times Roll" . . https://archive.today/20220120154153/http://thefutoncritic.com/listings/20160317cbs10/ . 20 January 2022.
  104. Walker . Jodi . The Amazing Race recap: Let the Good Times Roll . . ew.com . https://archive.today/20211204083649/https://ew.com/tv/recaps/wheel-of-time-season-1-episode-5/ . 4 December 2021 . April 1, 2016.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Garni Temple".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2025, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.