pronounced as /notice/In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another.
The main difference between a tap or flap and a stop is that in a tap/flap there is no buildup of air pressure behind the place of articulation and consequently no release burst. Otherwise a tap/flap is similar to a brief stop.
Taps and flaps also contrast with trills, where the airstream causes the articulator to vibrate. Trills may be realized as a single contact, like a tap or flap, but are variable, whereas a tap/flap is limited to a single contact. When a trill is brief and made with a single contact it is sometimes erroneously described as an (allophonic) tap/flap, but a true tap or flap is an active articulation whereas a trill is a passive articulation. That is, for a tap or flap the tongue makes an active gesture to contact the target place of articulation, whereas with a trill the contact is due to the vibration caused by the airstream rather than any active movement.
Many linguists use the terms tap and flap indiscriminately. Peter Ladefoged proposed for a while that it might be useful to distinguish between them. However, his usage was inconsistent and contradicted itself even between different editions of the same text.[1] One proposed version of the distinction was that a tap strikes its point of contact directly, as a very brief stop, but a flap strikes the point of contact tangentially: "Flaps are most typically made by retracting the tongue tip behind the alveolar ridge and moving it forward so that it strikes the ridge in passing."
Later, however, he used the term flap in all cases.[2] Subsequent work on the labiodental flap has clarified the issue: flaps involve retraction of the active articulator, and a forward-striking movement.[3]
For linguists who do not make the proposed distinction above, alveolars are typically called taps, and other articulations are called flaps.
A few languages have been reported to contrast a tap and a flap (as in the proposed definition cited above) at the same place of articulation. This is the case for Norwegian, in which the alveolar apical tap pronounced as //ɾ// and the post-alveolar/retroflex apical flap pronounced as //ɽ// have the same place of articulation for some speakers,[4] and Kamviri, which also has apical alveolar taps and flaps.[5]
The tap and flap consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
| IPA | Description | Example | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | |||
| pronounced as /ɾ/ | alveolar tap | Spanish | pero | pronounced as /[pe'''ɾ'''o]/ | "but" | |
| pronounced as /ɺ/ | alveolar lateral flap | Venda | vula | [vu'''ɺ'''a] | "to open" | |
| pronounced as /ɽ/ | retroflex flap | Warlpiri | rdupa | pronounced as /['''ɽ'''upa]/ | "windbreak" | |
| retroflex lateral flap | Kobon | ƚawƚ | pronounced as /[''''''aw'''''']/ | "to shoot" | ||
| pronounced as /ⱱ/ | labiodental flap | Karang | vbara | pronounced as /['''ⱱ'''ara]/ | "animal" | |
The Kiel Convention of the IPA recommended that for other taps and flaps, a homorganic consonant, such as a stop or trill, should be used with a breve diacritic:
However, the former could be mistaken for a short trill, and is more clearly transcribed (IPA|ɢ̆), whereas for a nasal tap the unambiguous transcription (IPA|ɾ̃) is generally used.
| Bilabial | Labio- dental | Linguo- labial | Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Epi- glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central oral | pronounced as /ⱱ̟ (b̆, w̆)/ | pronounced as /ⱱ̥ (f̆) · ⱱ (v̆)/ | pronounced as /ɾ̼/ | pronounced as /ɾ̪/ | pronounced as /ɾ̥ · ɾ/ | pronounced as /ɾ̠/ | pronounced as /ɽ̊ · ɽ/ | pronounced as /ɢ̆ (ʀ̆)/ | pronounced as /ʡ̮ (ʢ̮)/ | ||
| Central nasal | pronounced as /ⱱ̟̃ (m̆)/ | pronounced as /ɾ̪̃/ | pronounced as /ɾ̃ (n̆)/ | pronounced as /ɽ̃ (ɳ̆ )/ | |||||||
| Central fricative | pronounced as /ɾ̞̊ ɾ̞/ | ||||||||||
| Lateral oral | pronounced as /ɺ̪/ | pronounced as /ɺ̥[7] · ɺ/ | pronounced as /ɺ̠/ | pronounced as / (ɭ̆ )/ | pronounced as /ʎ̮/ | pronounced as /ʟ̆/ | |||||
| Lateral nasal | pronounced as /ɺ̃/ |
Most of the alternative transcriptions in parentheses imply a tap rather than flap articulation, so for example the flap pronounced as /[ⱱ̟]/ and the tapped stop pronounced as /[b̆]/ are arguably distinct, as are flapped pronounced as /[ɽ̃]/ and tapped pronounced as /[ɳ̆]/.
See main article: Dental and alveolar taps and flaps. Spanish features a good illustration of an alveolar flap, contrasting it with a trill: pero pronounced as //ˈpeɾo// "but" vs. perro pronounced as //ˈpero// "dog". Among the Germanic languages, the tap allophone occurs in American and Australian English and in Northern Low Saxon. In American and Australian English it tends to be an allophone of intervocalic pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/, leading to homophonous pairs such as "metal" / "medal" and "latter" / "ladder" – see tapping. In a number of Low Saxon dialects it occurs as an allophone of intervocalic pronounced as /link/ or pronounced as /link/; e.g. bäden /beeden/ → pronounced as /[ˈbeːɾn]/ 'to pray', 'to request', gah to Bedde! /gaa tou bede/ → pronounced as /[ˌɡɑːtoʊˈbeɾe]/ 'go to bed!', Water Low German; Low Saxon; German, Low; Saxon, Low: /vaater/ → pronounced as /[ˈvɑːɾɜ]/ 'water', Vadder /fater/ → pronounced as /[ˈfaɾɜ]/ 'father'. (In some dialects this has resulted in reanalysis and a shift to pronounced as /link/; thus bären pronounced as /[ˈbeːrn]/, to Berre pronounced as /[toʊˈbere]/, Warer pronounced as /[ˈvɑːrɜ]/, Varrer pronounced as /[ˈfarɜ]/.) Occurrence varies; in some Low Saxon dialects it affects both pronounced as /link/ and pronounced as /link/, while in others it affects only pronounced as /link/. Other languages with this are Portuguese, Korean, and Austronesian languages with pronounced as /link/.
In Galician, Portuguese and Sardinian, a flap often appears instead of a former pronounced as /link/. This is part of a wider phenomenon called rhotacism.
Most Indic and Dravidian languages have retroflex flaps. In Hindi there are three, a simple retroflex flap as in pronounced as /[bəɽaː]/ big, a murmured retroflex flap as in pronounced as /[koɽʱiː]/ leper, and a retroflex nasal flap in the Hindicized pronunciation of Sanskrit pronounced as /[məɽ̃iː]/ gem. Some of these may be allophonic.
A retroflex flap is also common in Norwegian dialects and some Swedish dialects.
Many of the languages of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific that do not distinguish [r] from l may have a lateral flap. However, it is also possible that many of these languages do not have a lateral–central contrast at all, so that even a consistently neutral articulation may be perceived as sometimes lateral pronounced as /[ɺ]/ or pronounced as /[l]/, sometimes central pronounced as /[ɾ]/. This has been suggested to be the case for Japanese, for example.
The Iwaidja language of Australia has both alveolar and retroflex lateral flaps. These contrast with lateral approximants at the same positions, as well as a retroflex tap pronounced as /[ɽ]/, alveolar tap pronounced as /[ɾ]/, and retroflex approximant pronounced as /[ɻ]/. However, the flapped, or tapped, laterals in Iwaidja are distinct from 'lateral flaps' as represented by the corresponding IPA symbols (see below). These phones consist of a flap component followed by a lateral component, whereas In Iwaidja the opposite is the case. For this reason, current IPA transcriptions of these sounds by linguists working on the language consist of an alveolar lateral followed by a superscript alveolar tap and a retroflex lateral followed by a superscript retroflex tap.
A velar lateral tap may exist as an allophone in a few languages of New Guinea, according to Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson.
The only common non-coronal flap is the labiodental flap, found throughout central Africa in languages such as Margi. In 2005, the IPA adopted a right-hook v, (IPA|ⱱ):
Previously it had been transcribed with the use of the breve diacritic, pronounced as /[v̆]/, or other ad hoc symbols.
Other taps or flaps are much less common. They include an epiglottal tap; a bilabial flap in Banda, which may be an allophone of the labiodental flap; and a velar lateral tap as an allophone in Kanite and Melpa. These are often transcribed with the breve diacritic, as pronounced as /[w̆, ʟ̆]/. Note here that, like a velar trill, a central velar flap or tap is not possible because the tongue and soft palate cannot move together easily enough to produce a sound.
If other flaps are found, the breve diacritic could be used to represent them, but would more properly be combined with the symbol for the corresponding voiced stop. A palatal or uvular tap or flap, which unlike a velar tap is believed to be articulatorily possible, could be represented this way (by pronounced as /
Though deemed impossible on the IPA chart, a velar tap has been reported to occur allophonically in the Kamviri dialect of the Kamkata-vari language[9] and in Dàgáárè, though at least in the latter case this may in fact be a palatal tap.[10] [11]
Nasalized consonants include taps and flaps, although these are rarely phonemic. Many West African languages have a nasal flap pronounced as /[ɾ̃]/ (or pronounced as /[n̆]/) as an allophone of pronounced as //ɾ// before a nasal vowel; Pashto, however, has a phonemic nasal retroflex lateral flap. As mentioned above, many Indo-Aryan languages also possess a phonemic retroflex nasal flap that contrasts with the alveolar nasal stop.
Voiced and voiceless tapped alveolar fricatives have been reported from a few languages. Flapped fricatives are possible but do not seem to be used.[12] See voiced alveolar tapped fricative, voiceless alveolar tapped fricative.
pronounced as /navigation/