| Above: | Voiceless postalveolar affricate |
| Ipa Number: | 103 134 |
| Ipa Symbol: | tʃ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | ʧ |
| Decimal1: | 116 |
| Decimal2: | 865 |
| Decimal3: | 643 |
| X-Sampa: | tS or t_rS |
| Imagefile: | IPA Unicode 0x02A7.svg |
The voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant affricate or voiceless domed postalveolar sibilant affricate is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The sound is transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet with (IPA|t͡ʃ ), (IPA|t͜ʃ ) (IPA|tʃ ) (formerly the ligature (IPA|ʧ )), or, in broad transcription, (IPA|c). This affricate has a dedicated symbol, which has been retired by the International Phonetic Association but is still used. The alternative commonly used in American tradition is (č). It is familiar to English speakers as the "ch" sound in "chip".
Historically, this sound often derives from a former voiceless velar stop pronounced as //k// (as in English church; also in Gulf Arabic, Slavic languages, Indo-Iranian languages and Romance languages), or a voiceless dental stop pronounced as //t// by way of palatalization, especially next to a front vowel (as in English nature; also in Amharic, Portuguese, some accents of Egyptian, etc.).
Features of the voiceless domed postalveolar affricate:
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adyghe; Adygei: [[Cyrillic script|'''ч'''эмы]]/čamë/چەمہـ | 'cow' | Some dialects contrast labialized and non-labialized forms. | ||||
| Albanian: '''ç'''elur | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɛluɾ]/ | 'opened' | ||||
| Atkan dialect | Aleut: '''ch'''amĝul | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɑmʁul]/ | 'to wash' | |||
| Amharic: [[Ge'ez alphabet|አንቺ]]/anči | pronounced as /[ant͡ʃi]/ | 'you' | ||||
| Arabic: [[Arabic alphabet|مكتبة]] (Normally unwritten)/mačtabe | pronounced as /[ˈmat͡ʃt̪abe]/ | 'library' | Corresponds to pronounced as /[k]/ in Standard Arabic and other varieties. See Arabic phonology | |||
| [[Arabic alphabet|چتاب]]/čitaab | pronounced as / [t͡ʃɪˈt̪ɑːb]/ | 'book' | ||||
| Arabic: [[Arabic alphabet|كتاب]] (Normally unwritten)/čitaab | pronounced as / [t͡ʃɪˈt̪aːb]/ | |||||
| Aragonese: '''ch'''uego | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃueɣo]/ | 'game' | ||||
| Armenian: [[Armenian alphabet|'''ճ'''նճղուկ]]/čënčquk | 'sparrow' | |||||
| ܟ̰ܝܡܐ/č’yama | pronounced as /[t͡ʃˤjɑmɑ]/ | 'to shut' | Found in native terminology. Widespread usage in all dialect varieties. Developed from an original /tˤ/. | |||
| Asturian; Bable; Leonese; Asturleonese: [[Asturian alphabet|'''Ch'''ipre]] | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃipɾe]/ | 'Cyprus' | Mostly found in loanwords, if possible, usually replaced by x pronounced as /link/. | |||
| Azerbaijani: [[Azerbaijani alphabet|Əkin'''ç'''i]]/اکینچی | pronounced as /[æcint͡ʃʰi]/ | 'the ploughman' | ||||
| Bengali: [[Bengali alphabet|'''চ'''শমা]]/čošma | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɔʃma]/ | 'spectacles' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology | |||
| Basque: [[Basque alphabet|'''tx'''alupa]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃalupa]/ | 'boat' | ||||
| Bulgarian: [[Bulgarian alphabet|'''ч'''у'''ч'''улига]]/čučuliga | pronounced as /[t͡ʃʊt͡ʃuˈliɡɐ]/ | 'lark' | See Bulgarian phonology | |||
| Catalan; Valencian: [[Catalan orthography|co'''tx'''e]] | pronounced as /[ˈkɔ.t͡ʃə]/ | 'car' | See Catalan phonology. | |||
| na'''c'''aq | pronounced as /[ˈnat͡ʃaq]/ | 'parka hood' | ||||
| Choctaw: hak'''ch'''ioma | pronounced as /[hakt͡ʃioma]/ | 'tobacco' | ||||
| Bohairic dialect | Coptic: [[Coptic alphabet|'''ϭ'''ⲟϩ]]/čoh | pronounced as /[t͡ʃʰɔh]/ | 'touch' | |||
| Czech: [[Czech orthography|mor'''č'''e]] | pronounced as /[ˈmo̞rt͡ʃɛ]/ | 'guinea pig' | See Czech phonology | |||
| Dhivehi | ޗަކަސް / čakas | pronounced as /[t͡ʃakas]/ | 'mud' | Relatively rare, usually occurs in loanwords / onomatoepic words | ||
| pronounced as /[t͡ʃɔŋəjɔŋə]/ | 'jeez' | An exclamation of (mild) annoyance, surprise, wonder or amazement.[1] Pronunciation is region dependent. | ||||
| pronounced as /[biːt͡ʃ]/ | 'beach' | Slightly labialized pronounced as /[tʃʷ]/. See English phonology | ||||
| Esperanto: [[Esperanto orthography|'''ĉ'''ar]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃar]/ | 'because' | See Esperanto phonology | |||
| Estonian | [ˈtʃelˑo] | 'cello' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. see Estonian phonology | |||
| Faroese: [[Faroese alphabet|'''g'''era]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃeːɹa]/ | 'to do' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Faroese phonology | |||
| Finnish | [ˈt̪ʃe̞kːi] | 'Czechia' | Rare, occurs only in loanwords. See Finnish phonology | |||
| Standard | French: [[French alphabet|caou'''tch'''ouc]] | pronounced as /[kaut͡ʃu]/ | 'rubber' | Relatively rare; occurs mostly in loanwords. See French phonology | ||
| tiens | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɛ̃]/ | '(I/you) keep' | Allophone of /k/ and /tj/ before a front vowel. | |||
| Galician: '''ch'''eo | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃeo]/ | 'full' | Galician-Portuguese pronounced as //t͡ʃ// is conserved in Galician and merged with pronounced as /link/ in most Portuguese dialects. See Galician phonology | |||
| Georgian: [[Georgian alphabet|'''ჩ'''იხი]]/čixi | pronounced as /[t͡ʃixi]/ | 'impasse' | ||||
| Standard | German: [[German alphabet|'''Tsch'''üss]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃʏs]/ | 'bye' | Laminal or apico-laminal and strongly labialized. See Standard German phonology | ||
| Greek, Modern (1453-);: [[Greek alphabet|'''τσ̌'''άι]]/čai | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɑːiː]/ | 'tea' | ||||
| Hausa: '''c'''iwo/Hausa: '''ثِ'''يوُاْ | pronounced as /[t͡ʃíː.wòː]/ | 'disease, pain' | ||||
| Hebrew: [[Hebrew alphabet|'''תש'''ובה]]/čuva | pronounced as /[t͡ʃuˈva]/ | 'answer' | See Modern Hebrew phonology | |||
| Hindi | Hindi: [[Devanagari|'''चा'''य]]/čáy | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɑːj]/ | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology | ||
| Urdu | Urdu: [[Nasta'liq|چائے]]/çáy | |||||
| Haitian; Haitian Creole: ma'''tch''' | pronounced as /[mat͡ʃ]/ | 'sports match' | ||||
| Hungarian: [[Hungarian alphabet|gyümöl'''cs'''lé]] | pronounced as /[ˈɟymølt͡ʃleː]/ | 'fruit juice' | See Hungarian phonology | |||
| Italian: [[Italian alphabet|'''ci'''ao]] | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃaːo]/ | 'hi' | See Italian phonology | |||
| Javanese: [[Javanese orthography|'''c'''edhak]]/Javanese: '''ꦕꦼ'''ꦣꦏ꧀/چۤڎَاك | pronounced as /[t͡ʃəɖaʔ]/ | 'near' | ||||
| K'i'''ch'''e' | pronounced as /[kʼiˈt͡ʃeʔ]/ | 'Kʼicheʼ' | Contrasts with ejective form | |||
| Kabardian: [[Cyrillic script|'''ч'''энж]]/čanž/چەنژ | 'shallow' | |||||
| Kashubian[2] | czësto | pronounced as /[t͡ʃəstɔ]/ | 'cleanly' | |||
| Kurdish: [[Kurmanji alphabet|hirç]]/هرچ | pronounced as /[hɪɾt͡ʃ]/ | 'bear' | ||||
| Ladino: kol'''ch'''a/קול'''גﬞ'''ה | pronounced as /[ˈkolt͡ʃa]/ | 'quilt' | ||||
| Macedonian: [[Macedonian alphabet|'''ч'''ека/čeka]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɛka]/ | 'wait' | See Macedonian phonology | |||
| Malay | Standard | Malay: [[Malay alphabet|'''c'''u'''c'''i]]/چوچي | pronounced as /[t͡ʃut͡ʃi]/ | 'to wash' | See Malay phonology | |
| Palatal pronounced as /link/ according to some analyses. See Malay phonology | ||||||
| Maltese: [[Maltese alphabet|bli'''ċ''']] | pronounced as /[blit͡ʃ]/ | 'bleach' | ||||
| Manx: '''çh'''iarn | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃaːrn]/ | 'lord' | ||||
| Marathi: [[Devanagari|'''च'''हा]]/čahá | pronounced as /[t͡ʃəhaː]/ | 'tea' | Contrasts with aspirated form. Allophone of /tɕ / and /ts/.See Marathi phonology | |||
| Mongolian | Khalkha dialect | наргиж/nargič | pronounced as /[ˈnargit͡ʃ]/ | 'laugh' | ||
| Nahuatl languages: āyōtō'''ch'''tli | pronounced as /[aːjoːˈtoːt͡ʃt͡ɬi]/ | 'armadillo' | ||||
| Some dialects | Norwegian: [[Norwegian alphabet|'''kj'''økken]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃøkːen]/ | 'kitchen' | See Norwegian phonology | ||
| jaro | pronounced as /[t͡ʃaɾo]/ | 'needle' | ||||
| Occitan (post 1500);: [[Occitan alphabet|'''ch'''uc]] | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃyk]/ | 'juice' | See Occitan phonology | |||
| Oriya: [[Odia script|'''ଚ'''କ]]/caka | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɔkɔ]/ | 'wheel' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |||
| Persian | Persian: [[Persian alphabet|'''چ'''وب]]/чӯб/çub | pronounced as /[t͡ʃʰuːb]/ | 'wood' | See Persian phonology | ||
| Polish: [[Polish orthography|'''ci'''emny]] | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃɛmn̪ɘ]/ | 'dark' | pronounced as //ʈ͡ʂ// and pronounced as //t͡ɕ// merge into pronounced as /[t͡ʃ]/ in these dialects. In standard Polish, pronounced as //t͡ʃ// is commonly used to transcribe what actually is a laminal voiceless retroflex affricate. | |||
| Lubawa dialect | ||||||
| Malbork dialect | ||||||
| Ostróda dialect | ||||||
| Warmia dialect | ||||||
| Portuguese | Most northern and some central Portuguese dialects | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|'''ch'''amar]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɐˈmaɾ]/ | 'to call' | Archaic realization of etymological (ch). Its use is diminishing due to influence of the standard language, being replaced by pronounced as /link/. | |
| Most Brazilian dialects | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|presen'''t'''e]] | pronounced as /[pɾe̞ˈzẽ̞t͡ʃi]/ | 'present' | Allophone of pronounced as /link/ before pronounced as //i, ĩ// (including when pronounced as /[i, ĩ, j]/ is not actually produced) and other instances of pronounced as /[i]/ (e.g. epenthesis), marginal sound otherwise. See Portuguese phonology | ||
| Most dialects | Portuguese: [[Portuguese orthography|'''tch'''au]] | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃaw]/ | 'bye' | In Standard European Portuguese it occurs only in recent loanwords. | ||
| Panjabi; Punjabi: [[Gurmukhi|ਚੌਲ]]/ Panjabi; Punjabi: چول/čol | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɔːl]/ | 'rice' | ||||
| chunka | pronounced as /[t͡ʃʊŋka]/ | 'ten' | ||||
| Romani | pronounced as /[t͡ʃiriˈklo]/ | 'bird' | Contrasts with aspirated form. | |||
| Romanian; Moldavian; Moldovan: [[Romanian alphabet|'''c'''er]] | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃe̞r]/ | 'sky' | See Romanian phonology | |||
| '''j'''oni | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃɔni]/ | 'to flee' | ||||
| Gaelic; Scottish Gaelic: [[Scottish Gaelic alphabet|slàin'''t'''e]] | pronounced as /[ˈsl̪ˠaːnʲt͡ʃə]/ | 'health' | Southern dialects only; standard pronunciation is [tʲ]. See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |||
| Some speakers | [[Gaj's Latin alphabet|'''č'''okoláda]] [[Serbian Cyrillic alphabet|чоколада]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃo̞ko̞ˈɫǎ̠ːd̪a̠]/ | 'chocolate' | In varieties that do not distinguish pronounced as //ʈ͡ʂ// from pronounced as //t͡ɕ//. | ||
| szpańelsko | [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛskɔ] | 'Spanish' | These dialects merge pronounced as //ʈ͡ʂ// and pronounced as //t͡ɕ// into pronounced as /[t͡ʃ]/. | |||
| [t̠͡ʃpaɲɛlskɔ] | ||||||
| Slovak | číslo | [t͡ʃiːslo] | 'number' | See Slovak phonology | ||
| Slovene | Slovenian: [[Slovene orthography|ko'''č'''a]]|italic=yes | pronounced as /[ˈkòːt͡ʃáː]/ | 'cottage' | |||
| Spanish; Castilian: [[Spanish orthography|'''ch'''ocolate]] | 'chocolate' | See Spanish phonology | ||||
| Swahili: ji'''ch'''o | pronounced as /[ʄit͡ʃo]//جِيچٗ | 'eye' | ||||
| Swedish: [[Swedish alphabet|'''tj'''ugo]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃʉːɡʉ]/ | 'twenty' | See Swedish phonology | |||
| Some rural Swedish dialects | Swedish: [[Swedish alphabet|'''k'''ärlek]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃæːɭeːk]/ | 'love' | |||
| Tagalog: [[Filipino orthography|'''ts'''uper]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃʊˈpɛɾ]/ | 'driver' | See Tagalog phonology | |||
| Tlingit: [[Tlingit alphabet|'''j'''inkaat]] | pronounced as /[ˈt͡ʃinkʰaːtʰ]/ | 'ten' | ||||
| Turkish: [[Turkish alphabet|'''ç'''ok]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃok]/ | 'very' | See Turkish phonology | |||
| '''c'''at|italic=yes | pronounced as /[t͡ʃad]/ | 'love' | ||||
| Çəbƹəja/čëbžëya | pronounced as /[t͡ʃəbʒəja]/ | 'pepper' | See Ubykh phonology | |||
| Ukrainian: [[Ukrainian alphabet|'''ч'''отири]]/čotyry | pronounced as /[t͡ʃo̞ˈtɪrɪ]/ | 'four' | See Ukrainian phonology | |||
| Uzbek: [[Uzbek alphabet|'''ch'''oʻl/çúl]]/چۉل | pronounced as /[t͡ʃɵl]/ | 'desert' | ||||
| Yiddish: [[Yiddish alphabet|'''טש'''אַ'''טש'''קע/'''č'''a'''č'''ke]] | pronounced as /[t͡ʃat͡ʃkɛ]/ | 'knick-knack' | See Yiddish phonology | |||
| Zapotec | '''ch'''ane | pronounced as /[t͡ʃanɘ]/ | ||||
Mandarin Chinese, Russian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Polish, Catalan, and Thai have a voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate pronounced as //t͡ɕ//; this is technically postalveolar but it is less precise to use pronounced as //t͡ʃ//.
There are several Unicode characters based on the tesh digraph (ʧ):
| Above: | Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate |
| Ipa Symbol: | t̠ɹ̠̊˔ |
| Ipa Symbol2: | tɹ̝̊˗ |
| Language | Word | Meaning | Notes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| tree | pronounced as /[t̠͡ɹ̠̊˔ʷɪi̯]/ | 'tree' | Phonetic realization of the stressed, syllable-initial sequence pronounced as //tr//. In General American and Received Pronunciation, the less common alternative is alveolar pronounced as /link/. See Australian English phonology and English phonology | ||
| General American | |||||
| Received Pronunciation | |||||
pronounced as /navigation/