A suspension railway is a form of elevated monorail in which the vehicle is suspended from a fixed track (as opposed to a cable used in aerial tramways), which is built above streets, waterways, or existing railway track.
The British engineer Henry Robinson Palmer (1795–1844) filed a patent application for a horse-drawn suspended single-rail system in 1821, and constructed a demonstration at Woolwich Arsenal, in England soon afterwards.[1]
German industrial pioneer, thinker and politician Friedrich Harkort built a demonstration track of Palmer's system in 1826, in Elberfeld, Germany, at the time commercial centre of the early industrial area Wupper Valley. The steelmill owner had the vision of a coal-carrier railway between Wupper Valley and the nearby coal-mining region of Ruhr, which would connect his own factories in Elberfeld and Deilbachtal. Due to protests from mill owners that were not integrated along the line and from the transporting branch, this idea could not be executed.[2]
The first suspended railway was opened at Cheshunt, England, United Kingdom on June 25, 1825, using Palmer's patent. It was built to carry bricks, but as an opening stunt it carried passengers.[1] [3]
A work, Description of the suspension railway invented by Maxwell Dick: with engravings By Maxwell Dick, published in Irvine, Scotland, in 1830, refers to an aerial tramway/cable car system.[4]
The Enos Electric Railway, an electric-powered monorail with wagons suspended from an elevated frame of open steelwork, was demonstrated in the grounds of the Daft Electric Company in Greenville, New Jersey, in 1886. It was built out of lightweight steel construction and worked well, but was never expanded.[5] [6]
The design of the rail-frame appears to have influenced Eugen Langen, as his Wuppertal Schwebebahn framing bears a remarkable likeness to the Enos construction.
In March 1895, Russian engineer Ippolit Romanov (originally from Tbilisi, Georgia) built a prototype of an electric monorail in Odessa, modern-day Ukraine. In 1897, he presented a functional model of his monorail at the meeting of Russian technological society. This idea was approved by the society, and an experimental electric monorail was built in 1899. In 1900, Empress Maria Fedorovna approved the building of an long electric monorail in Gatchina. The monorail was tested on 25 June 1900. The monorail carriage could be loaded with up to and moved at a speed of .
During the 1880s the German businessman and engineer Eugen Langen experimented in his Cologne sugar factory with a low one-track suspension railway system for the transportation of raw materials.[7] He was a business partner of Nicolaus Otto, the inventor of the internal-combustion engine, and probably knew the Palmer Railway. In the nearby expanding industrial zone of Wupper Valley, entrepreneurs and governors were looking for a modern urban transportation system. A cooperation between politicians and businessmen from the Barmen-Elberfeld industrial area around 1890 led to the implementation of an electric powered elevated railway system from the factory of Otto and Langen, now Deutz. The official name was Anlage einer elektrischen Hochbahn (Schwebebahn), System Eugen Langen Köln or Electrical Elevated Railroad ("Floating tram") Installation, System Eugen Langen Cologne.[8] The installation and stations were built by three companies, among them the company of Friedrich Harkort.
In 1901 the first track of the Wuppertal Schwebebahn opened, and still runs today. In 1903 it was extended to the final length of 13.3km (08.3miles). This system is still in operation as a means of public transport, moving over 20 million passengers each year.
Langen also designed the Dresden Suspension Railway, a short funicular railway using the same suspended monorail technology, which opened in 1901 and is still in operation.
A unique demonstration electrically powered suspension line was built by the Scottish engineer George Bennie near Glasgow. Two propellers delivered in a short burst for acceleration to the cruise speed of 160 km/h.[3] It was not a true monorail as it used an overhead running rail and a guide rail below.
In 1947, Lucien Chadenson became interested in the Bennie Railplane experimental line, and the Paris Metro Route 11, which uses rubber tyres. A test track operated in Chateauneuf, south of Paris from 1958, but attracted no further interest in France. However, the Japanese have built two successful SAFEGE lines, the Siemens Company of Germany has developed a smaller scale system similar to the SAFEGE Monorail. Aerorail of Texas and Sky Train of Florida were promoting steel-wheel versions of SAFEGE as well but both appear to have ceased trading without having installed a system. Japan would later adopt the ALWEG and SAFEGE monorail systems including the Shonan Monorail and build more transit monorails than any other country in the world.[3]
In 1956 Monorail, Incorporated built a short test track of their suspended system at Arrowhead Park in Houston, Texas. The single 55 seat car was called "Trailblazer". Its promoters claimed it could reach speeds of 160 km but no installations were ever built. The system was unusual because the driver's position was on top of the bogies, not in the same cabin as the passengers. After eight months of testing, the track was dismantled and rebuilt at the Texas State fairgrounds where it ran until 1964[9] [10]
The Ueno Zoo Monorail is a 0.3km (00.2miles) long suspended monorail operated by the Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation (Toei). It is similar to the Wuppertal Schwebebahn, but has rubber tires rather than steel wheels.[11] The line began operating on December 17, 1958. After 60 years of operation service was suspended on 31 October 2019, with the operator citing the high costs of replacing the aging trains.
In the 1960s in the United States a large number of suspended monorails systems were opened but none were for transit. These included 1962 at the LA County Fair (closed late 1990s),[12] 1964–1965 at the New York World's Fair,[13] in 1964 at Houston International Airport (closed 1966) and in 1966 at two Busch Gardens parks at Van Nuys in California (closed 1979),[14] Tampa in Florida (closed 1999).[15]
At the end of the decade, in 1969, a prototype test track of track of the Vero Monocab personal rapid transit was built in Texas. This design was sold to and developed by Rohr, Inc. as the ROMAG system with a new test track built in California.
Based on another new design using small capacity cars, the Jetrail system opened in 1970 at Dallas Love Field Airport taking passengers from a carpark to the terminal. It closed in 1974 when Braniff International Airways moved most of its operations to another airport.
Based on the SAFEGE design, the Shonan Monorail opened in 1970 in Kamakura, Japan—part of the Greater Tokyo area. It continues in operation today.
The Chiba Urban Monorail, also in Japan, is the world's largest suspension railway; it is owned and operated by Chiba Urban Monorail Co. Ltd, established in 1979, and the monorail began service in 1988.
Two further H-Bahn suspension railways were built in Germany in 1975, at Dortmund University campus and Düsseldorf airport. The Memphis Suspension Railway was opened in the United States in 1982.
The Skybus Metro was a prototype suspended railway in Goa, India. The system consisted of an elevated track with the cars suspended below the track, like the Wuppertal Schwebebahn or H-Bahn systems in Germany. A 1.6km (01miles) test track in Margao, Goa started trials in 2004, but on September 25, one employee was killed and three injured in an accident.[16] No progress was made after the accident.[17] In 2013, the metro was dismantled.[18] [19]
Four new SAFEGE style suspended railway prototypes, with test tracks and vehicles, have been developed since 2010. In China three have been created, by CRRC Qingdao Sifang in Qingdao,[20] [21] by China Railway Science and Industry Group in Wuhan[22] and by Zhongtang Air Rail Technology in Chengdu.[23] A SAFEGE based test line was also constructed in the Krasnogorsk District, Russia in 2016.[24] As of 2021 no revenue service systems have been completed although one short system began construction in 2020 in Enshi City China[25] and a number of other projects have been considered in both China and Russia.
| Name | Location | Country | Started operations | Status | Technology | Track length |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Schwebebahn | Germany | 1901 | Operating | Eugen Langen design | 13.3km (08.3miles) | |
| Schwebebahn | Germany | 1901 | Operating | Eugen Langen design | 0.274km (00.17miles) | |
| H-Bahn | Germany | 1984 | Operating | 3.16km (01.96miles) | ||
| Sky train | Germany | 2002 | Operating | 2.5km (01.6miles) | ||
| Strela Monorail | Russia | 2016 | Operating | 1km (01miles) | ||
| Ueno Zoo Monorail | Japan | 1957 | Not in service since 2019 | Eugen Langen design | 0.3km (00.2miles) | |
| Shonan Monorail | Japan | 1970 | Operating | 6.6km (04.1miles) | ||
| Chiba Urban Monorail | Japan | 1988 | Operating | 15.2km (09.4miles) | ||
| SkyTrain | China | 2021 | Operating | 1.2km (00.7miles) | ||
| Optics Valley Suspended Monorail Line | China | 2023 | Operating | SAFEGE-derivative | 10.5km (06.5miles) | |
| Qingyunya Sightseeing Little Train Project | China | 2024? | Under Construction | SAFEGE-derivative | 2.1km (01.3miles) | |
| Red Rail | China | 2022 | Operating | SAFEGE-derivative | 0.8km (00.5miles) | |
| Skybus Metro | India | never | Dismantled in 2013 | 1.6km (01miles) | ||
| Higashiyama Zoo and Botanical Gardens[26] | Japan | 1957 | Dismantled in 1975 | 0.5km (00.3miles) | ||
| Memphis Suspension Railway | United States | 1982 | Not in service since 2018 | Eugen Langen-derivative | 1700feet | |
Aside from a multitude of indoor uses in factories, suspended railways are also used for number of outdoor applications other than passenger transportation.
In the 1920s the Port of Hamburg used a petrol powered, suspended monorail to transport luggage and freight from ocean-going vessels to a passenger depot.[27]
Very small and light weight systems have been used widely on farms to transport crops such as bananas.[28] [29]
In the mining industry suspended monorails have been used because of their ability to descend and climb steep tunnels using rack and pinion drive. This significantly reduces cost and length of tunnels, by up to 60% in some cases, which otherwise must be at gentle gradients to suit road vehicles or conventional railways.[30] [31]
A suspended monorail capable of carrying fully loaded 20' and 40' containers has been under construction since 2020 at the Port of Qingdao, the first phase of which was put into operation in 2021.[32] [33]