Sunflower oil explained

Sunflower oil is the non-volatile oil pressed from the seeds of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Sunflower oil is commonly used in food as a frying oil, and in cosmetic formulations as an emollient.

Sunflower oil is primarily composed of linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fat, and oleic acid, a monounsaturated fat. Through selective breeding and manufacturing processes, oils of differing proportions of the fatty acids are produced.[1] The expressed oil has a neutral taste profile. The oil contains a large amount of vitamin E.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine that began in 2022 caused global prices of sunflower oil to increase by as much as 58% in a single month in 2022.[2] [3]

Composition

Sunflower oil is mainly a triglyceride.[4] The British Pharmacopoeia lists the following profile:[5]

Four types of sunflower oils with differing concentrations of fatty acids are produced through plant breeding and industrial processing: high-linoleic, high-oleic, mid-oleic, and high-stearic combined with high-oleic.[1] [6]

Sunflower oil production
2021, millions of tonnes
5.2
4.9
1.3
0.9
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.5
World 18.5
Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[7]

Genome

A 2017 genome analysis provided a basis for the development of hybrid sunflowers to increase oil production.[8] Analysis of the sunflower genome duplication starting about 29 million years ago revealed two major breeding traits: flowering time and oil metabolism, which can be cultivated to improve the commercialization of sunflower oil.[9] [10]

In further analysis of the sunflower genome to reveal plant metabolism producing its oil, phytosterols and other phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, squalene, and terpenoids, were identified.[8] [11]

History

After the domestication of the sunflower (3000 BC) the Native Americans obtained and used oil from the seeds.[12] [13] In the modern era, sunflower oil was first used in food in 1830, in Russia.[14] [15]

Production

In 2021, world production of sunflower oil was 18.5million tonnes, led by Russia and Ukraine, which together accounted for 55% of the total.

In 2022, there was a global shortage of sunflower oil due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, which has led to an over 50% drop in the availability of sunflower oil. Due to the shortages, many brands are reforming their recipes by switching to rapeseed oil to allow the production of their products to continue.[16]

Nutrition

Several varieties of sunflower oil seeds have been developed by standard plant breeding methods, mainly to vary the amounts of oleic acid and linoleic acid which, respectively, are the predominant monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats in sunflower oil.[1] [17] Sunflower oil is 100% fat, and is a rich source of vitamin E (tables).

Physical properties

Sunflower oil is liquid at room temperature. The refined oil is clear and slightly amber-colored with a slightly fatty odour.

Smoke point (refined)232 °C450 °F[18]
Smoke point (unrefined)107 °C225 °F
Density (25 °C)918.8 kg/m3[19]
Refractive index (25 °C)≈1.4735
Saponification value188–194
Iodine value120–145
Unsaponifiable matter1.5–2.0%
Viscosity (25 °C), unrefined[20]

Preparation and storage

Because sunflower oil is primarily composed of less-stable polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, it can be particularly susceptible to degradation by heat, air, and light, which trigger and accelerate oxidation. Keeping sunflower oil at low temperatures during manufacturing and storage can help minimize rancidity and nutrient loss—as can storage in bottles that are made of either darkly-colored glass, or plastic that has been treated with an ultraviolet light protectant.

Methods of extraction

Sunflower oil can be extracted using chemical solvents (e.g., hexane), or expeller pressing (i.e., squeezed directly from sunflower seeds by crushing them).[21] "Cold-pressing" (or expeller pressing) sunflower seeds under low-temperature conditions is a method that does not use chemical solvents to derive sunflower seed oil.

Refined versus unrefined

Refining sunflower oil through solvent extraction, de-gumming, neutralization, and bleaching can make it more stable and suitable for high-temperature cooking, but doing so will also remove some of the oil's nutrients, flavor, color (resulting in a pale-yellow), free fatty acids, phospholipids, polyphenols, and phytosterols. Also, some of the polyunsaturated fatty acids will be converted into trans fat due to the high temperatures involved in the process.[22] [23] Unrefined sunflower oil is less heat-stable (and therefore well-suited to dishes that are raw, or cooked at low temperatures), but it will retain more of its original nutrient content, flavor, and color (light-amber).

Uses

In food preparation

Refined sunflower oil is used for low-to-extremely-high-temperature cooking. As a frying oil, it behaves as a typical vegetable oil, and is used in sunflower butter.

Methods for cooking snack foods, such as potato chips or French fries, may use sunflower oil.[24]

Seed meal

Extraction of sunflower oil leaves behind the crushed seeds, typically referred to as seed meal, which is rich in protein and dietary fiber and used as an animal feed, fertilizer or fuel.[25]

Supplements

Sunflower oil dietary supplements have been marketed for treatment of eczema, but research has shown it is not medically effective.[26]

As fuel

Sunflower oil can be used to run diesel engines when mixed with diesel in the tank. Due to the high levels of unsaturated fats, there is higher viscosity in cold temperatures.[27]

Cosmetics industry

PEG-10 sunflower glycerides, a pale yellow liquid with a "slightly fatty" odor, are the polyethylene glycol derivative of the mono- and diglycerides derived from sunflower seed oil with an average of 10 moles of ethylene oxide.[28] PEG-10 sunflower glycerides are commonly used in cosmetic formulations.

Horticulture

In the European Union sunflower oil can be sprayed onto tomato crops as a fungicide to control powdery mildew from Oidium neolycopersici. For this use, it is classified as a 'basic substance' that can be used on both organic and conventional farms.[29]

Notes and References

  1. Akkaya MR . Prediction of fatty acid composition of sunflower seeds by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy . Journal of Food Science and Technology . 55 . 6 . 2318–2325 . June 2018 . 29892132 . 5976617 . 10.1007/s13197-018-3150-x.
  2. 2022-03-07 . How the Ukraine-Russia Conflict Will Raise the Price of Snack Foods. Abby Vesoulis . 2023-11-07 . Time . en.
  3. News: 2022-05-10. Abbas M, Bradley M, Kovtun Y. Sunflower oil prices skyrocket as Ukrainian farmers harvest amid Russian bombings . 2023-11-07 . NBC News . en.
  4. Encyclopedia: Alfred Thomas . Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry . Wiley-VCH . Weinheim . 2002 . 10.1002/14356007.a10_173 . Fats and Fatty Oils . 3527306730.
  5. Book: British Pharmacopoeia Commission . British Pharmacopoeia 2005 . The Stationery Office . Norwich, England . 0-11-322682-9 . Ph Eur monograph 1371. registration. https://archive.org/details/britishpharmacop00stat . 2005.
  6. Web site: Sunflower oil fatty acid profile . National Sunflower Association . 19 November 2018 . 2018.
  7. Web site: Sunflower oil production, 2021; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year; estimated data (pick lists) . 2024 . UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) . 28 August 2024.
  8. 28538728 . 2017 . Badouin . H . The sunflower genome provides insights into oil metabolism, flowering and Asterid evolution . Nature . 546 . 7656 . 148–152 . Gouzy . J . Grassa . C. J . Murat . F . Staton . S. E . Cottret . L . Lelandais-Brière . C . Owens . G. L . Carrère . S. Mayjonade. B . Legrand . L . Gill . N . Kane . N. C . Bowers . J. E . Hubner . S . Bellec . A . Bérard . A . Bergès . H . Blanchet . N. Boniface. M. C . Brunel . D . Catrice . O . Chaidir . N . Claudel . C . Donnadieu . C . Faraut . T . Fievet . G . Helmstetter . N . King . M. Knapp. S. J. 3 . 10.1038/nature22380 . 2017Natur.546..148B . free. 1828/12772 . free .
  9. 28093767 . J Sci Food Agric . 2017 . 97 . 7 . 1997–2006 . 10.1002/jsfa.8214 . Progress in modification of sunflower oil to expand its industrial value . Rauf S, Jamil N, Tariq SA, Khan M, Kausar M, Kaya Y.
  10. Christov M . 2012 . Contribution of interspecific hybridization to sunflower breeding . Helia . 35 . 57 . 37–46 . 10.2298/hel1257037c . 85351878 .
  11. Alicia Ayerdi Gotor . Larbi Rhazi . Effects of refining process on sunflower oil minor components: a review . Oilseeds and Fats, Crops and Lipids . 2016 . 23 . D207 . 2 . 10.1051/ocl/2016007 . free.
  12. https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/9/11/528 Sunflower Genetics from Ancestors to Modern Hybrids—A Review
  13. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/oils.shtml Native Plant Oils
  14. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Yalcin-Kaya/publication/333620921_PROCEEEDINGS_OF_INTERNATONAL_CONFERENCE_ON_SUNFLOWER_OIL_PRODUCTION_QUALITY_AND_APPLICATIONS_2-5_September_2018_Edirne_TURKEY/links/5cf7afd292851c4dd02a401a/PROCEEEDINGS-OF-INTERNATONAL-CONFERENCE-ON-SUNFLOWER-OIL-PRODUCTION-QUALITY-AND-APPLICATIONS-2-5-September-2018-Edirne-TURKEY.pdf Trends and opportunities of high oleic sunflowers in the healthy comsumption
  15. https://yardandgarden.extension.iastate.edu/article/1996/4-26-1996/sunny.html Sunflowers: Their Ancient Roots and Modern Popularity
  16. Web site: What is the impact of the war in Ukraine on exports of vegetable oils? CBI . 2024-08-28 . www.cbi.eu.
  17. Can J Physiol Pharmacol . 2008 . 86 . 4 . 215–21 . 10.1139/Y08-008 . Genetic possibilities for altering sunflower oil quality to obtain novel oils . Skorić D, Jocić S, Sakac Z, Lecić N . 18418432. free .
  18. Web site: Chu . Michael . Smoke Points of Various Fats - Kitchen Notes . Cooking For Engineers . 2004-06-10 . 2013-02-07.
  19. Irina NITA, Anisoara NEAGU, Sibel GEACAI, Anca DUMITRU and Anca STERPU: "Study of the behavior of some vegetable oils during the thermal treatment," Technology and Chemical Engineering Department, Ovidius University, bd. Mamaia 124, Constanta, 900527, Romania http://www.univ-ovidius.ro/anale-chimie/chemistry/2010-1/full/1_nita.pdf
  20. Temperature dependence of density and viscosity of vegetable oils . Biomass and Bioenergy . 42 . 2012 . 164–71 . Esteban B, Riba JR, Baquero G, Rius A, Puig R . 10.1016/j.biombioe.2012.03.007 . 2117/16423. free.
  21. Web site: The Sunflower Seed Huller and Oil Press . Cox . Jeff . April 1979 . Organic Gardening . Rodale Press . 26 June 2013.
  22. 10.1007/s11746-001-0374-0 . Deodorization of vegetable oils: Prediction of trans polyunsaturated fatty acid content . 2001 . Kemény . Z. . Recseg . K. . Hénon . G. . Kővári . K. . Zwobada . F. . Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society . 78 . 9 . 973–979 . 67792000.
  23. Cis-trans isomerization of unsaturated fatty acids in edible oils to prepare trans fat . ResearchGate. 10.3989/gya.0225181 . 2018 . Liu . W. . Lu . G. H. . Grasas y Aceites . 69 . 3 . 268 . 105827306 . free .
  24. Web site: The best chips you have ever tasted . BBC Food Recipes . 2017 . 16 February 2017.
  25. 22752367 . 2012 . Lomascolo . A . Rapeseed and sunflower meal: A review on biotechnology status and challenges . Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology . 95 . 5 . 1105–14 . Uzan-Boukhris . E . Sigoillot . J. C. . Fine . F . 10.1007/s00253-012-4250-6 . 11723992.
  26. Bath-Hextall FJ, Jenkinson C, Humphreys R, Williams HC . Dietary supplements for established atopic eczema . Cochrane Database Syst Rev . 2 . 2 . CD005205 . 2012 . 22336810 . 10.1002/14651858.CD005205.pub3 . Systematic review. 10657459 .
  27. Johnson, JJ. Meyer, RF. Krall, JM. Shroyer, JP. Schlegel, AJ. Falk, JS and Lee, CD. 2005. Agronomic Practices. In High Plains Sunflower Production Handbook. Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS [accessed 2014 October 22].
  28. Web site: Material Safety Data Sheet for Florasolvs PEG-10 Sunflower .
  29. Web site: European Commission . Finalised in the Standing Committee on Plants, Animals, Food and Feed at its meeting on 7 October 2016 in view of the approval of sunflower oil as basic substance in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1107/2009 Sunflowerseed oil (sunflower oil) is derived from sunflower seeds (seeds of Helianthus annuus L.) . https://web.archive.org/web/20221223102940/https://mst.dk/media/171102/pt-b-0300-draft-review-report-for-sunflower-oil-2-vdo.pdf. 2022-12-23.

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