Sun tanning explained

Sun tanning or tanning is the process whereby skin color is darkened or tanned. It is most often a result of exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from sunlight or from artificial sources, such as a tanning lamp found in indoor tanning beds. People who deliberately tan their skin by exposure to the sun engage in a passive recreational activity of sun bathing. Some people use chemical products that can produce a tanning effect without exposure to ultraviolet radiation, known as sunless tanning.

Impact on skin health

Moderate exposure

Moderate exposure to direct sunlight contributes to the production of melanin and vitamin D by the body.[1]

Excessive exposure

Excessive exposure to ultraviolet rays has negative health effects, including sunburn. Some people tan or sunburn more easily than others. This may be the result of different skin types and natural skin color, and these may be a result of genetics.[2] [3] The term "tanning" has a cultural origin, arising from the color tan. Its origin lies in the Western culture of Europe when it became fashionable for young women to seek a less pale complexion (see Cultural history below).

Long-term

Excessive exposure may in the long-term increase the risk of skin cancer,[4] as well as depressed immune system function and accelerated aging of the skin.[5]

Tanning process

Melanin is a natural pigment produced by cells called melanocytes in a process called melanogenesis.[6] Melanocytes produce two types of melanin: pheomelanin (red) and eumelanin (very dark brown). Melanin protects the body by absorbing ultraviolet radiation. Excessive UV radiation causes sunburn along with other direct and indirect DNA damage to the skin, and the body naturally combats and seeks to repair the damage and protect the skin by creating and releasing further melanin into the skin's cells. With the production of the melanin, the skin color darkens. The tanning process can be triggered by natural sunlight or by artificial UV radiation, which can be delivered in frequencies of UVA, UVB, or a combination of both.[7] The intensity is commonly measured by the UV Index.[8]

There are two different mechanisms involved in the production of a tan by UV exposure: Firstly, UVA radiation creates oxidative stress, which in turn oxidizes existing melanin and leads to rapid darkening of the melanin. UVA may also cause melanin to be redistributed (released from melanocytes where it is already stored), but its total quantity is unchanged. Skin darkening from UVA exposure does not lead to significantly increased production of melanin or protection against sunburn.[9] In the second process, triggered primarily by UVB, there is an increase in production of melanin (melanogenesis),[10] which is the body's reaction to direct DNA photodamage (formation of pyrimidine dimers) from UV radiation. Melanogenesis leads to delayed tanning, and typically becomes visible two or three days after exposure.[10] The tan that is created by increased melanogenesis typically lasts for a few weeks or months, much longer than the tan that is caused by oxidation of existing melanin, and is also actually protective against UV skin damage and sunburn, rather than simply cosmetic. Typically, it can provide a modest Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of 3, meaning that tanned skin would tolerate up to 3 times the UV exposure as pale skin.[11] However, in order to cause true melanogenesis-tanning by means of UV exposure, some direct DNA photodamage must first be produced, and this requires UVB exposure (as present in natural sunlight, or sunlamps that produce UVB). The ultraviolet frequencies responsible for tanning are often divided into the UVA and UVB ranges.

UVA

Ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation is in the wavelength range 320 to 400 nm.[12] It is present more uniformly throughout the day, and throughout the year, than UVB. Most UVA is not blocked by the atmosphere's ozone layer. UVA causes the release of existing melanin from the melanocytes to combine with oxygen (oxidize) to create the actual tan color in the skin. UVA is blocked less than UVB by many sunscreens, but is blocked to some degree by clothing. UVA is known both to cause DNA damage and to be carcinogenic. However, it operates not by inducing direct DNA damage, but by producing reactive oxygen species that damage DNA indirectly. UVA (see above) induces a cosmetic tan but little extra melanin protection against sun damage, sun burn, or cancer.

UVB

Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is in the wavelength range 280 to 320 nm. Much of this band is blocked by the Earth's ozone layer, but some penetrates. UVB:

Tanning behavior of different skin colors

A person's natural skin color affects their reaction to exposure to sunlight. An individual's natural skin color can vary from a dark brown to a nearly colorless pigmentation, which may appear white. In 1975, Harvard dermatologist Thomas B. Fitzpatrick devised the Fitzpatrick scale to describe the common tanning behavior of various skin types, as follows:[16] [17]

Type Also called Sunburning Tanning behavior von Luschan scale
I Very light or pale Often Occasionally 1–5
II Light or light-skinned Usually Sometimes 6–10
III Light intermediate Rarely Usually 11–15
IV Dark intermediate Rarely Often 16–21
V Dark or "brown" type No Sometimes darkens 22–28
VI Very dark or "black" type No Naturally black-brown skin 29–36

Dark skin does provide some protection against the sun’s ultraviolet rays, but it is a myth that people with dark skin tones are immune to the harmful effects of UV radiation.[18]

Health aspects

See main article: Health effects of sunlight exposure. The most common risk of exposure to ultraviolet radiation is sunburn, the speed and severity of which vary among individuals. This can be alleviated at least to some extent by the prior application of a suitable-strength sunscreen, which also hinders the tanning process due to the blocking of UV light. Overexposure to ultraviolet radiation is known to cause skin cancer,[19] make skin age and wrinkle faster,[20] mutate DNA,[21] and impair the immune system.[22] Frequent tanning bed use triples the risk of developing melanoma, the deadliest form of skin cancer, according to a 2010 study. The study suggests that the melanoma risk is linked more closely to total exposure than it is to the age at which an individual first uses a tanning bed.[23] The International Agency for Research on Cancer places the use of tanning beds in the highest cancer risk category, describing them as carcinogenic to humans even if used as recommended. Frequent tanning also has behavioural reinforcing effects,[24] following UVA radiation epidermal keratinocytes synthesize POMC inducing the production of β-Endorphins, which are opioid agonists. An opioid blockade also then causes withdrawal signs after habitual UV exposure leading to many tanners meeting the DSM-IV criteria for addiction.[25] Several organizations, such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the American Cancer Society and the US Surgeon General have issued guidelines warning about sun tanning and UV radiation exposure, either from the sun or from indoor tanning.[26] [27] [28] Production of vitamin D is essential for human health. Moderate exposure (avoiding sunburn) to UV radiation provides benefits such as increased vitamin D, as well as other possible benefits that are still being studied.[29] Several tanning activators have used different forms of psoralen, which are known to be photocarcinogenic.[30] [31] [32] Health authorities have banned psoralen since July 1996.[33]

Cultural history

In the United States and Western Europe before the 1920s, tanned skin was associated with the lower classes because they worked outdoors and were exposed to the sunlight. Parasols and long sleeves were typically worn, even at beaches.[34] By the 1920s, however, a cultural transformation took place, and tan skin became the ideal.

By the early 20th century, therapeutic benefits of sunlight were advertised to the public.[35] In 1903, Niels Finsen was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for his “Finsen Light Therapy”.[36] The therapy was a cure for diseases such as lupus vulgaris and rickets. Vitamin D deficiency was found to be a cause of rickets, and exposure to sunlight would allow vitamin D to be produced in a person. Therefore, sunlight exposure was a remedy to curing several diseases, especially rickets. In 1910 a scientific expedition went to the island of Tenerife to test the wider health benefits of "heliotherapy",[37] and by 1913 "sunbathing" was referred to as a desirable activity for the leisured class. Shortly thereafter, in the 1920s, fashion-designer Coco Chanel accidentally got sunburnt while visiting the French Riviera. When she arrived home, she arrived with a sun tan and her fans apparently liked the look and started to adopt darker skin tones themselves. Tanned skin became a trend partly because of Coco's status and the longing for her lifestyle by other members of society. In addition, Parisians fell in love with Josephine Baker, a "caramel-skinned" singer in Paris, and idolized her darker skin. These two women were leading figures of the transformation that tan skin underwent, in which it became perceived as fashionable, healthy, and luxurious.[38] [39] [40] Jean Patou capitalized on the new tanning fad, launching the first sun tan oil "Huile de Chaldee" in 1927.[41] Just before the 1930s, sunlight therapy became a popularly subscribed cure for almost every ailment from simple fatigue to tuberculosis. In the 1940s, advertisements encouraging sunbathing began to appear in women's magazines. At the same time, swimsuits' skin coverage began decreasing, with the bikini radically changing swimsuit style after it made its appearance in 1946. In the 1950s, baby oil was commonly used to increase tanning. Coppertone, in 1953, marketed its sunscreen with a drawing of a young girl and her cocker spaniel tugging on her bathing suit bottom, revealing her bare bottom and tan line; this advertisement was modified around the turn of the 21st century and now shows a little girl wearing a one-piece bathing suit or shorts.[42] In the latter part of the 1950s, silver metallic reflectors were common to enhance one's tan.[43] In 1962, sunscreen commenced to be SPF rated, although SPF labeling in the US was not standardized by the FDA until 1978. In the 1970s, Mattel introduced Malibu Barbie, which had tanned skin and further popularized sun tanning among women.[44] [45]

In 1978, both sunscreen with an SPF 15 rating as well as tanning beds first appeared. In 2007, there were an estimated 50,000 outlets for indoor tanning; it was a five-billion-dollar industry in the United States,[46] and had spawned an auxiliary industry for indoor tanning lotions including bronzers, intensifiers, and accelerators. Since then, the indoor tanning industry has become more constrained by health regulations.[47] In China, darker skin is still considered by many to be the mark of the lower classes. As recently as 2012, in some parts of China, ski masks were becoming popular items to wear at the beach in order to protect the wearer's face from the effects of sunlight.[48] A 1969 innovation is tan-through swimwear, which uses fabric perforated with thousands of micro holes that are nearly invisible to the naked eye, but which transmit enough sunlight to approach an all-over tan, especially if the fabric is stretched taut. Tan-through swimwear typically allows more than one-third of UV rays to pass through (equivalent to SPF 3 or less), and an application of sunscreen even to the covered area is recommended.[49] [50] [51]

Sunless tanning

See main article: Sunless tanning. To avoid exposure to UVB and UVA rays, or in seasons without strong sunshine, some people take alternative steps to appear with darkened skin. They may use sunless tanning (also known as self-tanners); stainers that are based on dihydroxyacetone (DHA);[52] or cosmetics such as bronzers. Many sunless tanning products are available in the form of darkening creams, gels, lotions, and sprays that are self-applied on the skin. There is also a professional spray-on tanning option or “tanning booth” that is offered by spas, salons, and tanning businesses.[53] Spray tanning does not involve a color being sprayed on the body, instead it uses a colorless chemical that reacts with proteins in the top layer of the skin, resulting in a brown color.

See also

External links

Notes and References

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  3. News: Scientists find why some people tan and some people burn . https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220525/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/skin-tan-sunburn-genes-found-dna-kings-college-biobank-a8341856.html . 25 May 2022 . subscription . live . . 8 May 2018 . en.
  4. Web site: Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation. 27 August 2015. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150906082226/http://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/radiationexposureandcancer/uvradiation/index. 6 September 2015. dmy-all.
  5. Amaro-Ortiz. Alexandra. Yan. Betty. D’Orazio. John A.. 2014-05-15. Ultraviolet Radiation, Aging and the Skin: Prevention of Damage by Topical cAMP Manipulation. Molecules. 19. 5. 6202–6219. 10.3390/molecules19056202. 1420-3049. 4344124. 24838074. free .
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  7. Garone. Michael. Howard. John. Fabrikant. Jordan. Feb 2015. A Review of Common Tanning Methods. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology. 8. 2. 43–47. 1941-2789. 4345932. 25741402.
  8. Book: Encyclopædia Britannica almanac 2010 . 2009 . Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago . 978-1615353293.
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  10. Web site: Amy Thorlin . The Tanning Process . Lookingfit.com . 5 February 2006 . 15 April 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090722080405/http://www.lookingfit.com/articles/indoor_tanning/729_621feat2.html . 22 July 2009 . dmy-all .
  11. Web site: The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services . 2014 . 20 . A UVB-induced tan provides minimal sun protection, equivalent to an SPF of about 3. . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141126233100/http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/calls/prevent-skin-cancer/call-to-action-prevent-skin-cancer.pdf . 26 November 2014 . dmy-all .
  12. Web site: ISO 21348 Definitions of Solar Irradiance Spectral Categories . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131029233428/http://www.spacewx.com/pdf/SET_21348_2004.pdf . 29 October 2013 . dmy-all .
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  14. John A. Parrish . Kurt F. Jaenicke . R. Rox Anderson . Erythema And Melanogenesis Action Spectra Of Normal Human Skin . Photochemistry and Photobiology . 36 . 2 . 187–191 . 1982 . 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1982.tb04362.x . 7122713. 38940583 .
  15. Web site: The known health effects of UV . WHO . 1 December 2010 . 1 August 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120804233126/http://www.who.int/uv/faq/uvhealtfac/en/index.html . 4 August 2012 . dmy-all .
  16. Fitzpatrick TB: Soleil et peau [Sun and skin]. Journal de Médecine Esthétique 1975; 2:33-34
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  19. Web site: Reviewed Substances. ntp.niehs.nih.gov. 13 December 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161216144524/http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/pubhealth/roc/listings/index.html#U. 16 December 2016. dmy-all.
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  21. Sinha RP, Häder DP . UV-induced DNA damage and repair: a review . Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. . 1 . 4 . 225–36 . April 2002 . 12661961 . 10.1039/B201230H .
  22. Baadsgaard O . In vivo ultraviolet irradiation of human skin results in profound perturbation of the immune system. Relevance to ultraviolet-induced skin cancer . Arch Dermatol . 127 . 1 . 99–109 . January 1991 . 1824747 . 10.1001/archderm.1991.01680010109019 . dmy-all .
  23. Peeples, Lynne. Study: Frequent tanning-bed use triples melanoma risk. CNN, 27 May 2010.
  24. Kaur . Mandeep . Liguori . Anthony . Lang . Wei . Rapp . Stephen R. . Fleischer . Alan B. . Feldman . Steven R. . 2006-04-01 . Induction of withdrawal-like symptoms in a small randomized, controlled trial of opioid blockade in frequent tanners . Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology . English . 54 . 4 . 709–711 . 10.1016/j.jaad.2005.11.1059 . 16546596 . 0190-9622.
  25. Web site: Side effects of naltrexone observed in frequent tanners: Could frequent tanners have ultraviolet-induced high opioid levels? . 2022-03-07 . pdfslide.us . en . 7 March 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220307120727/https://pdfslide.us/documents/side-effects-of-naltrexone-observed-in-frequent-tanners-could-frequent-tanners.html . live .
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  28. Web site: The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent Skin Cancer. General. Office of the Surgeon. www.surgeongeneral.gov. en-us. 9 February 2017. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170209105658/https://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/calls/prevent-skin-cancer/. 9 February 2017. dmy-all.
  29. Baggerly. Carole A.. Cuomo. Raphael E.. French. Christine B.. Garland. Cedric F.. Gorham. Edward D.. Grant. William B.. Heaney. Robert P.. Holick. Michael F.. Hollis. Bruce W.. McDonnell. Sharon L.. Pittaway. Mary. Seaton. Paul. Wagner. Carol L.. Wunsch. Alexander. Sunlight and Vitamin D: Necessary for Public Health. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 22 June 2015. 34. 4. 359–365. 10.1080/07315724.2015.1039866. 4536937. 26098394.
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  31. M. J. Ashwood-Smith . G. A. Poulton . M. Barker . M. Mildenberger E. . 5-Methoxypsoralen, an ingredient in several sun tan preparations, has lethal, mutagenic and clastogenic properties . Nature . 285 . 5 . 407–409 . 1980 . 6991953 . 10.1038/285407a0 . 1980Natur.285..407A . 4345680 . dmy-all .
  32. Zajdela F, Bisagni E . 5-Methoxypsoralen, the melanogenic additive in sun-tan preparations, is tumorigenic in mice exposed to 365 nm UV radiation . Carcinogenesis . 2 . 2 . 121–7 . 1981 . 7273295 . 10.1093/carcin/2.2.121 . dmy-all .
  33. Autier P. . Dore J.-F. . Cesarini J.-P. . Should subjects who used psoralen sun tan activators be screened for melanoma?. Annals of Oncology . 8 . 5 . 435–437 . 1997 . 10.1023/A:1008205513771 . 9233521. free .
  34. Book: Singer , Merrill . Hans Baer. Merrill Singer. Killer Commodities: Public Health and the Corporate Production of Harm. 11 September 2009. 28 July 2008. AltaMira Press. 978-0-7591-0979-7. 151. Harris investigated the history of the parasol... everywhere ordinary people were forbidden to protect themselves with such devices "pallid skin became a marker of upper-class status". At the beginning of the 20th Century, in the United States, lighter-skinned people avoided the sun. ... Tanned skin was considered lower class...But by the 1920s, a cultural transformation in favor of sun tanning took place..
  35. 25 August 1900 . The Times . The Times . 1: An advertisement for a 'German Bath In Scotland' offers 'For Health and Pleasure...Pure Air and Sun Baths...'.
  36. Web site: All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine . Nobel Media . 29 April 2015 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150512170314/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/ . 12 May 2015 . dmy-all .
  37. 12 March 1910 . The Times . The Times . 12.
  38. Web site: Hanson . Peter G. . About Face . The Effects of Aging, Health and Stress on Your Face . FaceMaster . 22 June 2009 . 23 April 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120423171546/http://facemaster.com/Blog/default.aspx . unfit.
  39. Web site: Sun and Clouds: The Sun in History . 2001 . Magic Bullets - Chemistry vs. Cancer . The Chemical Heritage Foundation . By the 1920s, the therapeutic effect of the sun was widely promoted, and two well-publicized French personalities gave "tanning" a fashion boost. Coco Chanel, of designer fame, returned to Paris after a cruise on the Duke of Westminster's yacht with a tan that became all the rage. And the natural caramel skin color of singer Josephine Baker made women all over the world try to emulate her skin tone. . 20 June 2010 . https://web.archive.org/web/20100620043349/http://chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/chemo/readings/tsih.htm . unfit.
  40. Book: Koskoff , Sharon . Art Deco of the Palm Beaches. 11 September 2009. 28 May 2007. Arcadia Publishing. 978-0-7385-4415-1. 2. In 1920s France, the caramel-skinned entertainer Josephine Baker became a Parisian idol. Concurrently, fashion designer Coco Chanel was "bronzed" while cruising on a yacht. A winter tan became a symbol of the leisure class and showed you could afford to travel to exotic climates..
  41. Book: The Berg Companion to Fashion. 2010. Berg. 978-1847885630. 554. Steele, Valerie.
  42. Web site: Sunscreen Lotion, Spray & Sun Care Products - Coppertone® - Coppertone®. www.coppertone.com. 1 May 2018. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20161026123657/https://www.coppertone.com/home/. 26 October 2016. dmy-all.
  43. Book: Campo . Riku . Best in Beauty: An Ultimate Guide to Makeup and Skincare Techniques, Tools, and Products . 31 August 2010 . Simon and Schuster . 978-1-4391-5585-1 . 185 . en.
  44. Book: Heckman . Carolyn J. . Manne . Sharon L. . Shedding Light on Indoor Tanning . 15 September 2011 . Springer Science & Business Media . 978-94-007-2048-0 . 20 . en.
  45. Book: Jablonski . Nina G. . Living Color: The Biological and Social Meaning of Skin Color . 27 September 2012 . University of California Press . 978-0-520-25153-3 . 185 . en.
  46. News: Wright . Dan . Working The Tan . The Daily News-Record . Harrisonburg, Virginia . 16 August 2007 . https://archive.today/20100420054906/http://www.dnronline.com/news_details.php?AID=11699&CHID=11 . dead . 20 April 2010 . The tanning industry has grown about 25 percent over the past six years, according to the Indoor Tanning Association. In the United States, about 25,000 free-standing tanning salons employ 160,000 people and generate more than $5 billion in annual revenue, the association said. . 11 September 2009.
  47. News: Twilight of the Tanning Salons . Patrick . Clark . Bloomberg News . 5 October 2016 . 9 October 2016 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161010223137/https://www.bloomberg.com/features/2016-tanning-salon-industry/ . 10 October 2016 . dmy-all .
  48. News: Levin . Dan . Beach Essentials in China: Flip-Flops, a Towel and a Ski Mask . 5 August 2012 . The New York Times . 3 August 2012 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20120805011949/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/04/world/asia/in-china-sun-protection-can-include-a-mask.html . 5 August 2012 . dmy-all.
  49. News: . Tan-Through Fabric Lets Sun Shine In . Angela . Taylor . 17 October 1969 . 55 . 30 November 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20131012074616/http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B12F8385F127A93C5A8178BD95F4D8685F9 . 12 October 2013 . dmy-all .
  50. News: Scorecard: No nudes is good news . . 1 September 1969 . unfit . https://web.archive.org/web/20131012014005/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1082764/3/ . 12 October 2013 . permits 40% of the sun's ultraviolet rays.
  51. News: . Tan-tastic bikini that lets rays shine through . 30 May 2009 . 17 September 2014 . 80 per cent of UV rays... a stretchy yarn described as 'a chicken wire mesh material' . 17 October 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20141017204201/http://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/104281/Tan-tastic-bikini-that-lets-rays-shine-through . live .
  52. Web site: Dihydroxyacetone. 6 July 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100728233539/http://www.dermnetnz.org/treatments/dihydroxyacetone.html/. 28 July 2010. dmy-all.
  53. Web site: Sunless tanning: A safe alternative to sunbathing. 6 July 2010. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20100216034827/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sunless-tanning/SN00037 . 16 February 2010. dmy-all.

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