| Conventional Long Name: | Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat |
| Common Name: | Sultanate of Yogyakarta |
| Native Name: | Javanese: ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀ |
| Event Start: | Treaty of Giyanti |
| Date Start: | 13 February 1755 |
| Event End: | Status downgrade |
| Date End: | 3 August 1950 |
| P1: | Mataram Sultanate |
| P2: | Surakarta Sunanate |
| S1: | Pakualaman |
| S2: | Special Region of Yogyakarta |
| Flag Caption: | Royal Flag (Gula Klapa)[1] [2] [3] [4] |
| Image Map Caption: | The realm of Yogyakarta Sultanate (green) in 1830 |
| Royal Anthem: | Javanese: Gending Monggang[5] |
| Capital: | Yogyakarta |
| Languages Type: | Official language |
| Languages: | Javanese |
| Languages2 Type: | Recognised language |
| Languages2: | Dutch (1755–1811; 1816–1942)English (1811–1816)Japanese (1942–1945)Indonesian (1945–present) |
| Government Type: | Absolute monarchy (until 1945) Devolved constitutional monarchy within the unitary presidential republic (from 1945) |
| Title Leader: | Sultan |
| Leader1: | ISKS Hamengkubuwana I |
| Year Leader1: | 1755–1792 |
| Leader2: | ISKS Hamengkubuwana IX |
| Year Leader2: | 1940–1988 |
| Leader3: | ISKS Hamengkubuwana X |
| Year Leader3: | 1989– |
| Title Deputy: | Pepatih Dalem |
| Deputy1: | Danureja I |
| Year Deputy1: | 1755–1799 |
| Deputy2: | Danureja VIII |
| Year Deputy2: | 1933–1945 |
| Legislature: | None |
| Status: | Political status:
Others:
|
| Border: | provincial |
| Date: | 1755[6] |
| First Monarch: | Sultan Hamengkubuwono I |
| Incumbent: | Hamengkubuwono X |
| Native Name: | Javanese: Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat Javanese: ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀ |
| Realm: | Yogyakarta |
| Residence: | The Royal Palace of Yogyakarta |
| Royal Title: | Sultan |
| Type: | other |
| Other: | Sultan of Yogyakarta |
| Heir Presumptive: | Princess Mangkubumi |
| Incumbentsince: | 7 March 1989 |
| Appointer: | Hereditary |
| Coatofarmscaption: | Royal coat of arms |
The Sultanate of Yogyakarta, officially the Sultanate of Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat[7] (Javanese: ꦏꦱꦸꦭ꧀ꦠꦤ꧀ꦤꦤ꧀ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦡꦲꦢꦶꦤꦶꦔꦿꦠ꧀|Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat|script=Java in Javanese pronounced as /ŋajogjɔkartɔ hadinɪŋrat/;) is a Javanese monarchy in Yogyakarta Special Region, in the Republic of Indonesia. The current head of the sultanate is Hamengkubuwono X.[8]
Yogyakarta existed as a state since 1755 on the territory of modern Indonesia in the central part of Java Island. The sultanate became the main theatre of military operations during the Java War of 1825–1830, following which a significant part of its territory was annexed by the Dutch, and the degree of autonomy was significantly curtailed. In 1946–1948, during the war of independence of Indonesia, the capital of the republic was transferred to the territory of the sultanate, in the city of Yogyakarta.
In 1950, Yogyakarta, along with the Principality of Pakualaman became part of Indonesia, with the former royal realms united as a Special Region, with status equal to that of a national province. At the same time, the hereditary titles of Sultan of Yogyakarta and Prince of Pakualaman, with ceremonial privileges carried with the titles, were legally secured for the rulers. In 2012, the Indonesian government secured an act (No. 13 of 2012) which formally recognised the reigning sultan of Yogyakarta as the hereditary governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, with the Pakualam Prince as its hereditary vice-governor (article 18, paragraph 1c).[9] That act also formally incorporated the sultanate as a corporation sole with the privilege of land ownership, therefore restoring the sultanate's right to own crown land (which it originally rescinded in the 1980s); as of 2019, the sultanate is claimed to own almost 10% of land in the Special Region of Yogyakarta.[10]
The sultanate is located on the southern coast of the island of Java. In the south, it is bordered by the Indian Ocean, with land surrounded by the province of Central Java. The area is 3,133 km2, while the population in 2010 was about 3.5 million people. The special district of Yogyakarta, along with Jakarta, has the largest population density among the provinces of Indonesia.[11]
Not far from the city of Yogyakarta is the volcano Merapi, the most active volcano in Indonesia which has erupted regularly since 1548, resulting in great damage to the population of the district. In October–November 2010, there was a strong volcanic eruption, forcing about a 100,000 people to temporarily leave their homes.[12] [13]
After the death of Sultan Agung in 1645, the Sultanate of Mataram went into decline due to a power struggle within the sultanate itself.[14] The Dutch East India Company also exploited the power struggle to increase its control. At the peak of the conflict, the Mataram Sultanate was split into two based on the Treaty of Giyanti of 13 February 1755: Yogyakarta Sultanate and Surakarta Sunanate.[15] [16]
The Giyanti Treaty mentioned Pangeran Mangkubumi as Sultan of Yogyakarta with the title of
As the result of further colonial intervention within the ruling family of the former Mataram Sultanate, the area which today is the Special Region of Yogyakarta was divided into the Sultanate of Yogyakarta (Kasultanan Yogyakarta) and the Principality of Pakualam (Kadipaten Pakualaman).
The Dutch colonial government arranged for the carrying out of autonomous self-government, arranged under a political contract. When Indonesian independence was proclaimed, the rulers, the sultan of Yogyakarta and the Prince of Pakualaman made a declaration supporting the newly founded Republic of Indonesia, and they would unite with the Republic. After the republic's independence was formally recognised internationally, the former royal realms were formally unified on 3 August 1950 into the Yogyakarta Special Region, with the sultan of Yogyakarta becoming the hereditary governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region and the Prince of Pakualaman becoming the hereditary vice governor of the Yogyakarta Special Region, formally on 30 August 2012 (article 18, paragraph 1c);[19] both are responsible to the president of Indonesia.[20] In carrying out the local government administration, it considers three principles: decentralisation, concentration, and assistance. The provincial government carries out the responsibilities and authorities of the central government, as well as its own autonomous responsibilities and authorities. The Regional Government consists of the Head of the Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Region. Such construction guarantees good cooperation between the Head of the Region and the Legislative Assembly of the Region to achieve sound regional government administration. The Head of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has a responsibility as the Head of the Territory and is titled as a Governor.
The first governor was the late Hamengkubuwono IX, Sultan of Yogyakarta, and continued Paku Alam VIII as acting governor until Hamengkubuwono X ascended in 1998.[21] Unlike the other heads of regions in Indonesia, the governor of the Special Region of Yogyakarta has the privilege or special status of not being bound to the period of position nor the requirements and way of appointment (article 25, paragraphs 1 and 2).[22] However, in carrying out their duties, they have the same authority and responsibilities.
On 5 May 2015, following a royal decree issued by Hamengkubuwono X, Princess Mangkubumi (previously known as Princess Pembayun) received the new name Mangkubumi Hamemayu Hayuning Bawana Langgeng ing Mataram. This denotes her as the heiress presumptive to the sultanate.[23] The title Mangkubumi was formerly reserved for senior male princes groomed for the throne, including the reigning sultan. The decree thus admits female royalty into the line of succession for the first time since the founding of the Sultanate. According to the current sultan, this was in line with his prerogatives; his action was nonetheless criticised by more conservative male family members such as his siblings, who were thus displaced in the line of succession.[24]
The principal residence of the sultan is the kraton (palace), sometimes called the keraton but otherwise known in formal terms Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat (Javanese script:).
List of sultans of Yogyakarta:
| Name | Birth–Death | Start of reign | End of reign | Description | Portrait | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hamengkubuwono IRaden Mas Sujana | 6 August 1717 – 4 March 1792 (aged 74) | 1755 | 1792 | Son of Amangkurat IV | ||
| Hamengkubuwono IIRaden Mas Sundoro | 7 March 1750 – 3 January 1828 (aged 77) | 1792 | 1810 | Son of Hamengkubuwono I | ||
| Hamengkubuwono IIIRaden Mas Surojo | 20 February 1769 – 3 November 1814 (aged 45) | 1810 | 1811 | Son of Hamengkubuwono II | ||
| Hamengkubuwono IVRaden Mas Ibnu Jarot | 3 April 1804 – 6 December 1822 (aged 18) | 1814 | 1822 | Son of Hamengkubuwono III | ||
| Hamengkubuwono VRaden Mas Gathot Menol | 20 August 1821 – 1855 | 1822 | 1826 | Son of Hamengkubuwono IV | ||
| Hamengkubuwono VRaden Mas Gathot Menol | 20 August 1821 – 1855 | 1826 | 1855 | Son of Hamengkubuwono IV | ||
| Hamengkubuwono VIRaden Mas Mustojo | 1821 – 20 July 1877 | 1855 | 1877 | Brother of Hamengkubuwono V | ||
| Hamengkubuwono VIIRaden Mas Murtejo | 1839–1931 | 1877 | 1921 | Son of Hamengkubuwono VI | ||
| Hamengkubuwono VIIIRaden Mas Sujadi | 3 March 1880 – 22 October 1939 (aged 59) | 1921 | 1939 | Son of Hamengkubuwono VII | ||
| Hamengkubuwono IXRaden Mas Dorodjatun | 12 August 1912 – 2 October 1988 (aged 76) | 1939 | 1988 | Son of Hamengkubuwono VIII | ||
| Hamengkubuwono XRaden Mas Herjuno Darpito | 2 April 1946 | 1988 | Current Sultan | Son of Hamengkubuwono IX |