List of countries by suicide rate explained

The following are lists of countries by estimated suicide rates as published by the World Health Organization (WHO) and other sources.

In many countries, suicide rates are underreported due to social stigma, cultural or legal concerns.[1] Thus, these figures cannot be used to compare real suicide rates, which are unknown in most countries.

The global total of suicide deaths decreased from an estimated 762,000 in 2000 to 717,000 in 2021, which is 9.1 deaths per 100,000 population.[2] In high-income modernized countries male and female rates of suicidal behaviors differ much compared to those in the rest of the world: while women are reportedly more prone to suicidal thoughts, rates of suicide are higher among men, which has been described as a "silent epidemic".[3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

In 2021, the global rate of suicide deaths for men was 12.3 per 100,000, more than double the rate for women, which stood at 5.9 per 100,000 population. However, the sex disparity was uneven across regions, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from as low as 1.4 in the South-East Asia Region to nearly 4.0 in the Region of the Americas.[8]

As such, suicide rates may be higher than measured, with men more at risk of dying by suicide than women across nearly all cultures and backgrounds.[9] Suicide prevention and intervention is an important topic for all peoples, according to the WHO.[10]

Countries and territories by suicide rate

The variability of suicide rates across different countries and territories highlights the complex interplay of socio-economic conditions, cultural attitudes, mental health services, and societal pressures. Recognizing and addressing these factors through targeted interventions and policies is essential for reducing the global burden of suicide and improving mental health outcomes worldwide.

Socio-Economic Conditions

Socio-economic conditions play a crucial role in influencing suicide rates. Countries experiencing economic instability, high unemployment rates, or significant income inequality often see higher rates of suicide. Economic distress can lead to feelings of hopelessness and depression, which are significant risk factors for suicide. Conversely, countries with strong social safety nets and lower levels of economic disparity tend to have lower suicide rates.

Cultural Attitudes

Cultural attitudes towards mental health and suicide also greatly impact suicide rates. In some cultures, mental health issues are stigmatized, discouraging individuals from seeking help. In contrast, cultures that promote open discussions about mental health and provide strong community support systems can help reduce suicide rates. Additionally, cultural factors such as religious beliefs, societal expectations, and historical contexts can either exacerbate or mitigate the prevalence of suicide.

Mental Health Services

The availability and quality of mental health services are critical in preventing suicides. Countries with comprehensive mental health care systems that provide accessible and affordable treatment options generally have lower suicide rates. These services include counseling, psychiatric care, crisis intervention, and preventive measures. In contrast, regions with limited access to mental health care, insufficient funding, and lack of trained professionals face higher suicide rates.

Societal Pressures

Societal pressures, including work stress, academic pressures, social isolation, and family expectations, can contribute to the incidence of suicide. In highly competitive societies, the pressure to succeed can lead to significant mental health challenges, increasing the risk of suicide. Social isolation and lack of supportive relationships further exacerbate this risk. Societal attitudes towards gender roles, sexuality, and other identity factors also influence suicide rates, particularly among marginalized groups.

Statistical Measurement

The measurement of suicide rates as the number of suicides per 100,000 inhabitants per year provides a standardized way to compare different regions. This metric helps identify trends and disparities, informing public health strategies and resource allocation. Accurate data collection and reporting are essential for understanding the true scope of the issue and implementing effective interventions.

Importance of Understanding Suicide Rates

Understanding suicide rates is crucial for developing targeted mental health interventions and policies. By analyzing the factors contributing to high suicide rates, governments and organizations can design and implement effective prevention strategies. These may include improving economic conditions, enhancing mental health services, promoting mental health awareness, and reducing stigma. Policies aimed at providing social support, crisis intervention, and comprehensive mental health care can significantly reduce suicide rates.

Highest Rates

Countries with the highest suicide rates often face severe economic challenges, limited access to mental health care, and social stigma around mental health issues. For instance, countries in Eastern Europe and parts of Asia historically report high suicide rates. Notable examples include Lithuania, Russia, and South Korea. These regions may experience high levels of stress, alcohol abuse, and historical factors contributing to elevated suicide rates.

Lowest Rates

Conversely, some countries with the lowest suicide rates may have strong social support systems, accessible mental health care, and cultural factors that discourage suicide. Examples include countries in the Mediterranean region, some Caribbean nations, and select Middle Eastern countries. Nations like Greece, and Kuwait report some of the lowest suicide rates globally.

However, some countries with little or no access to mental health care also have very low suicide rates.

Data Collection and Reporting

Suicide data is collected through various means, including national health records, police reports, and surveys. The accuracy of this data can vary due to differences in reporting standards and societal stigma associated with suicide. Organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Burden of Disease Study regularly publish and update suicide statistics.

Prevention Efforts

Efforts to reduce suicide rates include improving mental health services, implementing public health campaigns to reduce stigma, and creating supportive environments for individuals in distress. Countries with comprehensive mental health strategies, such as Norway and New Zealand, have seen success in reducing suicide rates through these measures.

Country! colspan=4
20192000
AllFemaleMale
9.0 5.4 12.6 2.3 14.0 -0.36
87.5 34.6 146.9 4.3 42.6 1.05
40.9 17.0 65.0 3.8 35.8 0.14
40.5 6.4 78.7 12.3 40.6 0.00
30.6 9.5 53.6 5.7 35.6 -0.14
29.0 13.2 44.3 3.4 28.0 0.04
25.9 11.8 41.3 3.5 25.0 0.04
23.6 13.5 37.8 2.8 20.0 0.18
23.5 9.8 37.9 3.9 26.6 -0.12
23.2 8.9 42.6 4.8 20.9 0.11
23.0 9.3 39.6 4.3 32.5 -0.29
21.6 7.2 38.2 5.3 48.9 -0.56
21.2 13.4 29.9 2.2 13.9 0.52
21.0 9.0 33.1 3.7 23.2 -0.10
20.2 7.8 35.5 4.6 46.3 -0.56
20.2 6.2 36.1 5.8 45.8 -0.56
18.8 7.7 31.1 4.1 14.5 0.30
18.1 6.9 30.9 4.5 39.4 -0.54
18.0 5.6 31.1 5.5 23.6 -0.24
17.7 4.7 32.7 7.0 33.5 -0.47
17.4 2.4 32.2 13.4 17.4 0.00
17.3 8.3 27.2 3.3 23.4 -0.26
16.5 5.3 30.1 5.7 37.3 -0.56
16.2 7.9 25.4 3.2 18.9 -0.14
16.1 4.6 29.0 6.4 29.6 -0.46
15.9 7.6 25.2 3.3 19.1 -0.17
15.7 5.0 25.7 5.1 24.0 -0.35
15.2 5.1 27.4 5.4 18.2 -0.16
14.8 6.5 24.0 3.7 17.3 -0.14
14.7 7.1 22.8 3.2 16.8 -0.13
14.6 7.8 20.9 2.7 16.3 -0.10
14.5 6.8 22.4 3.3 10.0 0.45
14.4 5.3 25.7 4.9 24.0 -0.40
14.4 6.5 24.5 3.8 16.9 -0.15
14.0 5.5 22.7 4.1 25.6 -0.46
13.9 8.4 19.6 2.3 18.3 -0.24
13.5 4.4 24.9 5.7 27.5 -0.51
13.5 8.8 18.5 2.1 19.4 -0.30
13.4 6.8 20.1 3.0 21.7 -0.38
13.2 6.9 20.2 2.9 15.7 -0.16
13.1 3.8 23.3 6.1 19.4 -0.32
12.9 11.1 14.7 1.3 19.1 -0.32
12.9 6.1 20.9 3.4 27.4 -0.53
12.7 6.1 20.3 3.3 14.7 -0.14
12.6 4.7 21.7 4.6 17.6 -0.28
12.4 5.0 20.7 4.1 14.5 -0.14
12.4 6.7 19.8 3.0 17.5 -0.29
12.4 7.7 16.9 2.2 12.2 0.01
12.3 8.0 18.4 2.3 9.7 0.27
12.2 6.9 17.5 2.5 18.1 -0.32
12.2 3.3 22.1 6.7 16.3 -0.25
12.1 6.4 18.9 3.0 23.4 -0.48
12.0 4.5 20.2 4.5 25.0 -0.52
11.9 7.6 16.3 2.2 12.1 -0.01
11.8 5.5 19.1 3.5 26.6 -0.56
11.6 6.1 18.3 3.0 24.7 -0.53
11.3 8.2 14.8 1.8 10.1 0.11
11.3 5.6 17.0 3.0 11.8 -0.05
11.2 8.0 14.9 1.9 12.7 -0.12
11.2 3.5 18.7 5.4 12.7 -0.12
11.0 5.3 18.1 3.4 15.8 -0.30
11.0 5.1 17.7 3.5 16.3 -0.32
11.0 5.2 18.5 3.6 14.4 -0.24
10.6 3.3 20.0 6.1 19.2 -0.45
10.5 1.8 20.0 11.2 9.8 0.08
10.4 3.7 19.4 5.2 21.7 -0.52
10.4 4.6 16.6 3.6 15.8 -0.34
10.3 5.4 15.3 2.9 10.7 -0.03
10.3 5.4 15.4 2.9 12.4 -0.17
10.2 4.1 16.7 4.1 15.6 -0.35
10.1 6.4 14.1 2.2 9.5 0.07
9.9 6.3 13.4 2.1 13.0 -0.24
9.8 5.7 14.2 2.5 15.9 -0.38
9.8 2.9 18.6 6.3 10.9 -0.10
9.8 4.8 14.6 3.1 11.1 -0.12
9.7 4.5 15.2 3.3 15.8 -0.39
9.7 6.4 12.7 2.0 11.4 -0.16
9.6 6.2 13.3 2.1 11.1 -0.13
9.5 6.0 13.1 2.2 11.7 -0.19
9.5 3.8 15.4 4.1 13.4 -0.29
9.5 5.2 14.2 2.7 18.4 -0.49
9.5 5.0 14.8 2.9 25.6 -0.63
9.3 2.6 16.7 6.5 12.6 -0.26
9.3 2.4 16.5 6.8 15.3 -0.39
9.3 6.1 12.5 2.1 8.1 0.15
9.2 5.4 13.3 2.5 10.8 -0.15
8.9 3.6 14.3 4.0 12.1 -0.26
6.4 2.8 10.3 3.6 4.5 0.42
8.8 2.5 15.0 5.9 11.5 -0.24
8.6 5.4 11.8 2.2 13.4 -0.36
8.5 5.8 11.3 2.0 10.9 -0.22
8.3 3.5 13.5 3.8 17.6 -0.53
8.3 3.7 13.1 3.6 16.2 -0.49
8.3 4.9 11.8 2.4 12.0 -0.31
8.3 3.9 12.8 3.3 11.2 -0.26
8.3 3.4 13.5 4.0 8.1 0.01
8.2 6.3 10.6 1.7 10.3 -0.20
8.2 3.7 13.5 3.6 15.6 -0.48
8.1 3.3 13.5 4.1 9.2 -0.12
8.0 3.0 13.4 4.5 10.5 -0.24
8.0 5.7 10.5 1.8 8.8 -0.09
8.0 2.3 13.9 6.0 11.6 -0.31
7.9 3.9 12.2 3.1 18.9 -0.58
7.7 1.3 14.0 10.5 9.8 -0.21
7.7 3.6 11.9 3.3 6.8 0.12
7.7 1.8 13.6 7.5 10.0 -0.24
7.7 2.2 14.0 6.4 6.6 0.16
7.6 4.2 11.1 2.6 12.5 -0.39
7.6 1.9 13.3 6.9 6.9 0.11
7.4 5.5 9.4 1.7 8.8 -0.16
7.3 2.4 12.6 5.3 11.3 -0.35
7.3 4.7 10.1 2.1 10.8 -0.33
7.2 3.5 11.6 3.4 5.5 0.32
7.2 4.2 10.6 2.5 7.2 0.01
7.2 2.3 9.9 4.3 7.0 0.02
7.2 3.5 11.0 3.1 8.7 -0.17
7.1 5.3 9.0 1.7 8.5 -0.17
6.9 3.4 10.4 3.1 7.7 -0.11
6.9 3.8 10.1 2.7 9.2 -0.25
6.9 1.5 12.5 8.5 8.1 -0.15
6.8 4.2 9.6 2.3 8.4 -0.19
6.7 3.4 10.4 3.1 7.9 -0.15
6.7 4.8 8.6 1.8 14.9 -0.55
6.5 2.9 10.6 3.7 14.0 -0.54
6.2 2.5 10.3 4.1 13.5 -0.54
6.2 3.3 9.0 2.8 3.6 0.69
6.1 2.1 11.1 5.4 6.7 -0.09
6.1 2.9 9.4 3.2 13.8 -0.56
6.0 3.5 8.6 2.5 8.7 -0.31
6.0 5.7 6.2 1.1 7.7 -0.23
5.8 2.4 9.0 3.8 6.1 -0.05
5.5 3.1 8.4 2.8 6.8 -0.20
5.5 3.9 7.4 1.9 6.4 -0.14
5.4 1.9 7.8 4.1 3.8 0.41
5.3 2.3 8.4 3.7 6.0 -0.11
5.3 3.4 7.4 2.2 5.1 0.05
5.4 2.2 8.7 4.0 3.9 0.37
5.3 2.8 7.9 2.8 6.6 -0.20
5.2 2.6 6.3 2.4 8.0 -0.35
5.2 2.1 8.3 3.9 6.8 -0.24
5.1 2.8 7.5 2.7 8.0 -0.36
5.1 1.9 8.5 4.6 4.9 0.04
5.1 3.1 6.8 2.2 6.9 -0.27
4.8 3.3 6.3 1.9 5.6 -0.14
4.7 2.4 7.3 3.0 5.3 -0.10
4.7 1.9 7.8 4.1 6.3 -0.26
4.7 1.7 5.7 3.4 7.6 -0.39
4.5 2.4 6.7 2.8 4.9 -0.07
4.5 2.9 6.1 2.1 5.3 -0.15
4.5 1.1 6.4 5.7 6.7 -0.33
4.4 2.9 5.9 2.0 5.1 -0.15
4.3 2.1 6.7 3.2 5.5 -0.22
4.0 1.5 6.6 4.5 3.4 0.16
3.9 1.7 6.0 3.6 6.9 -0.44
3.7 1.7 6.0 3.5 5.3 -0.29
3.7 2.2 5.3 2.4 5.2 -0.29
3.6 1.5 5.9 4.1 2.9 0.27
3.6 1.9 5.2 2.7 2.8 0.26
3.4 2.2 4.7 2.1 3.6 -0.06
3.4 1.2 5.8 4.7 2.5 0.33
3.2 1.1 5.3 5.0 1.9 0.66
3.2 1.8 4.6 2.5 3.9 -0.18
3.0 1.1 5.1 4.7 5.1 -0.42
2.9 1.0 4.8 4.9 5.9 -0.52
2.8 1.7 3.9 2.3 3.0 -0.08
2.8 0.9 4.1 4.8 5.3 -0.48
2.7 1.4 4.1 3.0 3.4 -0.20
2.7 1.0 4.9 4.8 3.3 -0.19
2.7 0.7 3.8 5.2 3.1 -0.14
2.6 1.9 3.3 1.7 4.7 -0.44
2.6 1.0 4.4 4.5 3.0 -0.14
2.6 1.2 4.0 3.5 3.8 -0.33
2.5 0.8 4.2 5.4 1.7 0.48
2.5 1.3 3.9 2.9 2.3 0.12
2.3 1.2 3.6 3.0 4.2 -0.44
2.3 1.0 3.6 3.6 2.1 0.11
2.2 1.2 3.3 2.9 2.2 -0.02
2.1 0.8 3.5 4.7 2.0 0.05
2.1 0.7 3.7 5.3 6.4 -0.67
2.0 0.9 3.0 3.3 3.5 -0.43
1.0 0.7 1.3 2.0 6.5 -0.84
0.6 0.7 0.5 0.7 2.1 -0.70
0.3 0.6 0.0 0.0 2.0 -0.84
0.3 0.2 0.5 3.1 2.6 -0.88

Analysis

Suicide rates by income group in 2012 (per 100,000 people)[11]
Income group (% of global pop)Suicides, 2012
(in thousands)
Global %Rate
(2012)
Male:Female
(2012)
High-income countries (18.3%) 19724.5% 12.7 3.5 : 1
Upper-middle-income countries (34.3%) 19223.8% 7.5 1.3 : 1
Lower-middle-income countries (35.4%) 33341.4% 14.1 1.7 : 1
Low-income countries (12.0%) 8210.2% 13.4 1.7 : 1
Global  (100.0%) 804100.0% 11.4 1.9 : 1

Male and female suicide rates are out of total male population and total female population, respectively (i.e. total number of male suicides divided by total male population). Age-standardized rates account for the influence that different population age distributions might have on the analysis of crude death rates, statistically addressing the prevailing trends by age-groups and populations' structures, to enhance long term cross-national comparability: based on age-groups' deviation from standardized population structures, rates are rounded up or down (age-adjustment). Basically, the presence of younger individuals in any given age structure carries more weight: if the rate is rounded up that means the median age is lower than average for that region (or country), and vice versa when rounded down.

Most countries listed above report a higher male suicide rate, as worldwide there are about 3 male suicides out of 4, or a factor of 3:1 (for example,[12] in the United States was 3.36 in 2015, and 3.53 in 2016).

Though age-standardization is common statistical process to categorize mortality data for comparing purposes this approach by WHO is based on estimates which take into account issues such as under-reporting, resulting in rates differing from the official national statistics prepared and endorsed by individual countries (and revisions are also performed periodically). Also, age-adjusted rates are mortality rates that would have existed if all populations under study had the same age distribution as a "standard" population. Plain, crude estimated rates are available at here and here. Countries with a population less than 100 000 are excluded.

Countries with large internal discrepancies are complicated to assess. Canada, a country with a comparatively low suicide rate overall at 10.3 incidents per 100,000 people, exhibits one such discrepancy. When comparing the suicide rate of Indigenous peoples in Canada, the rate of suicide increases to 24.3 incidents per 100,000 people:[13] a rate among the ten highest in the world. There are numerous differences in living standards and income that contribute to this phenomenon, classed as an epidemic in Canada.[14]

List by other sources and years (1985–2019)

In the list below various sources from various years are included, mixing plain crude rates with age-adjusted rates and estimated rates, so cross-national comparability is somewhat skewed.

* indicates "Suicide in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" or "Mental Health in COUNTRY or TERRITORY" links.

See also

Explanatory notes

External links

Notes and References

  1. Suicides . Our World in Data. 22 February 2024 . Dattani . Saloni . Rodés-Guirao . Lucas . Ritchie . Hannah . Roser . Max . Ortiz-Ospina . Esteban .
  2. Web site: 21 May 2024 . World health statistics 2024: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals . live . World Health Organization.
  3. Web site: WHO . Self-directed violence . www.who.int. 2002. https://web.archive.org/web/20220121171053/https://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/factsheets/en/selfdirectedviolfacts.pdf. January 21, 2022. dead.
  4. News: Colby Itkowitz . Men die by suicide at alarming rates. This hashtag tells men 'it's okay to talk' about their emotions. . Washington Post. 31 August 2016.
  5. Book: Cutcliffe . John R. . José Santos . Paul S. Links . Juveria Zaheer . Routledge . Routledge International Handbook of Clinical Suicide Research . 2016. 9781134459292 .
  6. Book: O'Brien . Jodi . 2009 . Encyclopedia of Gender and Society . SAGE Publications . 817 . 9781452266022.
  7. Web site: Dan Bilsker . Jennifer White . . The silent epidemic of male suicide . www.bcmj.org. 2011.
  8. Web site: 21 May 2024 . World health statistics 2024: monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals . live . World Health Organization.
  9. Web site: Schumacher. Helene. Why more men than women die by suicide. 2021-12-21. www.bbc.com. en.
  10. Web site: Suicide. 2021-12-21. www.who.int. en.
  11. Web site: World Health Organization . Preventing suicide - A global imperative . www.who.int. 2014.
  12. Web site: Suicide Statistics — AFSP. American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. 7 May 2018. 2 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20160902201450/https://afsp.org/about-suicide/suicide-statistics/. dead.
  13. Web site: Government of Canada . Statistics Canada . 2019-06-28 . Suicide among First Nations people, Métis and Inuit (2011-2016): Findings from the 2011 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (CanCHEC) . 2023-12-07 . www150.statcan.gc.ca.
  14. Web site: Canada . Government of Canada; Indigenous Services . 2019-12-11 . Suicide prevention in Indigenous communities . 2023-12-07 . www.sac-isc.gc.ca.
  15. Unless otherwise stated all statistics are from WHO: Web site: Suicide rates per 100,000 by country, year and sex (Table) . 26 January 2012 . . 2011 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120122021659/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide_rates/en/ . 22 January 2012 .
  16. Ritchie . Hannah . Roser . Max . Ortiz-Ospina . Esteban . 2015-06-15 . Suicide . Our World in Data.
  17. Web site: Savižudybių statistika; . 15min . 18 August 2020.
  18. Web site: Mirties priežastys; . Hygiene Institute . 20 March 2024.
  19. Web site: Causes of Death Statistics in 2021. 2022 . Statistics Korea. ko. 27 September 2022.
  20. Web site: Trying To Stop Suicide: Guyana Aims To Bring Down Its High Rate . NPR.org . 29 June 2018 . 19 July 2019.
  21. Web site: GBD Results Tool.
  22. Web site: Suicide Rate By Country 2019 . 2019 World Population by Country . 22 June 2019 . 19 July 2019.
  23. Web site: Wijesiri . Lionel . Rising suicide rate: too many questions, not enough answers . Daily News . 8 September 2018 . 19 July 2019.
  24. Web site: National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus (for 2017); . https://web.archive.org/web/20180514080416/http://www.belstat.gov.by/upload/iblock/84e/84eeed99daf0f07455264cf096ac0029.pdf. 14 May 2018. ru. Belstat . 14 May 2018.
  25. Web site: 5 December 2023 . 自殺死亡及自殺通報統計 . 1 May 2017 . 衛生福利部 . zh.
  26. Хаустова О. О. World_Bank
  27. Web site: Tasa de suicidios en Uruguay alcanza nuevo récord en 2022, un caso atípico en América . . 21 July 2023 . es.
  28. Web site: En Uruguay los suicidios son la principal causa de muerte entre los 15 y 44 años . es.
  29. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.STA.SUIC.P5 WB
  30. Web site: Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table . Eurostat . 19 July 2019.
  31. Web site: Eurostat - Tables, Graphs and Maps Interface (TGM) table. 25 May 2016.
  32. Recently released figures by official Belgian authorities suggest a considerably higher rate of 17.0 persons (total) per 100,000 people per annum in 2009 (5,712 cases in a population of 10,749,000 (=10,666,866 as of 1 January 2008 increasing by 0,77% per annum.) as of 1 January 2009).Web site: Toenemend aantal zelfdodingen in Belgie . https://archive.today/20121205225949/http://www.demorgen.be/dm/nl/5036/Binnenland/article/detail/1216317/2011/02/01/Toenemend-aantal-zelfdodingen-in-Belgie.dhtml . dead . 5 December 2012 . nl . 2011 .
  33. Web site: Death Due To Suicide . 10 January 2010 . Eurostat . European Commission . 2009.
  34. The number of death in Belgium in 2008 due to suicide "zichzelf schade toebrengen" was reported at 2000 out of a total of 103.760 death. These death comprise 1453 men and 547 women. This puts the suicide rate at about 19 per 100.000. See statbel: http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/binaries/NL%20-%20Tableau%201%2E3_T_2008_tcm325-168456.pdf
  35. http://www.mhlw.go.jp/toukei/saikin/hw/jinkou/tokusyu/suicide04/12.html 厚生労働省>白書・統計>各種統計調査>厚生労働統計一覧>1.人口・世帯>人口動態統計特殊報告>自殺死亡統計>12. 統計表>第1表 総死亡数・死亡率(人口10万対)・自殺死亡数・死亡率(人口10万対)の年次推移
  36. Web site: 厚生労働省>分野別の政策一覧>福祉・介護>生活保護・福祉一般>自殺対策>自殺統計>各年の状況>平成30年中における自殺の状況>第3章 平成30年中における自殺の内訳>33p 補表1-1 年次別自殺者数、34p 補表2-1 年齢階級別自殺者数の推移、35p 補表2-2 年齢階級別自殺死亡率 . mhlw.go.jp . 11 October 2019.
  37. Web site: Odsjek za mentalne poremećaje s registrom za psihoze i registrom izvršenih samoubojstava. HZJZ. hr. https://web.archive.org/web/20160328063250/http://hzjz.hr/sluzbe/sluzba-za-epidemiologiju/odjel-za-nadzor-i-istrazivanje-ne-zaraznih-bolesti/odsjek-za-mentalne-poremecaje-s-registrom-za-psihoze-i-registrom-izvrsenih-samoubojstava. 28 March 2016.
  38. Web site: World Suicide Death Rate Rankings (WHO) . 16 December 2018.
  39. Stephanie . Burrows . Lucie . Laflamme . Suicide Mortality in South Africa . 41 . 10.1007/s00127-005-0004-4 . 16362168 . Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology . February 2006 . 2 . 108–114. 123246 . . This data is for urban areas only. The data available for the whole of South Africa in 2007 are: men 1.4, women 0.4, total 0.9 (source: WHO)
  40. Web site: EU statistics: Death due to suicide, by gender . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20121114111400/http://www.stat.ee/57205 . 14 November 2012 . Statistics Estonia . 2012 . 26 April 2013.
  41. Web site: Number of suicides 1921-2014, Statistics Finland . 30 December 2015.
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