Subdivisions of England explained

Subdivisions of England
Map:
Subdivisions of England (as of 1 April 2023) that have a principal local authority: two-tier non-metropolitan counties and their non-metropolitan districts; metropolitan boroughs; unitary authorities; London boroughs; and the sui generis City of London and Isles of Scilly.
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The subdivisions of England constitute a hierarchy of administrative divisions and non-administrative ceremonial areas.

Overall, England is divided into nine regions and 48 ceremonial counties, although these have only a limited role in public policy. For the purposes of local government, the country is divided into counties, districts and parishes. In some areas, counties and districts form a two-tier administrative structure, while in others they are combined under a unitary authority. Parishes cover only part of England.

The current system is the result of incremental reform which has its origins in legislation enacted in 1965 and 1972.[1]

Administrative

England has a non-universal structure of local government subdivisions. There are two tiers of local government subdivision - (administrative) counties and districts (known as boroughs in London).[2]

Different local divisions exist across England:

The authority structure is slowly replacing the tier structure and metropolitan boroughs with all the metropolitan boroughs in combined authorities and periodic abolitions of the tier structure councils into unitary authority councils.

Tiers

The 1974 reform of local government established the tier structure throughout England with county authorities in metropolitan and Greater London also existing, 1986 reform abolished these. From the 1996 reform the structure's use has been declining, 21 tiered areas remain out of the original 48. The county tier provides the majority of services, including education and social services while the 164 district-tier councils have a more limited role.

Authorities

As of April 2023, there are 62 unitary authorities. Unitary authorities have control of their areas functioning.[3] There is a general push towards the reorganisation of English local government to the authority structure, often reorganisation is a condition of new devolution powers.[4] 46 unitary authorities were created from the 1996 reform, nine more were created in 2009, followed by further changes in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2023. The Greater London administrative area was created in 1965 with 32 boroughs, excluding the City of London. Six Metropolitan two-tiered areas were created in 1974, similar to the Greater London model. These county-tier councils had extra devolved powers to others. In 1986, the county-tier was abolished with the London boroughs, Metropolitan boroughs and combined boards remaining. Apart from status these boroughs have the same powers to unitary authorities.

Combined authorities operate the opposite way round to the county in a tier structure, the combined authority acts on what the unitary authorities have agreed upon to focus on and what powers have been given by central government. In 2000, the Greater London Authority was created with an elected Mayor of London and the London Assembly.[5] In 2010, the Greater Manchester Comined Authority was created with a similar modal to the GLA a with further combined authorities based on the GMCA created., 10 combined authorities and the Greater London Authority currently exist.

Other

Sui generis

The Isles of Scilly are governed by a sui generis local authority called the Council of the Isles of Scilly. The authority was established in 1890 as the Isles of Scilly Rural District Council. It was renamed but otherwise unreformed by the changes in local government that occurred in 1974 in the rest of England outside Greater London.[6] Although effectively a unitary authority, for example it is an education authority,[7] the Isles of Scilly are part of the Cornwall ceremonial county and combine with Cornwall Council for services such as health[8] and economic development.[9]

The ancient City of London forms a 33rd division and is governed by the City of London Corporation, a sui generis authority unlike any other in England[5] that has largely avoided any of the reforms of local government in the 19th and 20th centuries.[10]

Civil parishes

See main article: Civil parishes in England. The civil parish is the most local unit of government in England.[1] A parish is governed by a parish council or parish meeting, which exercises a limited number of functions that would otherwise be delivered by the local authority. There is one civil parish in Greater London (Queen's Park, in the City of Westminster),[11] and not all of the rest of England is parished. The number of parishes and total area parished is growing.

Non-administrative

Regions

See main article: Regions of England. At the highest level, all of England is divided into nine regions that are each made up of a number of counties and districts. These "government office regions" were created in 1994,[12] and from the 1999 Euro-elections up until the UK's exit from the EU, they were used as the European Parliament constituencies in the United Kingdom and in England's European Parliament constituencies.

The regions vary greatly in their areas covered, populations and contributions to the national economy. All have the same status, except London which has substantive devolved powers.[13]

There was a failed attempt to create elected regional assemblies outside London in 2004 and since then the structures of regional governance (regional assemblies, regional development agencies and local authority leaders' boards) have been subject to review. Following the change of government in 2010, these were scheduled for abolition by 2012.

Ceremonial and historic counties

See main article: Ceremonial counties of England and Historic counties of England. For non-administrative purposes, England is wholly divided into 48 ceremonial counties.[14] These are used for the purposes of appointing Lords Lieutenant who are the Crown's representatives in those areas as well as a way of grouping non-metropolitan counties. They are taken into consideration when drawing up Parliamentary constituency boundaries. Ceremonial counties are commonly named after historic counties, the ceremonial county acts as an in between for the administrative boundaries and long established areas used in fields such as sport.

Titles, non-metropolitan and metropolitan counties

See main article: Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England and Districts of England. County-tier councils and each unitary authority are separate non-metropolitan counties, each non-metropolitan county can be known as a district, city or borough. Berkshire is an anomaly in this arrangement whereby its districts became unitary authorities, the non-metropolitan county remain to keep the title of Royal county, in the same way the metropolitan county remained when the county-tier councils were abolished.[15] Each correspond to an administrative body.

Non-metropolitan districts can also be a borough, city or district. Unitary authority areas are joint non-metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan districts.

Lists

See also: List of county councils in England.

See also: List of English districts.

Regions

TypeRegion
Set up1994
9
Units

Non-metropolitan (two-tier)

TypeNon-metropolitan countyNon-metropolitan district
Set up19741974
21164
Units List of districts

Metropolitan

TypeCountyBorough
Set up19741974
636
UnitsGreater Manchester
Merseyside
South Yorkshire
Tyne and Wear
West Midlands
West Yorkshire

London

Type London boroughSui generis
Set up1965in antiquity
321
Units
Total33

Unitary authorities

Type Set up Units
County gained district functions 2023 2
District(s) gained county functions20232
District(s) gained county functions20212
District(s) gained county functions20201
District(s) gained county functions20192
County gained district functions 2009 5
District(s) gained county functions 2009 4
District(s) gained county functions 1998 21
District(s) gained county functions 1997 11
9
District gained county functions 1996 13
County gained district functions 1995 1
Sui generis 1890 1
Total 63

Civil parishes

Hierarchical list of regions, strategic authorities, counties and districts

Region Strategic
authority
Ceremonial
county
Metropolitan or
non-metropolitan
county
Districts
East of England
1Thurrock U.A.
2Southend-on-Sea U.A.
3Essex † aHarlow, bEpping Forest, cBrentwood, dBasildon, eCastle Point, fRochford, gMaldon, hChelmsford, iUttlesford, jBraintree, kColchester, lTendring
4Hertfordshire † aThree Rivers, bWatford, cHertsmere, dWelwyn Hatfield, eBroxbourne, fEast Hertfordshire, gStevenage, hNorth Hertfordshire, iSt Albans, jDacorum
5Luton U.A.
6Bedford U.A.
7Central Bedfordshire U.A.
8Cambridgeshire † aCambridge, bSouth Cambridgeshire, cHuntingdonshire, dFenland, eEast Cambridgeshire
9Peterborough U.A.
10Norfolk † aNorwich, bSouth Norfolk, cGreat Yarmouth, dBroadland, eNorth Norfolk, fBreckland, gKing's Lynn and West Norfolk
11Suffolk †
East Midlands
1Derbyshire † aHigh Peak, bDerbyshire Dales, cSouth Derbyshire, dErewash, eAmber Valley, fNorth East Derbyshire, gChesterfield, hBolsover
2Derby U.A.
3Nottinghamshire † aRushcliffe, bBroxtowe, cAshfield, dGedling, eNewark and Sherwood, fMansfield, gBassetlaw
4Nottingham U.A.
Lincolnshire
5Lincolnshire † aLincoln, bNorth Kesteven, cSouth Kesteven, dSouth Holland, eBoston, fEast Lindsey, gWest Lindsey
6Leicestershire † aCharnwood, bMelton, cHarborough, dOadby and Wigston, eBlaby, fHinckley and Bosworth, gNorth West Leicestershire
7Leicester U.A.
8Rutland U.A.
9West Northamptonshire U.A.
10North Northamptonshire U.A.
London
none aCity of Westminster, bKensington and Chelsea,cHammersmith and Fulham,dWandsworth,eLambeth,fSouthwark,gTower Hamlets,hHackney,iIslington,jCamden,kBrent,lEaling,mHounslow,nRichmond,oKingston upon Thames,pMerton,qSutton,rCroydon,sBromley,tLewisham,uGreenwich,vBexley,wHavering,xBarking and Dagenham,yRedbridge,zNewham,aaWaltham Forest,abHaringey,acEnfield,adBarnet,aeHarrow,afHillingdon
none
North East
1Northumberland U.A.
2Tyne and Wear * a) Newcastle upon Tyne, cNorth Tyneside
bGateshead, dSouth Tyneside, eSunderland
3County Durham U.A.
4Darlington U.A.
5Hartlepool U.A.
6Stockton-on-Tees U.A.
North Yorkshire
7Redcar and Cleveland U.A.
8Middlesbrough U.A.
North West
1Cumberland U.A.
2Westmorland and Furness U.A
3Lancashire † aWest Lancashire, bChorley, cSouth Ribble, dFylde, ePreston, fWyre, gLancaster, hRibble Valley, iPendle, jBurnley, kRossendale, lHyndburn
4Blackpool U.A.
5Blackburn with Darwen U.A.
6Greater Manchester * aBolton, bBury, c) Manchester, dOldham, eRochdale, fSalford, gStockport, hTameside, iTrafford, jWigan
7Merseyside * aKnowsley, b) Liverpool, cSt. Helens, dSefton, eWirral
8Halton U.A.
9Warrington U.A.
10Cheshire West and Chester U.A.
11Cheshire East U.A.
South East
1Berkshire ‡ aWest Berkshire U.A., bReading U.A., cWokingham U.A., dBracknell Forest U.A., eWindsor and Maidenhead U.A., fSlough U.A.
2Buckinghamshire U.A.
3Milton Keynes U.A.
4. East Sussex †
5. Brighton & Hove U.A.
6Kent † aDartford, bGravesham, cSevenoaks, dTonbridge and Malling, eTunbridge Wells, fMaidstone, gSwale, hAshford, iFolkestone and Hythe, jCanterbury, kDover, lThanet
7Medway U.A.
8Oxfordshire † aOxford, bCherwell, cSouth Oxfordshire, dVale of White Horse, eWest Oxfordshire
9Surrey † aSpelthorne, bRunnymede, cSurrey Heath, dWoking, eElmbridge, fGuildford, gWaverley, hMole Valley, iEpsom and Ewell, jReigate and Banstead, kTandridge
10West Sussex † aWorthing, bArun, cChichester, dHorsham, eCrawley, fMid Sussex, gAdur
11Hampshire † aFareham, bGosport, cWinchester, dHavant, eEast Hampshire, fHart, gRushmoor, hBasingstoke and Deane, iTest Valley, jEastleigh, kNew Forest
12Southampton U.A.
13Portsmouth U.A.
14Isle of Wight U.A.
South West
1Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole U.A.
2Dorset U.A.
3North Somerset U.A.
4Somerset U.A.
5Bath and North East Somerset U.A
6Bristol U.A.
7South Gloucestershire U.A.
8Gloucestershire † aGloucester, bTewkesbury, cCheltenham, dCotswold, eStroud, fForest of Dean
9Swindon U.A.
10Wiltshire U.A.
Devon11Devon †aExeter, bEast Devon, cMid Devon, dNorth Devon, eTorridge, fWest Devon, gSouth Hams, hTeignbridge
12Torbay U.A.
13Plymouth U.A.
none 14Isles of Scilly sui generis U.A.
15Cornwall U.A.
West Midlands
1Herefordshire U.A.
2Shropshire U.A.
3Telford and Wrekin U.A.
4Staffordshire † aCannock Chase, bEast Staffordshire, cLichfield, dNewcastle-under-Lyme, eSouth Staffordshire, fStafford, gStaffordshire Moorlands, hTamworth
5. Stoke-on-Trent U.A.
6Warwickshire † aNorth Warwickshire, bNuneaton and Bedworth, cRugby, dStratford-on-Avon, eWarwick
7West Midlands * aBirmingham, bCoventry, cDudley, dSandwell, eSolihull, fWalsall, gWolverhampton
8Worcestershire † aBromsgrove, bMalvern Hills, cRedditch, dWorcester, eWychavon, fWyre Forest
Yorkshire and the Humber
1South Yorkshire * aSheffield, bRotherham, cBarnsley, dDoncaster
2West Yorkshire * aWakefield, bKirklees, cCalderdale, dBradford, eLeeds
North Yorkshire
3North Yorkshire U.A.
4York U.A.
5East Riding of Yorkshire U.A.
6Kingston upon Hull U.A.
Lincolnshire
7North Lincolnshire U.A.
8North East Lincolnshire U.A.
       
       

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Jones, B., Kavanagh, D., Moran, M. & Norton, P., Politics UK, (2004), Pearson Longman.
  2. Web site: Local government structure and elections . 2022-02-27 . GOV.UK . en.
  3. Web site: 1992 . Local Government Act 1992 . 8 August 2010 . Office of Public Sector Information.
  4. Web site: The political and governance implications of unitary reorganisation Local Government Association . 2022-02-27 . www.local.gov.uk . en.
  5. Travers, T., The Politics of London, (2004), Palgrave
  6. Web site: 1972 . Local Government Act 1972 . 9 August 2010 . Office of Public Sector Information.
  7. Web site: Education and Learning . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090604165157/http://www.scilly.gov.uk/education/ . 4 June 2009 . 9 August 2010 . Council of the Isles of Scilly.
  8. Web site: About Us . 9 August 2010 . Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Primary Care Trust.
  9. Web site: 30 July 2010 . The Cornwall and Isles of Scilly Enterprise Partnership . 9 August 2010 . Cornwall Council.
  10. Book: Hebbert, Michael . London: More by fortune than design . John Wiley & Sons . 1998.
  11. News: Queen's Park parish council gets go-ahead . 2 August 2014 . 29 May 2012 . BBC News London .
  12. Book: Atkinson, H. . Wilks-Heeg, S. . amp . Local Government from Thatcher to Blair . 2000 . Polity.
  13. Collins, S., Colville, I & Pengelly, S., A Guide to the Greater London Authority, (2000), Sweet and Maxwell
  14. Web site: 1997 . Lieutenancies Act 1997 . 8 August 2010 . Office of Public Sector Information.
  15. Web site: 1996 . The Berkshire (Structural Change) Order 1996 . 13 September 2012 . National Archives(legislation.gov.uk).