Real element explained

In group theory, a discipline within modern algebra, an element

x of a group G is called a real element of G if it belongs to the same conjugacy class as its inverse x ^{-1} , that is, if there is a g in G with x ^{g} = x ^{-1} , where x ^{g} is defined as g ^{-1} ⋅ x ⋅ g . An element x of a group G is called strongly real if there is an involution t with x ^{t} = x ^{-1} .

An element

x of a group G is real if and only if for all representations \rho of G , the trace Tr (\rho(g)) of the corresponding matrix is a real number. In other words, an element x of a group G is real if and only if \chi(x) is a real number for all characters \chi of G .S _{n} of any degree n is ambivalent.

Properties

A group with real elements other than the identity element necessarily is of even order.

For a real element

x of a group G , the number of group elements g with x ^{g} = x ^{-1} is equal to \left|C _{G(x)\right|} , where C _{G(x)} is the centralizer of x ,C _{G(x)} = \{ g \in G\mid x ^{g} = x \} .

Every involution is strongly real. Furthermore, every element that is the product of two involutions is strongly real. Conversely, every strongly real element is the product of two involutions.

If and

x is real in G and \left|C _{G(x)\right|} is odd, then x is strongly real in G .

Extended centralizer

The extended centralizer of an element

x of a group G is defined asC ^{*} _{G(x)} = \{ g \in G\mid x ^{g} = x \lor x ^{g} = x ^{-1} \},

making the extended centralizer of an element

x equal to the normalizer of the set

The extended centralizer of an element of a group

G is always a subgroup of G . For involutions or non-real elements, centralizer and extended centralizer are equal. For a real element x of a group G that is not an involution,\left| C ^{*} _{G(x): C} _{G(x)\right|} = 2 .

See also

• Brauer–Fowler theorem

References

• Book: Gorenstein . Daniel . Daniel Gorenstein . Finite Groups . AMS Chelsea Publishing . 978-0821843420 . 2007 . reprint of a work originally published in 1980.
• Book: Isaacs, I. Martin . Martin Isaacs . Character Theory of Finite Groups . Dover Publications . 978-0486680149 . 1994 . unabridged, corrected republication of the work first published by Academic Press, New York in 1976 .
• Book: Rose, John S. . 2012 . A Course on Group Theory . Dover Publications . 978-0-486-68194-8 . unabridged and unaltered republication of a work first published by the Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, in 1978 .