Stomatogastric ganglion explained

The stomatogastric ganglion (STG) is a much studied ganglion (collection of neurons) found in arthropods and studied extensively in decapod crustaceans.^[1] It is part of the stomatogastric nervous system.

Anatomy

The neurons comprising the stomatogastric ganglion have cell bodies located dorsal to the stomach within the lumen of the opthalmic artery.^{[2] [3]} Most are motor neurons, with neurites that exit through motor nerves and innervate the muscles of the gastric mill and pylorus.^{[4] [5]} These STG motor neurons also form direct synaptic connections with one another. In crabs and lobsters, in which it has been well-studied, the stomatogastric ganglion is a collection of approximately 25-30 neurons. The circuit varies slightly between different crustacean species and between individuals of the same species, but most of the neurons are conserved, and most stomatogastric muscles are innervated by just one motor neuron. The electrical and chemical synaptic connections between all of the STG neurons have been fully mapped and characterized, forming a complete wiring diagram (also called a connectome).

Function

Neural activity in the stomatogastric ganglion produces rhythmic movements of the gastric mill and pyloric region of the digestive system.^[6] Neural circuits within the STG are prominent examples of central pattern generators, and their rhythm-generating properties have been studied in detail. The characteristic gastric mill rhythm and pyloric rhythm arise from the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of the neurons and from the strength of synaptic connections between neurons.^{[7] [8]} The stomatogastric ganglion also receives many modulatory inputs.^[9] These neuromodulators, such as serotonin, dopamine, proctolin, FLRFamide-like peptides, and red pigment-concentrating hormone (RPCH) can change the speed and form of the rhythmic activity.

See also

• Central pattern generator#Functions in invertebrates
• Stomatogastric nervous system

Notes and References

1. Stomatogastric ganglion . Allen Selverston . 2007 . . 3 . 4 . 1661 . 10.4249/scholarpedia.1661 . free .
2. Mulloney . Brian . Selverston . Allen I. . 1974-03-01 . Organization of the stomatogastric ganglion of the spiny lobster . Journal of Comparative Physiology . en . 91 . 1 . 1–32 . 10.1007/BF00696154 . 1432-1351.
3. Selverston . Allen I. . Russell . David F. . Miller . John P. . King . David G. . 1976-01-01 . The stomatogastric nervous system: Structure and function of a small neural network . Progress in Neurobiology . 7 . 3 . 215–289 . 10.1016/0301-0082(76)90008-3 . 11525 . 0301-0082.
4. Maynard . Donald M. . August 1972 . SIMPLER NETWORKS* . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences . en . 193 . 1 . 59–72 . 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb27823.x . 4564740 . 1972NYASA.193...59M . 0077-8923.
5. Marder . Eve . Bucher . Dirk . 2007-03-01 . Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous System of Lobsters and Crabs . Annual Review of Physiology . en . 69 . 1 . 291–316 . 10.1146/annurev.physiol.69.031905.161516 . 17009928 . 0066-4278.
6. Hartline . Daniel K. . Maynard . Donald M. . 1975-04-01 . Motor patterns in the stomatogastric ganglion of the lobster Panulirus argus . Journal of Experimental Biology . en . 62 . 2 . 405–420 . 10.1242/jeb.62.2.405 . 173787 . 0022-0949.
7. Prinz . Astrid A. . Bucher . Dirk . Marder . Eve . 21 November 2004 . Similar network activity from disparate circuit parameters . Nature Neuroscience . en . 7 . 12 . 1345–1352 . 10.1038/nn1352 . 1546-1726.
8. Goaillard . Jean-Marc . Taylor . Adam L. . Schulz . David J. . Marder . Eve . 18 October 2009 . Functional consequences of animal-to-animal variation in circuit parameters . Nature Neuroscience . en . 12 . 11 . 1424–1430 . 10.1038/nn.2404 . 19838180 . 1546-1726. 2826985 .
9. Marder . Eve . 2012-10-04 . Neuromodulation of Neuronal Circuits: Back to the Future . Neuron . 76 . 1 . 1–11 . 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.09.010 . 0896-6273 . 3482119 . 23040802.