Stockfish (chess) explained

Stockfish
Stockfish
Developer:The Stockfish developers[1]
Latest Release Version:16.1
Programming Language:C++
Operating System:Microsoft Windows
macOS
Linux
iOS
Android
Genre:Chess engine
License:GPL-3.0-or-later[2]

Stockfish is a free and open-source chess engine, available for various desktop and mobile platforms. It can be used in chess software through the Universal Chess Interface.

Stockfish has been one of the best chess engines in the world for several years;[3] [4] [5] it has won all main events of the Top Chess Engine Championship (TCEC) and the Chess.com Computer Chess Championship (CCC) since 2020 and, as of August 11th 2024, is the strongest CPU chess engine in the world with an estimated Elo rating of 3640, in a time control of 40/15 (15 minutes to make 40 moves), according to CCRL.[6]

The Stockfish engine was developed by Tord Romstad, Marco Costalba, and Joona Kiiski, and was derived from Glaurung, an open-source engine by Tord Romstad released in 2004. It is now being developed and maintained by the Stockfish community.[7]

Stockfish historically used only a classical hand-crafted function to evaluate board positions, but with the introduction of the efficiently updatable neural network (NNUE) in August 2020, it adopted a hybrid evaluation system that primarily used the neural network and occasionally relied on the hand-crafted evaluation.[8] [9] [10] In July 2023, Stockfish removed the hand-crafted evaluation and transitioned to a fully neural network-based approach.[11]

Features

Stockfish can use up to 1024 CPU threads in multiprocessor systems. The maximal size of its transposition table is 32 TB. Stockfish implements an advanced alpha–beta search and uses bitboards. Compared to other engines, it is characterized by its great search depth, due in part to more aggressive pruning and late move reductions.[12], Stockfish 16 (4-threaded) achieved an Elo rating of 3641 on the CCRL 40/15 benchmark.[13]

Stockfish supports Chess960, which is one feature that was inherited from Glaurung.[14] The Syzygy tablebase support, previously available in a fork maintained by Ronald de Man, was integrated into Stockfish in 2014.[15] In 2018 support for the 7-man Syzygy was added, shortly after becoming available.[16]

Stockfish has been a very popular engine on various platforms. On desktop, it is the default chess engine bundled with the Internet Chess Club interface programs BlitzIn and Dasher. On mobile, it has been bundled with the Stockfish app, SmallFish and Droidfish. Other Stockfish-compatible graphical user interfaces (GUIs) include Fritz, Arena, Stockfish for Mac, and PyChess.[17] [18] Stockfish can be compiled to WebAssembly or JavaScript, allowing it to run in the browser. Both Chess.com and Lichess provide Stockfish in this form in addition to a server-side program. Release versions and development versions are available as C++ source code and as precompiled versions for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Linux 32-bit/64-bit and Android.

Architecture

The Stockfish engine essentially consists of three parts: board representation, heuristic tree search, and board evaluation. Board representation is about coding a chess board state efficiently so that it can be efficiently stored and searched over. Heuristic tree search approximates minimax tree search, which would be too slow to perform. Board evaluation takes in a board representation and gives it a score for how "good" the board is (i.e. the estimated chances of winning).[19]

Starting with Stockfish 12 (2020), a neural network board evaluation function was incorporated. In Stockfish 16.1 (2024), the classical board evaluation functions were removed, leaving just the neural network.[20]

History

The program originated from Glaurung, an open-source chess engine created by Romstad and first released in 2004. Four years later, Costalba, inspired by the strong open-source engine, decided to fork the project. He named it Stockfish because it was "produced in Norway and cooked in Italy" (Romstad is Norwegian, Costalba is Italian). The first version, Stockfish 1.0, was released in November 2008.[21] [22] For a while, new ideas and code changes were transferred between the two programs in both directions, until Romstad decided to discontinue Glaurung in favor of Stockfish, which was the more advanced engine at the time.[23] The last Glaurung version (2.2) was released in December 2008.

Around 2011, Romstad decided to abandon his involvement with Stockfish in order to spend more time on his new iOS chess app.[24] On 18 June 2014 Marco Costalba announced that he had "decided to step down as Stockfish maintainer" and asked that the community create a fork of the current version and continue its development.[25] An official repository, managed by a volunteer group of core Stockfish developers, was created soon after and currently manages the development of the project.[26]

Fishtest

Since 2013, Stockfish has been developed using a distributed testing framework named Fishtest, where volunteers can donate CPU time for testing improvements to the program.[27] [28] [29]

Changes to game-playing code are accepted or rejected based on results of playing of tens of thousands of games on the framework against an older "reference" version of the program, using sequential probability ratio testing. Tests on the framework are verified using the chi-squared test, and only if the results are statistically significant are they deemed reliable and used to revise the software code.

After the inception of Fishtest, Stockfish experienced an explosive growth of 120 Elo points in just 12 months, propelling it to the top of all major rating lists.[30] In Stockfish 7, Fishtest author Gary Linscott was added to the official list of authors in acknowledgement of his contribution to Stockfish's strength.

, the framework has used a total of more than 11,000 years of CPU time to play over 6.9 billion chess games.[31]

NNUE

In June 2020, an efficiently updatable neural network (NNUE) fork introduced by computer shogi programmers called Stockfish NNUE was discussed by developers.[32] [33] In July 2020 chess news reported that Stockfish NNUE had "broken new ground in computer chess by incorporating a neural network into the already incredibly powerful Stockfish chess engine."[34] A NNUE merge into Stockfish was then announced and development builds became available.[35] [36]

On 2 September 2020, the twelfth version of Stockfish was released, incorporating the aforementioned neural network improvement. According to the blog announcement, this new version "plays significantly stronger than any of its predecessors", typically winning ten times more game pairs than it loses when matched against version eleven.[37] [38]

Competition results

Top Chess Engine Championship

Stockfish is a TCEC multiple-time champion and the current leader in trophy count. Ever since TCEC restarted in 2013, Stockfish has finished first or second in every season except one. In TCEC Season 4 and 5, Stockfish finished runner-up, with Superfinal scores of 23–25 first against Houdini 3 and later against Komodo 1142. Season 5 was notable for the winning Komodo team as they accepted the award posthumously for the program's creator Don Dailey, who succumbed to an illness during the final stage of the event. In his honor, the version of Stockfish that was released shortly after that season was named "Stockfish DD".[39]

On 30 May 2014, Stockfish 170514 (a development version of Stockfish 5 with tablebase support) convincingly won TCEC Season 6, scoring 35.5–28.5 against Komodo 7x in the Superfinal.[40] Stockfish 5 was released the following day.[41] In TCEC Season 7, Stockfish again made the Superfinal, but lost to Komodo with the score of 30.5–33.5.[40] In TCEC Season 8, despite losses on time caused by buggy code, Stockfish nevertheless qualified once more for the Superfinal, but lost the ensuing 100-game match 46.5–53.5 to Komodo.[40] In Season 9, Stockfish defeated Houdini 5 with a score of 54.5 versus 45.5.[42]

Stockfish finished third during season 10 of TCEC, the only season since 2013 in which Stockfish had failed to qualify for the superfinal. It did not lose a game but was still eliminated because it was unable to score enough wins against lower-rated engines. After this technical elimination, Stockfish went on a long winning streak, winning seasons 11 (59 vs. 41 against Houdini 6.03),[43] 12 (60 vs. 40 against Komodo 12.1.1),[44] and 13 (55 vs. 45 against Komodo 2155.00)[45] convincingly.[46] In Season 14, Stockfish faced a new challenger in Leela Chess Zero, but managed to eke out a win by one game (50.5–49.5).[47] Its winning streak was finally ended in season 15, when Leela qualified again and won 53.5–46.5, but Stockfish promptly won season 16, defeating AllieStein 54.5–45.5, after Leela failed to qualify for the superfinal. In season 17, Stockfish faced Leela again in the superfinal, losing 52.5–47.5. However, Stockfish has won every superfinal since: beating Leela 53.5–46.5 in season 18, 54.5–45.5 in season 19, 53–47 in season 20, and 56–44 in season 21. In Season 22, Komodo Dragon beat out Leela to qualify for the superfinal, but was crushed by Stockfish 59.5-40.5. Stockfish did not lose an opening pair in this match.[48] Leela made the superfinal in Seasons 23 and 24, but was crushed by Stockfish both times (58.5-41.5 and 58-42).[49] [50] In Season 25, Stockfish once again defeated Leela, but this time by a narrower margin of 52-48.[51]

Stockfish also took part in the TCEC cup, winning the first edition, but was surprisingly upset by Houdini in the semifinals of the second edition.[52] Stockfish recovered to beat Komodo in the third-place playoff. In the third edition, Stockfish made it to the finals, but was defeated by Leela Chess Zero after blundering in a 7-man endgame tablebase draw. It turned this result around in the fourth edition, defeating Leela in the final 4.5–3.5. In TCEC Cup 6, Stockfish finished third after losing to AllieStein in the semifinals, the first time it had failed to make the finals. Since then, Stockfish has consistently won the tournament, with the exception of the 11th edition which Leela won 8.5-7.5.

Main league!Event!Year!Time Controls!Result!Ref
Season 12010100+103rd[53]
Season 22011150+305th[54]
Season 42013150+602nd[55]
Season 52013120+302nd[56]
Season 62014120+301st[57]
Season 72014120+302nd[58]
Season 82015180+302nd[59]
Season 92016180+151st[60]
Season 10201790+102nd[61]
Season 112018120+151st[62]
Season 122018120+151st[63]
Season 132018120+151st[64]
Season 142018120+151st[65]
Season 152019120+102nd[66]
Season 162019120+101st[67]
Season 17202090+52nd[68]
Season 18202090+101st[69]
Season 192020120+101st[70]
Season 202020120+101st[71]
Season 212021120+101st[72]
Season 222022120+121st[73]
Season 232022120+121st[74]
Season 242023120+121st[75]
Season 252023120+121st[76]
Season 262024120+121st[77]
Cup!Event!Year!Time Controls!Result!Ref
Cup 1201830+101st[78]
Cup 2201930+52nd[79]
Cup 3201930+52nd[80]
Cup 4201930+51st[81]
Cup 5202030+51st[82]
Cup 6202030+53rd[83]
Cup 7202030+51st[84]
Cup 8202130+51st[85]
Cup 9202130+51st[86]
Cup 10202230+31st[87]
Cup 11202330+32nd[88]
Cup 12202330+31st[89]
Cup 13202430+31st[90]
Fischer random chess (FRC)!Event!Year!Time Controls!Result!Ref
FRC 1201930+51st[91]
FRC 2202030+51st[92]
FRC 3202130+52nd[93]
FRC 4202230+51st[94]
FRC 5202230+31st[95]
FRC 6202330+31st[96]
Swiss!Event!Year!Time Controls!Result!Ref
Swiss 1202145+72nd[97]
Swiss 2202145+72nd[98]
Swiss 3202245+4.51st[99]
Swiss 4202330+31st[100]
Swiss 5202330+31st[101]
Double fischer random chess (DFRC)!Event!Year!Time Controls!Result!Ref
DFRC 1202230+31st[102]
DFRC 2202330+31st[103]
Fischer random double (FRD)!Event!Year!Time Controls!Result!Ref
FRD 1202330+31st[104]

Chess.com Computer Chess Championship

Ever since chess.com hosted its first Chess.com Computer Chess Championship in 2018, Stockfish has been the most successful engine. It dominated the earlier championships, winning six consecutive titles before finishing second in CCC7. Since then, its dominance has come under threat from the neural-network engines Leelenstein and Leela Chess Zero, but it has continued to perform well, reaching at least the superfinal in every edition up to CCC11. CCC12 had for the first time a knockout format, with seeding placing CCC11 finalists Stockfish and Leela in the same half. Leela eliminated Stockfish in the semi-finals. However, a post-tournament match against the loser of the final, Leelenstein, saw Stockfish winning in the same format as the main event. After finishing second again to Leela in CCC13, and an uncharacteristic fourth in CCC14, Stockfish went on a long winning streak, taking first place in every championship since.

Main events
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
CCC201715+21st[105]
CCC 1: Rapid Rumble 2018 15+5 1st [106]
CCC 2: Blitz Battle 2018 5+2 1st [107]
CCC 3: Rapid Redux 2019 30+5 1st [108]
CCC 4: Bullet Brawl 2019 1+2 1st [109]
CCC 5: Escalation 2019 10+5 1st [110]
CCC 6: Winter Classic 2019 10+10 1st [111]
CCC 7: Blitz Bonanza 2019 5+2 2nd [112]
CCC 8: Deep Dive 2019 15+5 1st [113]
CCC 9: The Gauntlet 2019 5+2, 10+5 1st [114]
CCC 10: Double Digits 2019 10+3 2nd [115]
CCC 112019 30+5 2nd [116]
CCC 12: Bullet Madness!2020 1+1 3rd [117]
CCC 13: Heptagonal 2020 5+5 2nd [118]
CCC 14202015+5, 5+2, 1+14th[119]
CCC Blitz 202020205+51st[120]
CCC Rapid 2021202115+31st[121]
CCC Blitz 2021 2021 5+5 1st [122]
CCC Chess 960 Blitz 2021 5+5 1st [123]
CCC 16: Rapid 2021 15+3 1st [124]
CCC 16: Bullet 2021 2+1 1st [125]
CCC 16: Blitz20225+51st[126]
CCC 17: Rapid202215+31st[127]
CCC 17: Bullet20222+11st[128]
CCC 17: Blitz20225+51st[129]
CCC 18: Rapid202215+31st[130]
CCC 19: Blitz20225+51st[131]
CCC 19: Rapid202215+31st[132]
CCC 19: Bullet20231+11st[133]
CCC 20: Blitz20233+21st[134]
CCC 20: Rapid202310+31st[135]
CCC 20: Bullet20231+11st[136]
CCC 21: Blitz20233+21st[137]
CCC 21: Rapid202310+31st[138]
CCC 21: Bullet20231+11st[139]
CCC 22: Blitz20243+21st[140]
CCC 22: Rapid202410+31st[141]
CCC 22: Bullet20241+11st[142]
CCC 23: Blitz20243+21st[143]
Bonus
Event Year Time Controls Result Ref
CPU Blitz Madness20203+21st[144]
Trillion-Node Throwdown III2020150+51st[145]
No-Castle II20205+21st[146]
Bullet Chess is Fun20202+11st[147]
Checkmate in 420203+21st[148]
Odds Ladder20203+21st[149]
Merry Queen Sac20202+11st[150]
Budapest Bullet20202+12nd[151]
King Gambit Madness20215+51st[152]
Drawkiller Update Party20212+11st[153]
To Castle Or Not To Castle II20213+21st[154]
Eco Mega-Match 2 (part 1)20211+11st[155]
Eco Mega-Match 2 (part 2)20211+11st[156]
Caro-Kann Special20215+21st[157]
King's Indian Defense Special202110+22nd[158]
Dutch Defense Special202110+21st[159]
Evans Gambit Madness202110+22nd[160]
Sicilian Najdorf Special202110+21st[161]
Belgian Stew20212+11st[162]
Saragossa20212+12nd[163]
Double Bongcloud, Rapid202110+22nd[164]
The Hillbilly Attack202110+23rd[165]
Romantic Openings: Danish Gambit Accepted20213+21st[166]
Romantic Openings: Evans Gambit Accepted20213+21st[167]
Romantic Openings: Urusov Gambit Accepted20215+21st[168]
Romantic Openings: Blackmar-Diemer Gambit20215+21st[169]
Romantic Openings: Stafford Gambit20211+22nd[170]
Romantic Openings: Calabrese Countergambit20215+21st[171]
Romantic Openings: Traxler Counterattack20215+22nd[172]
No Black Castling20225+51st[173]
Draw Killer Bonus202215+51st[174]
Romantic Openings: Wing Gambit20225+21st[175]
Chess 324 Bonus20225+21st[176]
Classical Cup #1202330+51st[177]
Rating Brawl: Fall 202320231+11st[178]
Classical Cup #2202430+51st[179]

Other matches

Stockfish 5 versus Nakamura

Stockfish's strength relative to the best human chess players was most apparent in a handicap match with grandmaster Hikaru Nakamura (2798-rated) in August 2014. In the first two games of the match, Nakamura had the assistance of an older version of Rybka, and in the next two games, he received White with pawn odds but no assistance. Nakamura was the world's fifth-best human chess player at the time of the match, while Stockfish 5 was denied use of its opening book and endgame tablebase. Stockfish won each half of the match 1.5–0.5. Both of Stockfish's wins arose from positions in which Nakamura, as is typical for his playing style, pressed for a win instead of acquiescing to a draw.[180]

Stockfish 8 versus AlphaZero

See main article: AlphaZero.

In December 2017, Stockfish 8 was used as a benchmark to test Google division DeepMind's AlphaZero, with each engine supported by different hardware. AlphaZero was trained through self-play for a total of nine hours, and reached Stockfish's level after just four.[181] [182] [183] In 100 games from the normal starting position, AlphaZero won 25 games as White, won 3 as Black, and drew the remaining 72, with 0 losses.[184] AlphaZero also played twelve 100-game matches against Stockfish starting from twelve popular openings for a final score of 290 wins, 886 draws and 24 losses, for a point score of 733:467.[185]

AlphaZero's victory over Stockfish sparked a flurry of activity in the computer chess community, leading to a new open-source engine aimed at replicating AlphaZero, known as Leela Chess Zero. By January 2019, Leela was able to defeat the version of Stockfish that played AlphaZero (Stockfish 8) in a 100-game match. An updated version of Stockfish narrowly defeated Leela Chess Zero in the superfinal of the 14th TCEC season, 50.5–49.5 (+10 =81 −9), but lost the superfinal of the next season to Leela 53.5–46.5 (+14 =79 -7).[186] The two engines remain very close in strength to each other even as they continue to improve: Leela defeated Stockfish in the superfinal of TCEC Season 17, but Stockfish has won every TCEC season since.

Derivatives

Notes

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: List of Stockfish authors. github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish. 3 July 2023. 13 July 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180713223858/https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/AUTHORS. live.
  2. Web site: Stockfish GPLv3 license. github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish. 20 July 2020. 15 November 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221115095517/https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/blob/master/Copying.txt. live.
  3. News: Strogatz . Steven . 2018-12-26 . One Giant Step for a Chess-Playing Machine . 2024-02-08 . The New York Times . en-US . 0362-4331 . 2022-01-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220104004951/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/26/science/chess-artificial-intelligence.html . live .
  4. News: Gibbs . Samuel . 2017-12-07 . AlphaZero AI beats champion chess program after teaching itself in four hours . 2024-02-08 . The Guardian . en-GB . 0261-3077 . 2020-12-07 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201207132020/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/dec/07/alphazero-google-deepmind-ai-beats-champion-program-teaching-itself-to-play-four-hours . live .
  5. Perez-Rey . Lisandro . 2023-08-12 . Why AI Chess Bots Are Virtually Unbeatable (ft. GothamChess) . Wired . 2024-02-08 . 2024-02-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240215195142/https://www.wired.com/video/watch/wired-news-and-science-wi-currents-chess-bots . live .
  6. Web site: CCRL 40/15 - Index . 2024-02-05 . computerchess.org.uk . 2024-01-12 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240112020907/https://www.computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/4040/index.html . live .
  7. Web site: Engine authors. 3 July 2023. Stockfish. en. 17 February 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140217100421/http://stockfishchess.org/about/#engine-authors. live.
  8. Web site: Introducing NNUE Evaluation . 14 May 2024 . Stockfish . 14 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514210546/https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2020/introducing-nnue-evaluation/ . live .
  9. Web site: Add NNUE evaluation . 14 May 2024 . GitHub.
  10. Web site: NNUE evaluation threshold . 14 May 2024 . 14 May 2024 . GitHub . https://web.archive.org/web/20240514210544/https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/commit/3dca13a958cd0dfea1cdea91da230c5aac9e322f . live .
  11. Web site: Remove classical evaluation . 16 May 2024 . 14 May 2024 . GitHub . https://web.archive.org/web/20240516104649/https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/commit/af110e02ec96cdb46cf84c68252a1da15a902395 . live .
  12. Web site: Stockfish depth vs. others; challenge. 24 November 2013. Kaufman. Larry. Larry Kaufman. TalkChess.com. 8 March 2014. 22 May 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140522103707/http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?start=0&t=50220. live.
  13. Web site: CCRL 40/15 - Index . 2024-07-07 . computerchess.org.uk .
  14. Web site: Computer Engines – Chess960.net . 2022-06-21 . en-AU . 2020-07-23 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200723231506/https://chess960.net/engines/ . live .
  15. Web site: Stockfish development versions . abrok.eu . 1 February 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20141111094041/http://abrok.eu/stockfish_syzygy/ . 11 November 2014 .
  16. Web site: 7-piece Syzygy tablebases are complete . 2022-06-21 . lichess.org . 19 August 2018 . en-US . 2018-08-19 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180819204359/https://lichess.org/blog/W3WeMyQAACQAdfAL/7-piece-syzygy-tablebases-are-complete . live .
  17. http://support.stockfishchess.org/kb/getting-started/using-the-stockfish-engine Using the Stockfish Engine
  18. https://github.com/pychess/pychess/wiki/ChessEngines ChessEngines
  19. Web site: Stockfish - Chessprogramming wiki . 2023-10-30 . www.chessprogramming.org . 2023-05-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230522021128/https://www.chessprogramming.org/Stockfish . live .
  20. Web site: Stockfish 16.1 . Stockfish . 24 February 2024 . 24 February 2024 . 24 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240224201650/https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2024/stockfish-16-1/ . live .
  21. Web site: About . stockfishchess.org . 5 March 2014 . 20 September 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120920003620/http://stockfishchess.org/about/ . live .
  22. Web site: Stockfish 1.0 . Costalba . Marco . 2 November 2008 . talkchess.com . 6 March 2014 . 6 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140306212244/http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=24675 . live .
  23. Web site: Re: Stockfish – Glaurung . Romstad . Tord . 5 September 2009 . wbec-ridderkerk.forumotion.com . 5 March 2014 . 6 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140306003355/http://wbec-ridderkerk.forumotion.com/t402-stockfish-glaurung#883 . live .
  24. Web site: Logics (Kings_Logics) . Kings . Stockfish . 2022-06-21 . Chess.com . 21 June 2022 . en-US . 2022-09-22 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220922070831/https://www.chess.com/blog/Kings_Logics/stockfish . live .
  25. Web site: Step down. Costalba. Marco. groups.google.com. 18 June 2014. 19 June 2014. 21 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120921191051/http://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/fishcooking/VsYuyij6uqQ. live.
  26. Web site: New official repository. Linscott. Gary. groups.google.com. 18 June 2014. 19 June 2014. 21 September 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120921191051/http://groups.google.com/forum/?fromgroups=#!topic/fishcooking/aUqC13mtSEg. live.
  27. Web site: Stockfish Testing Framework . 7 March 2014 . tests.stockfishchess.org . 22 March 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140322122039/http://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests . live .
  28. Web site: Get Involved . 8 March 2014 . stockfishchess.org . 16 June 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20130616211650/http://stockfishchess.org/get-involved/ . live .
  29. Web site: Costalba . Marco . 1 May 2013 . Fishtest Distributed Testing Framework . 18 April 2014 . talkchess.com . 19 April 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140419012854/http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?start=0&t=47885&topic_view=flat&sid=b5662f579ad4c7bea91668bb9d9723a4 . live .
  30. Web site: CCRL Rating List . dead . https://archive.today/20140530173724/http://computerchess.org.uk/ccrl/404/cgi/compare_engines.cgi?family=Stockfish&print=Rating+list&print=Results+table&print=LOS+table&print=Ponder+hit+table&print=Eval+difference+table&print=Comopp+gamenum+table&print=Overlap+table&print=Score+with+common+opponents . 30 May 2014.
  31. Web site: Top CPU contributors.txt . github.com.
  32. Web site: Stockfish NNUE. nodchip. GitHub. August 3, 2020. July 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200706194844/https://github.com/nodchip/Stockfish. live.
  33. Web site: SF NNUE. Issue#2728 official-stockfish. GitHub. June 27, 2020. August 3, 2020. July 6, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200706194900/https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/issues/2728#issuecomment-650523408. live.
  34. Web site: Canary-Reed (the_real_greco). Wilhelm. Stockfish+NNUE, Strongest Chess Engine Ever, To Compete In CCCC. 2020-07-24. Chess.com. 20 July 2020. en-US. 2020-07-24. https://web.archive.org/web/20200724133851/https://www.chess.com/news/view/stockfishnnue-strongest-chess-engine-ever-to-compete-in-cccc. live.
  35. Web site: official-stockfish / Stockfish, NNUE merge. Joost VandeVondele. GitHub. July 25, 2020. August 3, 2020. September 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200905102355/https://github.com/official-stockfish/Stockfish/issues/2823#issue-665540175. live.
  36. Web site: Stockfish NNUE Development Versions. abrok.eu. August 3, 2020. August 5, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805070333/https://abrok.eu/stockfish-nnue/. dead.
  37. Web site: Stockfish 12 - Stockfish - Open Source Chess Engine. stockfishchess.org. 2022-10-09. 2021-02-23. https://web.archive.org/web/20210223151114/https://stockfishchess.org/blog/2020/stockfish-12/. live.
  38. Web site: Stockfish 12 vs Stockfish 11 Raw statistics. 11 January 2022. Stockfish Testing Framework - Stockfish 12 vs Stockfish 11. 11 January 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220111172639/https://tests.stockfishchess.org/tests/stats/5f4faef2ba100690c5cc5e79. live.
  39. News: Stockfish Blog on Stockfish DD. 2014-05-30. 2015-07-27. https://web.archive.org/web/20150727024013/http://blog.stockfishchess.org/post/68506094600/stockfish-dd. live.
  40. Web site: TCEC Season Archive. 7 August 2021. tcec-chess.com. 4 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#x=archive. live.
  41. Web site: Stockfish 5. Costalba. Marco. talkchess.com. 31 May 2014. 19 June 2014. 14 December 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141214103936/http://www.talkchess.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=52487. live.
  42. Web site: Stockfish is the TCEC Season 9 Grand Champion. Chessdom. 5 December 2016. 5 December 2016. 6 December 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161206141825/http://www.chessdom.com/stockfish-is-the-tcec-season-9-grand-champion/. live.
  43. Web site: TCEC Season 11 Superfinal 2018. chess24.com. en. 18 November 2018. 18 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118165116/https://chess24.com/en/watch/live-tournaments/tcec-2018-superfinal. live.
  44. Web site: TCEC Season 12 Superfinal 2018. chess24.com. en. 18 November 2018. 2 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162843/https://chess24.com/en/watch/live-tournaments/tcec-2018-season-12-superfinal. live.
  45. Web site: TCEC Season 13 Superfinal 2018. chess24.com. en. 18 November 2018. 18 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181118165349/https://chess24.com/en/watch/live-tournaments/tcec-2018-season-13-superfinal. live.
  46. Web site: Stockfish convincingly wins TCEC Season 11. Chessdom. 13 April 2018. 18 April 2018. 17 April 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180417235721/http://www.chessdom.com/stockfish-convincingly-wins-tcec-season-11/. live.
  47. Web site: Stockfish continues to dominate computer chess, wins TCEC S14. Chessdom. 1 March 2019. 4 March 2019. 2 March 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190302055643/http://www.chessdom.com/stockfish-continues-to-dominate-computer-chess-wins-tcec-s14/. live.
  48. Web site: Stockfish wins the TCEC Season 22 Superfinal by 19 points. Chessdom. 23 April 2022. 28 March 2023. 28 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230328080342/https://www.chessdom.com/stockfish-wins-the-tcec-season-22-superfinal-by-19-points/. live.
  49. Web site: Stockfish wins TCEC Season 23. Chessdom. 18 November 2022. 28 March 2023. 28 March 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230328080342/https://www.chessdom.com/stockfish-wins-tcec-season-23/. live.
  50. See the TCEC archives, https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=24
  51. See the TCEC archives, https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=25
  52. Web site: Houdunit ? Most shocking chess engine game of TCEC 2019. YouTube. 2 February 2019 . 2019-02-04. 2020-02-09. https://web.archive.org/web/20200209120438/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aj-K2o_RNXY. live.
  53. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 1 . 8 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=1&game=1&season=1 . live .
  54. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 2 . 8 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=a&game=1&season=2 . live .
  55. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 4 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=4 . live .
  56. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 5 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=5 . live .
  57. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 6 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=6 . live .
  58. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 7 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=7 . live .
  59. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 8 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=8 . live .
  60. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 9 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=9 . live .
  61. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 10 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&season=10&stage=2 . live .
  62. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 11 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=11 . live .
  63. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 12 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=12 . live .
  64. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 13 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=13 . live .
  65. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 14 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=14 . live .
  66. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 15 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=15 . live .
  67. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 16 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=16 . live .
  68. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 17 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=17 . live .
  69. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 18 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=18 . live .
  70. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 19 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=19 . live .
  71. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 20 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=20 . live .
  72. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 21 . 5 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=21 . live .
  73. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 22 . 20 April 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=22 . live .
  74. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 23 . 17 November 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=23 . live .
  75. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 24 . 27 April 2023 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=24 . live .
  76. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 25 . 29 October 2023 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=25 . live .
  77. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Season 26 . 31 May 2024 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sf&game=1&season=26 . live .
  78. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 1 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup1 . live .
  79. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 2 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup2 . live .
  80. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 3 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup3 . live .
  81. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 4 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup4 . live .
  82. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 5 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup5 . live .
  83. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 6 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup6 . live .
  84. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 7 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup7 . live .
  85. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 8 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup8 . live .
  86. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 9 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup9 . live .
  87. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 10 . 26 May 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup10 . live .
  88. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 11 . 14 January 2023 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup11 . live .
  89. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 12 . 28 July 2023 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup12 . live .
  90. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Cup 13 . 6 March 2024 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#game=1&round=fl&season=cup13 . live .
  91. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship FRC1 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=frcsufi&game=1&season=16 . live .
  92. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship FRC2 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=frc2f&game=1&season=19 . live .
  93. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship FRC3 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=frc3f&game=1&season=20 . live .
  94. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship FRC4 . 7 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=frc4f&game=1&season=21 . live .
  95. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship FRC5 . 21 July 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=frc5f&game=1&season=22 . live .
  96. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship FRC6 . 30 May 2023 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=frc6f&game=1&season=24 . live .
  97. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Swiss 1 . 19 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sw1&game=1&season=20 . live .
  98. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Swiss 2 . 19 March 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sw2&game=1&season=21 . live .
  99. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship Swiss 3 . 4 July 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sw3&game=1&season=22 . live .
  100. Web site: TCEC Swiss 4. 13 February 2023. tcec-chess.com. 4 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sw4&game=1&season=24. live.
  101. Web site: TCEC Swiss 5. 15 July 2023. tcec-chess.com. 4 September 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=sw5&game=1&season=25. live.
  102. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship DFRC 1 . 4 August 2022 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=dfrc1&game=1&season=22 . live .
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  104. Web site: Top Chess Engine Championship FRD1 . 19 December 2023 . tcec-chess.com . 4 September 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190904093219/https://tcec-chess.com/#div=frd1f&game=1&season=25 . live .
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