Standard-type battleship explained

The Standard-type battleship was a series of thirteen battleships across five classes ordered for the United States Navy between 1911 and 1916 and commissioned between 1916 and 1923.[1] These were considered super-dreadnoughts, with the ships of the final two classes incorporating many lessons from the Battle of Jutland.

Each vessel was produced with a series of progressive innovations, which contributed to the pre–World War I arms race. The twelve vessels commissioned constituted the US Navy's main battle line in the interwar period, while many of the ten earlier dreadnoughts were scrapped or relegated to secondary duties. Restrictions under the 1922 Washington Naval Treaty limited total numbers and size of battleships and had required some under construction to be cancelled, so it was not until the onset of World War II that new battleships were constructed. On December 7, 1941, eight were at Pearl Harbor, one at Bremerton, Washington, and three were assigned to the Atlantic Fleet.

Doctrine

The Standard type, by specifying common tactical operational characteristics between classes, allowed battleships of different classes to operate together as a tactical unit (BatDiv) against enemy battleships. By contrast, other navies had fast and slow battleship classes that could not operate together unless limited to the performance of the ship with slowest speed and widest turning circle. Otherwise the battle line would be split into separate "fast" and "slow" wings. The Standard type was optimized for the battleship-centric naval strategy of the era of their design.

The next US battleship classes, beginning with the designed in the late 1930s and commissioned in 1941, marked a departure from the Standard type, introducing the fast battleships needed to escort the aircraft carriers that came to dominate naval strategy.

List of Standard-type battleships

!Ship name!Class!Hull No.!Builder!Laid down!Launched!Commissioned!Decommissioned!Fate
BB-36Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Fore River Shipyard, Quincy, Massachusetts4 November 191211 July 191411 March 191629 August 1946Struck 12 August 1948; sunk as a target, 31 July 1948
BB-37New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey26 October 191223 March 19142 May 19161 September 1944Struck 1 September 1944; hulk sank while under tow, 17 May 1947
BB-38Newport News Shipbuilding Company, Newport News, Virginia27 October 191316 March 191512 June 191629 August 1946Target ship, Operation Crossroads; scuttled, 10 February 1948
BB-39New York Naval Shipyard16 March 191419 June 191517 October 191629 December 1941Sunk during the attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941
BB-40Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York City14 October 191513 April 191720 May 191819 July 1946Struck 25 February 1947; broken up at Newark, 1947
BB-41Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News5 April 191525 January 191718 December 191717 September 1956Struck 17 September 1956; broken up at Baltimore, 1956
BB-42New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden20 January 191530 June 191724 March 19193 July 1946Broken up at Newark, 1947
BB-43New York Naval Shipyard14 May 191730 April 19193 June 192014 February 1947Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 10 July 1959
BB-44Mare Island Naval Shipyard25 October 191620 November 191910 August 192114 February 1947Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 10 July 1959
BB-45New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey29 May 191922 March 192130 August 19237 January 1947Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 23 July 1959
BB-46Newport News Shipbuilding Company, Newport News, Virginia24 April 191720 March 192021 July 19213 April 1947Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 8 July 1959
BB-47New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, New Jersey30 June 19191 September 1921Cancelled after signing of Washington Naval Treaty; sunk as target, 25 November 1924
BB-48Newport News Shipbuilding Company, Newport News, Virginia12 April 192017 November 19211 December 19239 January 1947Struck 1 March 1959; sold for scrap, 24 August 1959

Characteristics

Characteristics of the Standard type included:

The Colorado-class, the first US battleships to mount 16inches guns, represented the endpoint of the gradual evolution of the "Standard Type" battleships. The s were 624feet long, displaced 32,600 tons, had a top speed of 21kn, and carried a main battery of eight 16inches guns.

The next planned class of Standard battleships, the never-completed s, represented a significant increase in size and armament over the Colorados. They would have been 684feet long, displaced 43,200 tons, had a top speed of 23kn, and carried 12 16inches guns. Nonetheless, the design characteristics of the South Dakotas closely followed the standard-type battleship, albeit at a greater scale. Like the Tennessees and Colorados, they were designed with the same bridges, lattice masts and turbo-electric propulsion system and they used the same torpedo protection system as the latter class. Naval historian Norman Friedman described the South Dakotas as the ultimate development of the series of U.S. battleships that began with the, despite the increase in size, speed and intermediate armament from the standard type that characterized the Nevada through Colorado classes.

Service history

World War I

All the Standard Type were oil-burning. Since oil was scarce in the British Isles, only Nevada and Oklahoma actively participated in World War I by escorting convoys across the Atlantic Ocean between the United States and Britain.

Interwar years

All the Standard Types were modernized during the 1920s and 1930s. The cage masts of all but the Tennessee and Colorado classes were replaced with tripod masts topped with fire-control directors, torpedo tubes were removed and anti-aircraft guns were upgraded. Main battery elevation in the older ships was increased to 30 degrees for greater range. Most of the Standards received anti-torpedo bulges. Each ship received one or two catapults and recovery cranes for operating floatplanes for scouting and gunnery spotting.

World War II

On December 7, 1941, Colorado was undergoing a refit to install new torpedo bulges at Puget Sound Navy Yard, while the three ships of the New Mexico class were assigned to the Atlantic Fleet. The remaining eight Standard Type battleships were at Pearl Harbor forming Battleship Row.

During the Pearl Harbor Attack, Arizonas forward magazine exploded from a bomb hit and Oklahoma capsized after multiple torpedo strikes, both with significant losses of life. West Virginia and California were also sunk, while Nevada managed to get underway and was beached shortly afterward. Tennessee and Maryland each received two bomb hits.

Arizona and Oklahoma were considered permanent losses, but the other damaged and sunk battleships were salvaged and sent to the West Coast for repairs and reconstruction. Nevada and Pennsylvania received entirely new superstructures with revised secondary armaments of 5"/38 DP guns in twin mounts, as well as numerous new 20mm and 40mm AA guns. Tennessee, California and West Virginia were even more thoroughly rebuilt, incorporating not just changes similar to Nevada but increased deck armour, torpedo bulges and improved subdivision and a modern radar and electronics suite, though their widened beam exceeded the Panama Canal restrictions which limited their operations to the Pacific. Maryland, Colorado, and the three New Mexico class ships were too urgently needed in 1942 to undergo similar rebuilds. Most changes to these ships focused on updating their radar suites and expanding their light AA armaments, though Idaho would receive an updated secondary battery of 5in/38 guns in late 1944 and Maryland received a partial rebuild that was completed in August 1945 just as Japan surrendered.

The ten surviving Standard Type battleships served throughout World War II primarily as fire support for amphibious landings. Their low speed relegated them to second line duties as they were too slow to accompany the fleet carriers that had become the dominant combatant. Six of them participated in the last battleship versus battleship engagement in naval history, the Battle of Surigao Strait, where none of them were hit.

Fates

Arizona and Oklahoma were sunk during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Their sister ships Pennsylvania and Nevada were used as targets in the Operation Crossroads atomic tests in 1946; Pennsylvania was not fully repaired after being severely damaged by a air-launched torpedo in the closing days of the Pacific War. In 1946 Mississippi was converted to a test vessel for new gun and missile systems and served until 1956. Most other Standard-type battleships were decommissioned in 1946 or 1947 and placed in the reserve fleet; ultimately all were scrapped by 1959.

Footnotes

Citations

Sources

Further reading

Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Czarnecki . Joseph . February 1, 2001 . A Survey of the American 'Standard Type' Battleship . NavyWeapons.com . 2009-07-16 . 2012-07-04 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120704091052/http://www.navweaps.com/index_tech/tech-071.htm . live .

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