Water stagnation explained

Water stagnation occurs when water stops flowing for a long period of time. Stagnant water can be a major environmental hazard.^[1]

Dangers

Malaria and dengue are among the main dangers of stagnant water, which can become a breeding ground for the mosquitoes that transmit these diseases.^[2]

Stagnant water can be dangerous for drinking because it provides a better incubator than running water for many kinds of bacteria and parasites. Stagnant water can be contaminated with human and animal feces, particularly in deserts or other areas of low rainfall.^[2] Water stagnation for as little as six days can completely change bacterial community composition and increase cell count.^[3]

Stagnant water may be classified into the following basic, although overlapping, types:

• Water body stagnation (stagnation in swamp, lake, lagoon, river, etc.)
• Surface and ground waters stagnation
• Trapped water stagnation. The water may be trapped in human artifacts (discarded cans, plant pots, tires, dug-outs, roofs, etc.), as well as in natural containers, such as hollow tree trunks, leaf sheath, etc.

To avoid ground and surface water stagnation, drainage of surface and subsoil is advised. Areas with a shallow water table are more susceptible to ground water stagnation due to the lower availability of natural soil drainage.

Life that may thrive in stagnant water

Some plants prefer flowing water, while others, such as lotuses, prefer stagnant water.

Various anaerobic bacteria are commonly found in stagnant water.^[4] For this reason, pools of stagnant water have historically been used in processing hemp and some other fiber crops, as well as linden bark used for making bast shoes. Several weeks of soaking makes bast fibers easily separable due to bacterial and fermentative processes known as retting.

• Denitrifying bacteria
• Leptospira
• Purple bacteria (both sulfur and non-sulfur)

Fish

• Asian swamp eel
• Lepisosteidae (gar)
• Northern snakehead
• Pygmy gourami
• Spotted barb
• Walking catfish

Insects

Stagnant water is the favorite breeding ground for a number of insects.

• Dragonfly nymphs
• Fly maggots
• Mosquito larvae
• Nepidae (water scorpions)

Other

• Algae
• Biofilm
• A number of species of frogs prefer stagnant water.
• Some species of turtles
  • Mata mata

See also

• Anoxic waters
• Eutrophication (excessive enrichment by nutrients and minerals)
• Slough
• Wetland
• Residence time distribution
• Water pollution

Notes and References

1. Web site: . 2010 . General Article: Yellow Fever and Malaria in the Canal . https://web.archive.org/web/20161129070452/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/panama-fever/ . Nov 29, 2016 . Panama Canal (film) . American Experience . WGBH Educational Foundation . Boston, MA.
2. 2013 . Health Risks Associated with Stagnant Water . Recommendations for Occupational Health and Safety Following Disasters . https://web.archive.org/web/20141127003256/http://www.wpro.who.int/philippines/typhoon_haiyan/media/health_risks_associated_with_stagnant_water.pdf . dead . November 27, 2014 . World Health Organization.
3. Ling . Fangqiong . Whitaker . Rachel . Rachel J Whitaker . LeChevallier . Mark W. . Liu . Wen-Tso . 1 June 2018 . Drinking water microbiome assembly induced by water stagnation . The ISME Journal . en . 12 . 6 . 1520–1531 . 10.1038/s41396-018-0101-5 . 1751-7362 . 5955952 . 29588495 . free. 2018ISMEJ..12.1520L .
4. Cabral. João. Water Microbiology. Bacterial Pathogens and Water. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. October 10, 2010. 2996186. 21139855. 10.3390/ijerph7103657. 7. 10. 3657–703. free.